增施生物有机肥对食用木薯产量及品质的影响

本研究采取随机区组试验,以不施生物有机肥为对照,设3个处理,研究不同生物有机肥施肥方式下食用木薯的生长情况、产量、品质的变化,探讨增施生物有机肥对食用木薯的产量及品质的影响,为食用木薯高产栽培技术研究和品质的改良提供理论依据。结果表明：增施生物有机肥可有效提高株高、茎粗、块根膨大期的SPAD值和块根形成期、块根膨大期的光合速率,并通过提高薯粗和薯数2个产量构成因子来增加块根的产量,对提高淀粉、蛋白质、干物质、可溶性糖的含量、支链淀粉/直链淀粉的比值、块根的综合品质也有促进作用,但对块根形成期的SPAD值、薯长、收获指数、粗纤维的影响较小;此外,相关性分析结果显示：在一定的范围内,生物有机肥施肥总量与产量及品质均呈正相关关系,且大部分相关系数均达到显著或极显著水平。综上所述,增施生物有机肥可提高食用木薯的光合作用,促进其生长,提高块根产量,有效改善了块根的品质,建议的施肥方式是在基肥和幼苗期各增施一次生物有机肥,施用量分别为3000、1500 kg/hm ²。     

木薯试管块根诱导技术研究

以木薯主栽品种‘华南205’组培苗为材料,利用正交实验设计L9(34)分析蔗糖浓度、萘乙酸(NAA)、多效唑(PP333)和茉莉酸甲酯(Me JA)对木薯试管块根诱导的影响,筛选适宜木薯试管块根诱导的培养基配方,并对较优配方组合进行验证试验和根系内淀粉粒观察。结果表明:木薯试管块根诱导较优的配方为1/2 MS+6-BA0.02 mg/L+0.1 mg/L PP_(333)+0.02 mg/L NAA+10μmol/L Me JA+50 g/L蔗糖+6.3 g/L琼脂。在该配方诱导条件下,组培苗生根率达80%以上,组培苗形成的根系增粗明显,块根内有丰富的淀粉颗粒形成。PP_(333)在木薯试管块根诱导和增粗中起着重要作用。本研究成功获得了较优的木薯试管块根诱导培养基配方,为木薯块根发生发育机理和育种研究奠定了基础。     

施氮量对木薯氮素营养特性及产量形成的影响

采用大田试验,研究了不同施氮水平下木薯氮素营养特性的变化及其对产量形成的影响。试验设置0、120、240、360 kg/hm24个氮水平,综合分析了各生育期木薯根、茎、叶等组织中的氮含量、氮素积累量、氮素吸收强度、氮素分配和干物质积累分配、产量品质以及经济效益等指标的变化。结果表明:施氮能显著增加木薯根、茎、叶等组织的氮含量和氮积累量,提高氮素吸收强度,并改变氮素养分的分配特性;此外,随着施氮量的增加,木薯块根干物质积累量、鲜薯产量、淀粉产量、经济效益等均显著提高。综上所述,最佳施氮量为240 kg/hm2,适宜的施入比例为:幼苗期∶茎秆分叉期∶块根形成期∶块根膨大早期∶块根膨大中期=1∶1.71∶1.33∶0.73∶0.57。     

木薯AGPase及其同工酶活性与淀粉积累的关系

采用高淀粉木薯品种辐选01和低淀粉木薯品种华南124作为试验材料,研究木薯块根的腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)及其同工酶活性与淀粉积累的关系。通过对比研究可知:木薯块根的AGPase对淀粉积累可能有着至关重要的促进作用,并且木薯块根的AGPase具有四种同工酶,分别为AGP a、AGP b、AGP c、AGPd,其中AGP a、AGP b、AGP c可能是决定AGPase活性和影响块根淀粉积累的关键同工酶。     

扦插时期、光照与密度等条件在马铃薯微型薯生产中的影响

在马铃薯微型薯生产过程中,扦插时期不同,使马铃薯植株不同物候期所处的环境条件不同,严重影响植株生物学性状及微型薯产量。试管苗扦插生根主要受温度影响,光照通过影响温、湿度对生根起作用。密度不同,植株生长受到影响,微型薯数量与产量均不同。     

木薯苹果酸脱氢酶基因克隆和表达分析

为从木薯块根中获得苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)基因,并研究其在转录水平的表达变化规律,利用RACE技术从木薯“华南8号”块根中克隆得到了苹果酸脱氢酶基因,其cDNA全长1 175 bp,包含999 bp的开放阅读框,共编码332个氨基酸.从木薯“华南8号”中获得的MDH氨基酸序列,与其它物种的该序列相似度达84％～94％,包含细胞质苹果酸脱氢酶中高度保守的NAD结合基元“TGAAGQI”和催化基元“IWGNH”.木薯MDH基因与块根淀粉合成相关,在块根发育前期表达量较低,膨大期表达量较高,膨大后期表达量逐渐降低.     

木薯内源ABA含量与块根淀粉积累关系研究

以淀粉含量不同的木薯品种‘辐选01’和‘华南124’为材料,通过测定木薯内源脱落酸(ABA)含量、淀粉积累过程中的关键酶活性以及淀粉积累量,探讨ABA含量与块根淀粉积累的关系。结果表明:不同淀粉含量的木薯品种其内源ABA含量存在差异,尤其在生育后期表现尤为明显;淀粉含量高的品种叶片、茎秆和块根的ABA含量、块根腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPpase)、蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)及淀粉分支酶(SBE)的活性高于淀粉含量低的品种;结果表明,叶片ABA含量与块根的腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)及淀粉分支酶(SBE)活性呈极显著正相关,与蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性呈显著正相关。茎秆ABA与腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPpase)呈显著正相关,与可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)以及淀粉分支酶(SBE)的活性呈极显著正相关;块根ABA含量与块根腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPpase)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)活性呈极显著正相关,与蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性呈现正相关,与块根淀粉分支酶(SBE)活性呈极显著负相关。茎叶、块根ABA含量与块根淀粉积累均呈现极显著正相关。可见,木薯内源ABA在块根淀粉积累中有重要调节作用。本研究为高产、高淀粉木薯品种的选育与栽培提供理论支持和实践指导。      

施钾量对淀粉型甘薯徐薯26产量形成及钾利用的影响

以淀粉型甘薯徐薯26为试验材料,研究了不同钾肥施用量对干物质积累与分配、光合特性、产量、块根淀粉含量及钾肥利用率等的影响。结果表明,适量施钾可提高块根膨大速率,有利于同化物向地下运输,降低T/R值,提高叶片光合速率,提高鲜薯产量和淀粉产量。因此,在土壤钾含量为78 mg/kg的试验条件下,综合考虑鲜薯产量、淀粉产量和钾肥利用率等指标,淀粉型甘薯徐薯26的最佳施钾量为K2O 375 kg/hm2。     

木薯块根膨大期韧皮部和木质部比较蛋白组学初步研究

以‘华南8号’木薯块根膨大期的韧皮部和木质部为材料,采用改进酚抽法提取总蛋白,进行一维和二维电泳,电泳图谱经Image Master分析,得到差异蛋白点进行质谱鉴定。结果表明:改进酚抽法可以从木薯块根韧皮部和木质部中提取高质量总蛋白,用于蛋白质组学研究;获得分离性好、分辨率及重复性较高的双向电泳图谱;比较木薯块根韧皮部和木质部双向电泳图谱发现265个差异表达蛋白点,其中29个在韧皮部特异表达,17个在木质部特异表达;成功鉴定出8种差异蛋白,这些蛋白主要参与翻译后修饰、无机离子和氨基酸转运代谢、分子伴侣和信号转导等代谢通路。本研究初步比较木薯块根韧皮部和木质部的蛋白表达差异性,为进一步从蛋白质组水平研究木薯块根膨大过程中淀粉转运、积累和合成调控机制奠定了技术基础。     

木薯块根迅速膨大期韧皮部和木质部中的蔗糖代谢

以高淀粉木薯品种华南9号和低淀粉品种华南7号为试料,分析块根膨大中后期蔗糖代谢相关酶活性及其产物的变化规律。结果表明:在块根韧皮部和木质部中,参与蔗糖合成的蔗糖磷酸合成酶和蔗糖合成酶(合成方向)在膨大后期活性均有所升高,而参与蔗糖分解的可溶性酸性转化酶、中性转化酶和蔗糖合成酶(分解方向)在后期活性均下降;细胞壁酸性转化酶活性变化存在明显差异,华南7号在块根膨大中期活性较高,华南9号在后期较高;在块根韧皮部中,蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖的含量在膨大后期增加幅度较华南7号明显,而在块根木质部中,华南7号中这3种糖在膨大后期均呈增加趋势,华南9号中却下降,表明华南9号比华南7号有更强的蔗糖代谢的能力,这可能是造成不同品种木薯淀粉含量差异的原因。     

株行距和施肥量对木薯产量及生长的影响

采用裂区试验设计方法,研究株行距和施肥量对华南5号木薯产量和生长的影响.结果表明:在本试验株行距和施肥量条件下,施肥量对木薯产量和生长的影响比株行距大.密植(0.6～0.8 m)有利于提高淀粉产量、鲜薯产量和鲜薯淀粉含量,以0.8m株行距最佳,而疏植(1.2～1.4m)有利于提高单株薯数、单株鲜薯重、单株鲜茎叶重、收获指数和茎径.施肥有利于提高淀粉产量、鲜薯产量、单株鲜薯重、单株鲜茎叶重、茎径、株高和单株薯数,但降低鲜薯淀粉含量和收获指数.丰产栽培技术要兼顾单位面积株数、单株鲜薯重和鲜薯淀粉含量.建议在土壤肥力差和少施肥时,用0.6 m株行距;土壤肥力中等且较高施肥时.采用0.8 m株行距;土壤肥力中上且优越水肥管理,采用1.0 m株行距.     

Anatomy and compositional variation within potatoes

Re-examination of the histological development of the potato tuber supports Artschwager’s view that tuber growth is predominantly due to enlargement of the perimedullary zone and is of procambial origin. Pith (medulla) and cortical regions are differentiated from the ground or fundamental meristem derived from the apical meristem of the stolon apex, even before tuberization has been initiated. The procambium gives rise to external phloem, primary xylem, internal phloem and associated parenchyma, and likewise to interfascicular parenchyma. Those parenchyma cells so formed inwardly to the xylem “ring” contribute to the growth of the perimedullary zone. The sequence of tissue origins is diagrammed and discussed from the viewpoint of modern concepts of histogenesis.     

Development of Tuberous Cassava Roots under Different Tillage Systems: Descriptive Anatomy

Abstract

The interaction between the roots of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and soil physical properties has previously been analyzed. This interaction results in differences in production of plant material and in the physicochemical features of the roots, suggesting that changes in soil physical conditions may be related to changes in root anatomy. This work described the anatomical development of the tuberous cassava roots (cv. IAC 576-70) under different tillage systems. Roots grown under three different tillage systems (minimum, conventional and no tillage) were examined at 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 days after planting (DAP). The tillage systems did not appear to influence root anatomy during root development; at 15 and 30 DAP roots had early secondary growth; at 60 DAP the process of tuber formation had started; at 90 DAP the secondary xylem had completely differentiated to allow storage of starch; at 120, 150 and 180 DAP roots exhibited a similar anatomical structure to that observed at 90 DAP. From these results we conclude that the anatomical structure of cassava tuberous roots is established by 90 DAP and the sequence of establishment and development of tissues that make up the tuberous roots is not influenced by tillage systems during the first 180 DAP.     

Hydrogen peroxide increases potato tuber and stem starch content, stem diameter, and stem lignin content

Field-grown potato plants were sprayed twice weekly, from 21 to 90 days after planting, with 5 or 50 mM hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) solutions. Relative to water-sprayed controls, the H₂O₂ treatments significantly enhanced tuber starch accumulation by between 6.7% and 30%, as determined by specific gravity or the anthrone spectrophotometric method. Pronounced effects of similar H₂O₂ treatments on aerial stem anatomy and starch content were also found in glasshouse experiments. H₂O₂ treated stems were up to 27% thicker than controls, mainly due to enlarged medullar parenchyma cells. Histochemical observations indicated that there were more starch grains in cortex and pith tissue of H₂O₂-treated stems. H₂O₂ also increased the number and size of xylem tracheary elements in the vascular bundles and the number of interfascicular fibers. Quantification using image analysis confirmed that stems of H₂O₂ treated plants contained up to 3.4-fold more starch and 62% more lignin. This new chemical treatment to promote starch accumulation has potential utility in potato crop production and research.     

化肥减施下木薯产量及养分吸收利用特征

木薯种植中的不合理施肥容易引起徒长、产量下降。本研究通过田间试验,设置不施肥、常规施肥、减量施肥、减量同步施肥4个处理,以探明不同施肥量及施肥时期对木薯产量及养分吸收利用的影响,为提高肥料利用效率、增加木薯产量提供依据。结果表明：施肥能够显著增加木薯的株高、茎粗及生物量;减量施肥、减量同步施肥处理木薯块根的产量极显著高于常规施肥与不施肥处理,与不施肥和常规施肥处理相比,减量施肥木薯鲜重依次增加28.15%、32.73%,减量同步施肥依次增加15.46%、19.57%;与常规施肥相比,化肥减量施用能提高木薯块根的收获指数;施肥能够提高木薯的淀粉含量,与常规施肥相比,适当减少化肥用量不会导致木薯块根淀粉含量的下降;化肥减施能够提高肥料的利用率,与常规施肥处理相比较,减量施肥处理氮、磷肥利用率分别提高8.52、5.01个百分点,钾肥利用率两者相近,减量同步施肥处理氮、磷、钾肥利用率分别提高12.65、8.09、6.26个百分点,对肥料利用率的作用更为明显。在本试验条件下,2个化肥减施的处理块根产量分别为44.93 t/hm²及40.08 t/hm²,显著高于常规施肥处理的32.58 t/hm²,肥料利用效率显著提高,达到了“减肥增效”的目的。     

马铃薯块茎休眠解除过程的形态学观察与鉴定

利用石蜡切片分析了室温储存条件下马铃薯栽培品种‘Favorita’块茎休眠解除过程中的形态组织学变化,并对块茎中的淀粉和蛋白质含量的变化作了研究。结果显示,马铃薯块茎在休眠期芽眼分生组织细胞停止分裂,伴随着休眠的解除,芽眼分生组织细胞开始分裂且分裂速度越来越快,芽原基最终形成一个完整的芽,伴随此过程,观察到芽原基周围部分细胞程序性死亡最终发育形成环纹、螺纹导管的现象;马铃薯块茎从休眠解除到芽的萌发过程中淀粉含量则出现下降且淀粉颗粒逐渐由规则卵圆形变为较小的不规则状,在靠近芽原基的分化部位蛋白质含量有明显上升趋势。室温储存60 d的块茎被认为完全解除休眠。     

Subcellular localisation of calcium in potato tubers

Summary Deposits, believed to contain calcium, were located in different cells of the potato tuber after using an antimonate procedure. In the starch-storage parenchyma of the medulla and cortex antimonate deposits were abundant within vacuoles, on the tonoplast, and to a lesser extent in cell walls. Phloem tissues contained a high concentration of deposits, mainly within companion cells and phloem parenchyma, consistent sites of deposition being mitochondria, plastids and tonoplasts. Deposits were abundant within vacuoles of cells of the xylem parenchyma. Within vessel elements deposits were limited to the surface of secondary wall thickenings. Antimonate deposits associated with the middle lamella of xylem parenchyma were rarely found. The results are discussed in relation to previous findings for potato tubers and for higher plant cells in general.     

木薯MeCML24与MeSAUR1互作调控MeAGPS1a表达的功能验证

木薯是华南地区重要的经济作物,其块根富含淀粉。解析木薯块根淀粉合成调控机理将有助于木薯高产、高淀粉分子改良。AGPase由大亚基和小亚基构成,催化1-磷酸葡萄糖和ATP形成腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖和焦磷酸,其中腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖为淀粉生物合成的底物。AGPase酶是植物淀粉合成的限速酶,提高AGPase酶活性,有利于作物淀粉的积累及产量的提高。木薯MeAGPS1a基因编码的小亚基是AGPase的催化中心,前期研究表明生长素响应因子MeSAUR1作为转录因子正调控MeAGPS1a基因表达,酵母双杂交筛选木薯cDNA文库显示钙调素类似蛋白（CaM-like, CML）成员MeCML24为MeSAUR1的候选互作蛋白。为了确定MeCML24和MeSAUR1的互作关系,本研究从‘SC8’木薯品种基因组克隆了MeCML24基因,该基因的CDS区长度为492 bp,编码163个氨基酸。MeCML24蛋白的理化性质及二级结构分析显示,该蛋白理论等电点pI值4.38,属于亲水性蛋白,α-螺旋占52.76%,无规则卷曲占30.06%,β-转角结构占11.04%。构建酵母双杂交载体BD-MeCML24,自激活实验表...