重迎茬大豆栽培施氮技术试验

由于重迎茬大豆根部易受病虫危害，吸收氮素营养和固氮能力减弱。通过施氮肥试验，研究出一整套重迎茬条件下施氮技术。重迎茬大豆施氮有增产作用，迎茬施氮增产1．9％－9．71％。适宜施氮量54kg/hm^2其中1／2作追肥；重茬大豆施氮增产7．22％－12．6％，适宜施氮量54kg/hm^2，其中1／3作追肥。在大豆出复叶时2次追肥施尿素可增产9．4％－12．5％。出现“黄萎”症状时喷施增产为12．7％－16．8％。建议生产上采用此技术。     

高粱需钾特性及施钾效果研究

高梁施钾肥能明显提高植株含钾量。其含钾量以苗期为最高，钾肥对高粱有明显的增产效果，增产幅度８．５－１０．６％。在等氮、磷基础上，等量钾肥以全部基增产效果最好（１２．８％）。施钾能明显改善高粱的品种，降低单宁含量，四经不施钾的要含量降低２８．８％。     

重迎茬大豆施磷技术的研究

试验研究重迎茬条件下大豆施磷的增产效果，在满足施氮基础上，施磷有增产作用，迎茬增产16．6％－62．5％，重茬增产13．3％－49．5％。使用叶面施肥，可以弥补减轻根系吸收和运输功能减弱造成的损失，平均迎茬增产7％，重茬增产10．10％。     

连作大豆根际土及根系、冠部三要素含量变化动态的研究

通过对轮、连作大豆根际土及根系、冠部氮、磷、钾三要素含量的定期测定，发现根际土中，速效氮含量连作区略高于轮作区；速效磷含量变异程度大且无规律；速效钾含量连作区低于轮作，差异达显著水平（ｔ＝４．４７８，ｔ０．０５＝４．３０３）。根系和冠部的全氮含量连作区均高于轮作区，冠部除鼓粒期外差异均达到显著水平；全磷含量鼓粒前连作区低于轮作区，盛花期差异达显著水平，鼓粒后基本无差异；全钾含量连作区均低于轮作区，差异达极显著水平（ｔ＝８．００９，ｔ０．０１＝３．１６９）。由此认为氮素不是限制连作大豆产量的因素；连作大豆快速生长期植株缺磷，应及早补施磷肥；大豆连作可导致缺钾，应增施钾肥。     

施钾量对花生养分吸收及产量品质的影响

田间试验研究钾肥用量对花生生长、养分吸收、产量和品质的影响.结果表明,0～60kg/hm2范围内,随施钾量增加,花生荚果数增加,产量提高,60kg/hm2用量下,花生产量最高3640kg/hm2,比不施钾肥增产18.17％.0～90kg/hm2范围内,高施钾量可促进氮磷钾吸收,90kg/hm2用量下,花生粗脂肪含量最高为51.56％,比不施钾肥提高5.48％.超过90kg/hm2,增加施钾量导致花生养分吸收减少,荚果数下降,蛋白质、粗脂肪含量和产量随之下降.本试验条件下达到最佳经济效益的花生施钾量为63.3kg/hm2,产量可达到3611kg/hm2.     

施钾对增强大豆抗旱性的影响

施钾提高了大豆植株含钾量，产生一系列的抗旱特性如：根，茎，叶的维管束的发达，利于吸收和贮存水分及养分。由于细胞壁和厚角组织厚，保水力强，在高温条件下，能抗高温。质膜透性小，气孔阻力大，蒸腾速度减慢，束缚水含量高等。故大豆施钾可提高抗旱性而增产。     

海南椰子钾（K）肥效应研究

目前海南的椰子产量较低，而钾水平普遍与国外临界标准相近，因而施钾肥的增产作用不大，甚至可能由于施钾对钠，钙，镁吸收的抑制和氮／钾（Ｎ／Ｋ）的下降，而造成一定程度的减少，但在少数钾养分水平比较低的地区和连年高产耗钾量大的椰园，施钾肥增产效果极为显著，每年每株施氮化钾肥１．４２千克，盛产期增产可达１６７％，每公顷年利３３１９元。     

瘦瘠赤红壤上花生对营养要素的敏感性

瘦瘠赤红壤栽培花生对营养要素的敏感程度依次为磷、钙、氮和钾,钼的效果不明显,而有机肥增产极显著。磷是花生生长发育的首要限制营养要素,缺磷生长极差,施磷可增产４－５倍。钙栽培的负效果随连作而愈显著,钙的重要性明显,施钙后５造平均增产１．４倍。首造施氮可使花生增产５０％。     

不同施磷方式对盐碱地棉花苗期生长和产量的影响

为促进盐碱地棉花苗期生长和增产,通过田间试验研究了不同施磷方式对棉花苗期生长、氮磷养分吸收和产量的影响。结果表明,施用等量磷（P2O5）的条件下,随棉花出苗水滴施磷肥能显著促进棉花苗期生长、养分吸收和增产。随出苗水滴施30kg·hm^-2磷酸二氢钾的棉花蕾数和生物量分别比对照增加84．6％和50．0％,氮、磷吸收量分别增加21．2％和20．4%,可增产6．2％。滴施60kg·hm^-2磷酸二氢钾的棉花蕾数和生物量分别增加115．4％和75．0％,氮、磷吸收量分别增加75．1％和71．1％,可增产15．2％。     

黑土钾素分布状态与大豆钾肥效应的研究

在南北狭长的黑土分布区内 ,分别在南北中三地的高中低肥力采土样 9个 ,在实验室分析和集中于哈尔滨连续三年进行盆栽和部分田间试验 ,试验结果表明 :黑土区土壤钾素较其他土类含量丰富 ,不同肥力不同地点土壤速效钾含量为 12 1～ 2 12mg·kg- 1土 ;缓效钾含量为 6 5 6～ 12 5 6mg·kg- 1土 ,均在中高水平以上。在正常生产条件下 ,黑土农田完全能满足大豆生产所必需的钾 ,施钾没有增产效果。在特殊条件下 ,钾有增产作用。在干旱条件下 ,钾有增产作用 ,平均增产 15 .6 %。在大豆重迎茬病虫害加重的条件下 ,施钾有显著增产作用 ,迎茬增产 10 .5 %～ 2 2 .6 % ,重茬条件下施钾 ,增产幅度为 11.6 %～ 2 3.8%。为了追求大豆高产而单独增加氮磷施量 ,没有增产效果 ,在增加氮磷施量同时施钾 ,可增产 8.6 %。     

控制重茬大豆危害施肥技术优选

采用田间进行了重茬大豆施肥技术组合筛选,NPK不同组合可明显促进重茬大豆生长发育,主要表现在增加大豆株高、提高大豆地上和地下生长,增加干物质积累;NPK配合可促进大豆根瘤数量和重量的增加,N3P4K5 叶面肥在大豆分枝期(V5)、开花期(R2)和鼓粒期(R6)三个时期都明显增加大豆优质根瘤比率;NPK配合可增加大豆叶面积指数、生物产量和光合势,其中N3P4K5和N3P4K5 叶面肥对大豆生长发育促进作用最为明显,N3P4K5 叶面肥产量最高,较对照增产22.7%,增加了大豆有效荚数、单株粒数和单株粒重,各处理对大豆百粒重影响不大.     

化肥减施下木薯产量及养分吸收利用特征

木薯种植中的不合理施肥容易引起徒长、产量下降。本研究通过田间试验,设置不施肥、常规施肥、减量施肥、减量同步施肥4个处理,以探明不同施肥量及施肥时期对木薯产量及养分吸收利用的影响,为提高肥料利用效率、增加木薯产量提供依据。结果表明：施肥能够显著增加木薯的株高、茎粗及生物量;减量施肥、减量同步施肥处理木薯块根的产量极显著高于常规施肥与不施肥处理,与不施肥和常规施肥处理相比,减量施肥木薯鲜重依次增加28.15%、32.73%,减量同步施肥依次增加15.46%、19.57%;与常规施肥相比,化肥减量施用能提高木薯块根的收获指数;施肥能够提高木薯的淀粉含量,与常规施肥相比,适当减少化肥用量不会导致木薯块根淀粉含量的下降;化肥减施能够提高肥料的利用率,与常规施肥处理相比较,减量施肥处理氮、磷肥利用率分别提高8.52、5.01个百分点,钾肥利用率两者相近,减量同步施肥处理氮、磷、钾肥利用率分别提高12.65、8.09、6.26个百分点,对肥料利用率的作用更为明显。在本试验条件下,2个化肥减施的处理块根产量分别为44.93 t/hm²及40.08 t/hm²,显著高于常规施肥处理的32.58 t/hm²,肥料利用效率显著提高,达到了“减肥增效”的目的。     

黑土区水肥耦合对大豆产量的影响

通过盆栽试验条件,设置不同灌水和施钾处理,研究水钾耦合对大豆产量的影响,试验结果分析表明:水分对大豆产量影响大于钾肥的影响.大豆产量很大程度上依赖于水分供应的多少,在水分充足时增施钾肥可以提高大豆产量和株高,水分的增产十分显著,水分对产量影响增产最大为25.6%,但水分过高对大豆生产有毒害作用.随着水分和施肥量的增加,产量增加,在相对含水量为60%和肥料F3(N:0.04 g/kg、P2O5:0.02 g/kg、K2O 0.30 g/kg)情况下,产量最高(17.7 g/株),比无钾肥干旱增产33.7%.     

肥料组合对大豆产量和化学品质影响

为了筛选黑龙江省高油高蛋白大豆产量高和化学品质好的N、P、K组合施肥,采用田间小区试验,测产和品质分析结果显示,高油大豆东农434最适施肥处理为N3P4K5+叶面喷肥,较习惯施肥增产23%,大豆含油量增加,较习惯施肥脂肪含量高1.4个百分点.高蛋白大豆黑农35的适宜施肥处理为N3P4K5+叶面喷肥和N3P4K5.     

氮、磷和钾肥对菜用大豆籽粒产量和主要矿质元素积累的影响

以大豆专用型品种南农9610为材料,研究了温室大棚条件下,氮、磷和钾肥不同肥料水平对菜用大豆籽粒产量和主要矿质元素含量的影响.结果表明:适量增施氮、磷和钾肥均可明显提高大豆籽粒产量,但施肥过多则降低产量.氮肥和磷肥对菜用大豆籽粒中氮有明显促进作用,磷和钾肥对籽粒磷有促进作用,氮、磷、钾肥对籽粒钾含量均具有明显的促进作用,而钾肥对籽粒中氮含量、氮对籽粒中磷含量具有负作用.施氮使籽粒中Mg、Mn和Fe的含量和积累量先上升再下降;而籽粒中Ca则在低氮时大幅度下降,此后逐渐回升;施磷和钾使Mg、Mn、Fe和Ca含量先上升再下降.     

施氮水平对7S亚基缺失大豆根系形态和结瘤固氮的影响

为有效推广功能型大豆7S亚基缺失品种,以7S亚基缺失大豆品系东富2号为研究对象,设置4种施氮水平(纯N),N0(0 mg·kg~(-1))、N1(25 mg·kg~(-1))、N2(50 mg·kg~(-1))、N3(75 mg·kg~(-1)),采用桶栽法研究大豆根系形态和结瘤固氮对不同施氮水平的响应。结果表明:N1(25 mg·kg~(-1))水平下根系干重加大,根冠比增大,根瘤固氮潜力高,单株产量较高。N2(50 mg·kg~(-1))水平下根长、根表面积、根体积在生育后期增长较快,根系干重较大,根冠比低,固氮酶活性最高,单株籽粒产量最高。N3(75 mg·kg~(-1))水平下植株干重较大,无效生长较多,根瘤数少,固氮潜力和根冠比低,单株产量不高。综合籽粒产量和根系特性指标,功能型大豆7S亚基缺失品系东富2号的适宜施肥量为25~50 mg·kg~(-1)。     

Effect of nitrogen root zone fertilization on rice yield,uptake and utilization of macronutrient in lower reaches of Yangtze River,China

Improper application of nitrogen (N) has led to high N losses and low N use efficiency in the lower reaches of Yangtze River in China. An effective method to solve such problems is the deep fertilized N in root zone (RZF). Limited information is available on the effect of RZF on the uptake of macronutrients (N, P and K) and rice yield. Field experiments, conducted from 2014 to 2015, compared the farmer fertilizer practice (FFP, with 225 kg ha^?1 of N, split into three doses) and RZF using the same rate but placing N 5 cm away from rice roots in holes 10 cm deep (RZF10) or 5 cm deep (RZF5) as a single application. The highest mean yield (10.0 t ha^?1) was obtained in RZF10, which was 19.5% more than that in FFP. Root zone fertilization of urea (whether 10 cm deep or 5 cm deep) resulted in greater accumulation of N, P and K in stem, leaf sheaths, leaf blades and grains compared to that in FFP in sandy and in loam soils. The uptake of N, P and K was the highest in RZF10 (average at 176.7, 66.2 and 179.1 kg ha^?1, respectively), higher than that in FFP by 45.0, 17.0 and 22.6%, respectively. N apparent recovery efficiency was markedly higher in RZF10 (53.1%) than in FFP (27.5%). RZF10 significantly increased the N, P, K uptake compared with FFP under different N rates in both sandy and loam soils. These results suggest that the N, P and K input amount should be re-determined under RZF.     

钼硼对大豆氮磷钾吸收及产量的影响

采用田间小区试验,研究了施钼或硼对浙春３号大豆农艺性状,产量及氮磷钾吸收的影响,结果表明,施钼或硼明显促进了大豆干物质积累量的增长和对氮磷钾的吸收,促进了大豆株高和底荚高的增长,增加了大豆的百粒重,总荚数和单株籽粒重,提高了大豆产量。大豆植株Ｎ和Ｐ２Ｏ５含量粒期之前呈明显下降的趋势,鼓粒期之后有所回升;Ｋ２Ｏ５含量的波动幅度较大,大豆产量与底荚高和百粒重呈极显著正相关,与经济系数呈负相关,与株高、     

不同施肥种类与数量对大豆产量的影响

在氮磷钾配合施用条件下,大豆产量大幅度增加,大豆产量可达3260kg／hm^2;磷钾配合施用条件下,产量可达3160kg／hm^2。施用氮肥、磷肥的增产效果显著、肥效高。     

Effects of plant density and nitrogen and potassium fertilization on cotton yield and uptake of major nutrients in two fields with varying fertility

As the most important cultural practices for cotton production, the single effects of plant density and [nitrogen (N) and potassium (K)] fertilization on yield and yield components are well documented but their combined effects on Bt cotton are poorly understood. Using a split–split plot design with four replications, we conducted a two-year field experiment in two fields, one with lower fertility and the other with higher fertility, in the Yellow River Valley of China. The aim was to evaluate both the individual and combined effects of plant density and nitrogen and potassium fertilization on yield, yield components and uptake of major nutrients. The main plots were assigned to plant density (4.5 and 7.5 plants/m²), while nitrogen (0 and 240 kg N/ha) and potassium fertilization (0 and 150 kg K/ha) were assigned to the sub- and sub–subplots. Lint yield was improved with high plant density (7.5 plants/m²) in the lower fertility field, particularly without N and K application, but not in the higher fertility field. Nitrogen or K application also increased lint yield, and a combination of high plant density, N and K application further improved lint yield in the lower fertility field, while only K application increased lint yield in the higher fertility field. Lint percentage was not affected by any of the variables studied. Thus, the yield increase due to plant density, fertilization or their combinations was attributed to increases in boll number or boll weight. The ratio of seed cotton to stalk (RSS) was linearly correlated with harvest index, and thus can be a simple indicator of dry matter allocation to reproductive structures. Increased yield due to plant density and fertilization was mainly attributed to the enhanced biological yield in the lower fertility field, while the yield increase due to K fertilization was mainly due to increased RSS in the higher fertility field. The plants used approximately equal N and P to produce 100 kg lint in both fields, but the uptake of K to produce 100 kg lint in the higher fertility field was about 21% more than that in the lower fertility field. Ratios of N:P:K were 1:0.159:0.604 in the lower fertility field and 1:0.159:0.734 in higher fertility field. This study suggests that K fertilization was extremely important for maintaining high yield, although luxury consumption occurred in the higher fertility field; N was applied more than required in the highly fertile field, and increased plant density would be beneficial to cotton yield in the lower fertility field.