小麦花生两熟制不同种植方式花生产量构成因素分析及高产途径

本文通过对三种不同小麦花生两熟制种植方式花生产量构成因素分析得出：群体密度是限制套种花生产量的主要因素；百果重是夏直播花生产量的主要矛盾；在一定密度范围内，密度与百果重呈正相关；适当增加公顷株数，既可增加密度本身的增产效果，同时还可通过提高百果重对产量产生间接的正效应；单株结果数与密度、百果重均呈负相关。花生高产栽培应在适当增加群体密度，稳定单株结果数的前提下，主攻百果重。     

控释氮肥对花生叶片蔗糖合成及产量的影响

本试验采用起垄地膜覆盖栽培方法,以花生品种山花9号为材料,研究了不同控释氮肥配比对花生蔗糖积累和产量的影响.结果表明,控释氮肥较普通氮肥在结荚后期叶面积指数高、叶片SPS活性和蔗糖含量高,利于提高百果重和饱果率,显著提高了荚果产量.掺混氮肥处理花生在苗期和花针期叶面积指数、SPS活性和蔗糖含量均较高,与普通氮肥处理无显著差异；生长后期不脱肥早衰,利于提高百果重和饱果率,荚果增产更明显.     

覆膜栽培对抗氧化花生的影响研究

引进高抗氧化花生品种(AQ),研究了覆膜栽培对其产量和品质的影响。结果表明:地膜覆盖能提高全生育期的叶面积指数,对干物质积累量的增加有促进作用。可促进花生提前出苗、开花、苗期早发稳长,单株饱果数、结果枝数、百果重和单株生产力增加,秕果数减少。产量和品质都比露地栽培有所提高。     

不同生育时期膜下滴灌对花生生长发育及产量的影响

以花生品种山花7号为材料,研究了不同生育时期膜下滴灌对花生生长发育、产量及产量构成因素的影响。结果表明,膜下滴灌促进花生植株生长,其主茎高、侧枝长、分枝数、单株叶面积、生物量均大于CK;显著增加花生生育后期叶片叶绿素a/b值;对百果重、百仁重、单株结果数、出米率、荚果和籽仁产量有明显的促进作用。花针期滴灌、花针期和结荚期滴灌两处理花生荚果和籽仁产量增产幅度均在7%以上,而结荚期滴灌荚果和籽仁产量增幅仅分别为3.61%和5.08%。膜下滴灌有利于促进花生的生长发育,提高花生产量,在花针期进行膜下滴灌补水,增产效果较为明显。     

花生主要品种出仁率和百果重的生态稳定性分析

为了筛选高产稳产广适性的花生品种,连续2年对60份花生品种4个生态区种植的出仁率和百果重进行了考察分析。结果表明,不同品种间出仁率(SP)和百果重(HPW)以及不同年份不同地点间差异均极显著,不同环境中出仁率稳定性高的品种,其百果重相对较小。进一步分析表明,不同环境下花生百果重与出仁率之间均存在极显著负相关关系。通过2年4点共8个环境的重复鉴定,筛选得到出仁率稳定性较强且百果重相对较大的品种5份,分别是中花5号、中花16号、豫花7号、中花10号和皖花8号。结合SSR多样性分析结果,这5份稳定性强且高产的花生品种属于不同的类群,遗传差异相对较大。该结果为花生高产品种的应用提供了材料基础和理论依据。     

花生施用稀土微肥与土壤调理剂效应分析

为探明施用稀土微肥与土壤调理剂对花生光合速率及产量的影响,本研究以山花9号为花生试材,采用大田小区试验研究稀土微肥与土壤调理剂对花生的增产效果。试验结果表明,施用稀土微肥与土壤调理剂能明显增加花生分枝数、荚果数,提高百果重、百仁重和出仁率,提高苗期至饱果期的光合速率,最终提高花生产量。产量较对照增产18.97%,增产效果显著。     

花生施用氰氨化钙的增产效应

试验结果表明,施用氰氯化钙能明显增加花生分枝数,改善营养生长状况,增加双仁果数,提高百果重、百仁重和出仁率,最终提高花生产量。每公顷施用氰氮化钙75kg,较对照单株分枝增加3．6条,单株结果数增加2．2个,百果重增加21g,百仁重增加11．9g,出仁率提高2．8％,产量提高24．7％,公顷纯收益增加4640元。     

福建花生地膜覆盖栽培技术应用效果初报

试验结果表明，覆膜（专用膜）栽培花生表现出单株分枝多、鲜蔓重、饱果数多且荚果大的优势，与未覆膜之间的产量差异达极；除草膜与光解膜产量差异不明显，但与普通地膜和不盖膜的差异均达极显著；覆膜早播的与其它处理的产量差异也均达极显著，其主茎高、侧枝长、总分枝数、单株结果数等均比迟播的具有明显优势。     

福建花生种质资源的初步研究

福建花生种质资源的初步研究陈永水（福建省泉州市农科所）福建农业科技，－１９９５，（１）．－７～９对福建省目前保存编目的９８份花生种质资源进行观察鉴定、总结。（１）花生种质的收集与整理；（２）主要经济性状的研究，包括单株结果数、百果重、百仁重、出仁率等...     

河南省杂交育成花生品种主要性状的遗传改进

运用逆序系数分析法对河南省杂交育成的９ 个花生品种主要性状的遗传改进进行了分析，结果表明：单株生产力呈上升趋势，主茎高、侧枝长二个性状呈降低趋势，单株饱果数和出米率向增加方向发展。而百果重、百仁重、出米率三个性状变化不大，处于停滞阶段。提示在花生高产育种中要注重百果重、百仁重的选择。     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

海南百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定及其发生危害

百香果是海南省的新兴产业,也是我国多个省区扶贫攻坚的重要产业。病虫害是影响百香果产业的重要因素,随着海南百香果种植面积越来越大,病虫害对百香果产业的不利影响越来越凸显。由于缺乏百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定的基础性研究,许多种植户对田间发生的病虫害种类识别不足,从而影响了百香果病虫害的防控效果。为了摸清海南百香果种植区的病虫害种类,于2019—2021年对海南省儋州市、乐东县、屯昌县、文昌市、三亚市、东方市、保亭县、白沙县、海口市等百香果种植区的病虫害进行了系统调查与鉴定,并对其发生危害特点进行了研究。鉴定发现海南百香果种植区的病害有11种,分别是病毒病、茎基腐病、炭疽病、疮痂病、疫病、灰霉病、果腐病、褐斑病、烟煤病、藻斑病和缺镁。重要病害为病毒病和茎基腐病,危害程度分别为4级和3级,炭疽病和疮痂病危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他病害危害较轻。害虫有28种,分别是黄胸蓟马、茶黄蓟马、红带蓟马、美洲棘蓟马、普通大蓟马、咖啡木蠹蛾、美洲斑潜蝇、橘小实蝇、斜纹夜蛾、双线盗毒蛾、绿丽刺蛾、白带锯蛱蝶、烟粉虱、温室白粉虱、柑橘粉蚧、木槿曼粉蚧、藤壶蜡蚧、茶角盲蝽、樟颈曼盲蝽、稻绿蝽、中稻缘蝽、茶小绿叶蝉、丽球瓢蜡蝉、绿鳞象甲、眼斑芫菁、白条豆芫菁、甘薯梳龟甲和朱砂叶螨。重要害虫为黄胸蓟马和咖啡木蠹蛾,危害程度均为3级,茶黄蓟马和美洲斑潜蝇的危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他害虫危害较轻。软体动物3种,分别是灰巴蜗牛、同型巴蜗牛和一种尚未鉴定的蛞蝓。本研究明确了海南百香果种植区病虫害具体种类,新发现百香果病害1种和害虫24种,为海南百香果病虫害的精准防控提供技术支撑。     

白砂糖干燥与冷却机理及影响

砂糖的含水量、装包温度和仓储条件对其贮存保质具有重要影响。本文从白砂糖的含水分特性、干燥机理和生产过程环节等对白砂糖干燥与冷却的影响进行深入分析。由于结晶过程的包裹现象,砂糖含水分可分为表面和内部水分,白砂糖干燥过程只能去除前者。生产过程中煮糖、分蜜操作对内部水分含量有影响。贮存过程的内部水分的扩散是砂糖降质的根本原因,而装包温度和贮存条件是影响内部水分扩散的外在条件。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

Interactive Effects of Sodium and Potassium on the Growth and Photosynthesis of Spinach and Komatsuna

Abstract

Two cultivars of spinach and one cultivar of komatsuna were sand cultured using a nutrient solution with Na and K in various combinations. The growth (fresh weight of shoot) of spinach cv. Atlas was significantly increased when 1.4 mM KC1 of the 7 m M KO was replaced with 1.4 mM NaCl, although the growth was reduced when more KC1 was replaced with NaCl. In another spinach cv. All Right, however, NaCl substituting for 20% of KC1 showed no significant effects. In komatsuna, Na used in place of K at any ratio reduced the growth. The growth of spinach cv. Atlas was increased by applying 20 mM NaCl, irrespective of K dose (480 - 2400 mg K₂O per 1/2000 a Wagner pot). The growth of spinach cv. All Right was also increased by 20 mM NaCl when K was at a deficient level (480 - 960 mg K20 per pot), but was not when K was at: an excessive level (1920 - 2400 mg K₂O per pot). In komatsuna, 20 mM NaCl reduced the growth. In spinach, Na prevented the decrease of the photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance caused by K deficiency.     

苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在水稻中的残留消解动态及残留分析

本文建立了气质联用仪测定稻田环境中苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯的残留分析方法,对苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在水稻、土壤和田水中的消解动态和残留规律进行了研究。苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在糙米、稻壳、植株、土壤和田水中的最低检测浓度均为0.20 mg/kg,最小检出量为0.2 ng,在不同样品中的平均加标回收率为80.8%~109.5%,相对标准偏差在1.7%~19.7%之间。田间试验结果表明,苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在水稻植株和田水中的残留消解动态规律均符合一级动力学反应模型,苯醚甲环唑在水稻植株和田水中的残留消解半衰期分别为6.3~11.6 d和1.4~11.6 d;嘧菌酯在水稻植株和田水中的残留消解半衰期分别为3.6~8.7 d和2.9~23.1 d。以推荐剂量600 g/hm2和1.5倍推荐剂量900 g/hm2,最多施药3次,距最后一次施药15 d时,苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在糙米中的最高残留量分别为0.461 mg/kg和0.634 mg/kg,低于我国国家标准《食品中农药最大残留限量》(GB2763-2014)中规定的糙米中苯醚甲环唑最大残留限量0.5 mg/kg和欧盟、美国规定的糙米中嘧菌酯最大残留限量5.0 mg/kg。     

Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N₂ fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N₂ and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the N_min-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N₂ fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent.