柱花草生产、加工与开发利用技术研究

柱花草多次收割比年终一次性收割干草产量较低，但猪的可消化粗蛋白产量反而提高。对柱花草捣碎后喂猪，在日粮中比例不超过6 %时，与使用常规饲料的对照组比较，喂中猪时，日增重差异不显著，料肉比上升；喂大猪时，日增重上升，差异显著，料肉比下降。对劣质柱花草粉进行筛分，去除一部分粗纤维后喂鸡和猪，用量加大时料肉比显著上升，如同时加入复合酶制剂，则差异不显著。对柱花草进行脱叶，叶磨碎、叶维管束分离的干分离工艺，可以得到粗纤维较少和较多的两个组分，两者干重比例大致为叶的44 %和56 %左右。粗纤维较少的精叶粉比全株柱花草粉的鸡的氨真代谢率提高1.09倍，统计差异显著。     

干旱胁迫对菠萝苗期生长及叶绿素含量的影响

以我国菠萝主栽品种巴厘为试材，以菠萝栽植主要土壤类型玄武岩发育而成的粘土为栽培基质，采用盆栽土培控水法。研究干旱胁迫对菠萝苗期生长和叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明：当土壤(粘土)含水量为13.39%时，菠萝出现枯萎症状，叶片出现红紫色；当土壤含水量为6.60%时，菠萝出现严重枯萎症状，大部分叶变为红紫色，干旱胁迫的菠萝D叶叶绿素含量比对照下降34.2%，D叶长度下降18.5%，宽度下降8.8%，干旱胁迫严重抑制菠萝生长。     

大豆凝集素处理对肉仔鸡生长性能及小肠发育的影响

选用1日龄健康艾维茵肉仔鸡,从7日龄开始,分别进行饲喂基础日粮(对照组)和基础日粮添加大豆凝集素处理,以研究不同大豆凝集素添加水平对肉仔鸡生长性能、小肠发育的影响。结果表明:日粮中添加不同水平的大豆凝集素显著降低了肉仔鸡的平均日采食量(P0.05);0.05%和0.10%大豆凝集素添加组肉仔鸡的平均日增重、绝对增重和相对增重无显著影响(P0.05);肉仔鸡小肠长度和重量随着日粮中大豆凝集素添加水平的升高而呈线性增加,日粮中添加0.10%大豆凝集素显著增加了肉仔鸡的小肠长度及重量。研究结果提示,日粮中添加不同水平大豆凝集素,影响了肉仔鸡生长性能和小肠发育,对动物产生了抗营养作用。     

日粮能量和蛋白水平对瘦肉型生长育肥猪生长性能的影响

选取60±1.5 kg、90.0±1.5 kg杜长大(D×L×Y)生长育肥猪48头(公母比例为1∶1),通过对平均采食量(ADFI)、平均日增重(ADG)和料重比(F/G)进行比较分析,考察蛋白和能量水平对其生长性能的影响。结果表明:日粮能量和蛋白水平对60～90 kg瘦肉型生长育肥猪ADG、ADFI和F/G均有显著影响(P<0.05);日粮能量和蛋白水平对90～120 kg生长育肥猪ADG的影响不显著(P>0.05),对ADFI、F/G影响显著(P<0.05)。60～90 kg、90～120kg阶段杜长大生长育肥猪适宜的能量和蛋白水平分别为13.90 MJ.kg-1、15.90%和14.62 MJ.kg-1、14.90%;多元回归分析得到90～120 kg瘦肉型生长育肥猪DEI、CPI与ADG的回归方程为:ΔW=-12.772DEI+23.467CPI+351.156(R2=0.881,P<0.05)。     

欧美对印尼南苏拉威西可可豆感兴趣

在菠萝成熟收获期，分别对巴厘苗残体进行分类和测定。结果表明，菠萝残体主要由叶、茎、根、果柄和芽5个部分组成，菠萝叶和茎是菠萝残体的两个重要组分，这两部分占到全部残体约87%，其中菠萝叶占72.75%。通过对菠萝残体各组分养分含量分析发现，以芽的N、P、K养分含量最高，分别达到13.86、1.88、24.00 g/kg；菠萝单株残体总量(干重)平均为313.63 g， N、P和K等单株养分的累积量分别为N 2.74 g、P 0.22 g和K 5.46 g，以K的累积量最高。     

早籼稻饲粮中添加酶制剂对猪生长和消化的影响

选择60头体重约35 kg的“长加”二元杂交猪,按饲养试验要求分成2组,分别饲喂不含和含0.2%复合酶制剂（内含β-葡聚糖酶、木聚糖酶和纤维素酶）的早籼稻型饲粮,进行了为期70 d的饲养试验,在试验后期进行了消化试验、采样分析。饲养试验结果显示,添加复合酶制剂使日增重提高了8.78%(P<0.05）,料重比降低了9.42%(P<0.05）;消化试验表明,饲粮中添加复合酶制剂使饲料粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗纤维的表观消化率分别提高了12.73个百分点(P<0.01）、8.84个百分点(P<0.05）和16.97个百分点(P<0.01）。添加复合酶制剂使空肠、回肠内容物粘度分别降低了7.08%(P<0.01）、678%(P<0.01),粪中大肠杆菌数、腹泻频率分别较对照组降低了81.29%(P<0.01）、37.00%(P<0.05）。消化性能指标分析显示,添加复合酶制剂组十二指肠内容物总蛋白水解酶、α-淀粉酶活性较对照组提高了99.07%(P<0.01）和18.38%(P<0.05）。     

不同大豆品种对大鼠抗营养影响的比较

为比较2个不同栽培品种生大豆中抗营养因子对大鼠的影响,以50±2日龄Wister大鼠为实验动物,分别饲喂以吉林30、吉农7品种生大豆和膨化大豆粕(对照组)为主要蛋白源的日粮,测定生长性能,第30天解剖大鼠,颈静脉采血检测血液生理生化指标,内脏器官称重,制作肠道组织切片。结果表明:吉林30日粮组大鼠增重、料肉比、胰腺重量、小肠长度、小肠重量、空肠绒毛长度、空肠隐窝深度、白细胞、血浆尿素氮、谷丙转氨酶和总胆红质与对照组大鼠差异显著(P0.05),吉林30日粮组大鼠胰腺重量、空肠隐窝深度(JCD)比吉农7日粮组大鼠高29.1%、14.4%(p0.05)。吉林30做日粮对大鼠抗营养的影响大于吉农7。     

菠萝叶渣生物有机肥在蔬菜生产上的应用

利用提取纤维后的新鲜菠萝叶渣为主料，通过添加鸡粪、木糠和过磷酸钙等辅料，以EM生态液菌为生物发酵菌剂，经发酵腐熟，生产生物有机肥，并利用该肥进行蔬菜种植试验。结果表明，利用菠萝叶渣生产生物有机肥，可提高蔬菜产量，缩短种植周期，蔬菜品质好，符合绿色食品标准的要求。     

叶面喷施Mg、Fe、Zn对菠萝生长和产量的影响

采用大田试验方法,研究了玄武岩发育而成酸性土壤上叶面喷施七水硫酸镁、一水硫酸亚铁、七水硫酸锌对菠萝生长和产量影响,为在此类土壤上种植的菠萝施用中微量元素提供依据。试验结果表明：与对照(喷清水)相比,喷施硫酸亚铁显著提高了菠萝叶片长度、宽度、叶片数及叶片中叶绿素含量,提高幅度分别为9.1%、14.9%、15.9%、62.6%,且显著提高菠萝产量、单果重和商品果率,提高幅度分别为11.8%、11.5%、7.7%;叶面喷施硫酸镁显著提高叶片叶绿素含量,但对菠萝叶片长度、宽度、叶片数和产量没有显著影响;叶面喷施硫酸锌对菠萝生长和产量都没有显著影响。     

茶对鱼生长、肌肉品质和抗氧化性能的影响

为探究在饲料中添加茶粉对鱼的生长、肌肉品质和抗氧化性能的影响,以初重为75.23±0.42 g的罗非鱼为对象,设计3组试验,分别饲喂基础饲料(A组),添加1％、2％大叶种喷干红茶粉的饲料(B、C组),试验在水泥养殖池(4 m×2 m×1.1 m)中进行,饲养180 d后测定罗非鱼生长和抗氧化指标.结果表明:与A组作对比,B、C组增重率提高、内脏比和体长体高比降低;B组肥满度提高,C组肥满度降低;B、C组粗脂肪含量显著减少(P<0.05),粗蛋白含量增加、冷冻肉渗出损失降低;B、C组VE含量显著增加、MDA含量显著减少(P<0.05);B组SOD、T-AOC活性提高,C组SOD、T-AOC活性显著提高(P<0.05).综合罗非鱼的生长性能、肌肉品质和抗氧化能力指标,红茶粉的推荐添加量为2％.     

The effect of silage energy concentration and price on finishing decisions for young dairy bulls

This study focuses on the effect of grass silage energy concentration and price on the decisions about concentrate level, slaughter age and carcass weight in the finishing of young dairy bulls. The three main steps were as follows: (i) the adaption of a daily liveweight (LW) gain simulation model to young dairy bulls of the breed Norwegian Red; (ii) the comparison of the model key output to experimental data; and (iii) model‐based maximization with respect to the profitability of the finishing period, and stochastic simulations with respect to prediction error and variation as derived from the experimental data. In general, the model adequately simulated the LW gain of the bulls, but tended to overestimate the LWs of the bulls that received very high energy rations and underestimated the LWs of the bulls fed with the lowest energy diets. Model‐based maximization of profit was conducted for three silage energy concentrations, expressed as feed unit beef (FUb), combined with three silage prices. Taking into account the risk associated with model prediction error and the empirical variation and correlation among key variables, we concluded that under the prevailing Norwegian economical conditions, finishing of young dairy bulls with an early harvested silage having an energy concentration of slightly above 0·90 FUb kg^?1 dry matter, 10% FUb concentrate of the total FUb ration and an average daily LW gain of 1·2–1·3 kg LW d^?1 will offer the highest profit.     

热带农业废弃物的饲料化利用研究进展

在我国华南等热带地区,每年有大量的热带田间废弃物资源被浪费。综述甘蔗尾叶、香蕉茎叶、菠萝叶3种主要的热带农业废弃物的饲料利用现状,以及不同的加工处理方法对农业废弃物饲料营养价值的影响。     

Maize silage with a non-protein nitrogen additive as feed for autumn-calving cows

Maize silages made in October were fed to forty-three autumn-calving cows during a 20-week winter feeding trial. The control silage received no additive whereas a non-protein nitrogen (NPN) additive was applied to the other silage at harvest time. The four experimental feeding treatments were: A, maize silage + 6 kg d^?1 barley; B, maize silage with NPN + 6 kg d^?1 barley; C, maize silage + 5 kg d^?1’barley + 1 kg d^?1 extracted decorticated groundnut cake; D, maize silage with NPN. The mean daily milk yields of cows on the treatments were 14.7, 15.1, 15.3 and 15.0 kg respectively. All cows received maize silage ad libitum. There were no significant differences in milk yield but the milk produced by the cows on treatment D had significantly lower concentrations of milk fat, protein and solids-not-fat when compared to the other three treatments. The cows on treatment D had a negative liveweight change which was significantly different (P < 0.05) from those of the cows on treatments B and C.     

A comparison of unwilted and wilted grass silages offered to beef cattle without and with monensin sodium

A randomized block experiment was conducted to compare unwilted and wilted grass silages and the effects of the feed additive monensin sodium on the silage intake and performance of finishing beef cattle. Two regrowths from a predominantly perennial ryegrass (cv. S24) sward were ensiled either without wilting or after field wilting for 3 d (dry matter (DM) concentrations 161 and 266 g kg⁻¹ respectively). Both silages were treated with formic acid (2·6 and 30 litre t⁻¹ respectively) and were well preserved. The silages were offered ad libitum to forty-eight Charolais-cross cattle (thirty-two steers and sixteen heifers, mean initial live weight 351 kg) for 145 d. All animals received 2·2 kg concentrates per head daily and half of those on each silage treatment received in addition 200 mg monensin sodium per head daily. Silage DM intake was 5.04, 504. 5·48, 5·63 ± 0.134 kg d^−l; fasted liveweight gain was 0·69, 0·77. 0·64 and 0·73 ± 0.033 kg d^−l and carcass gain was 0·47, 0·50, 0·40 and 0·45 ± 0·020 kg d⁻¹ for the unwilted silage without and with monensin and the wilted silage without and with monensin respectively. It is concluded that wilting grass of low DM concentration for 3 d prior to ensiling reduced the performance of finishing beef cattle below that obtained from well-preserved unwilted silage in spite of a higher DM intake being achieved with the wilted silage. The inclusion of monensin sodium in a silage-based diet increased performance without significantly affecting feed intake.     

不同青贮方式对菠萝茎叶饲用品质的影响

分析添加尿素和废糖蜜对青贮菠萝茎叶营养成分的影响,并测定青贮后菠萝茎叶养分的瘤胃降解率。为提高菠萝茎叶的饲料化利用提供理论依据。试验以直接青贮菠萝茎叶为对照组,分别添加10 g/kg尿素、20 g/kg废糖蜜、10 g/kg尿素+20 g/kg废糖蜜为试验组,青贮45 d后进行营养成分、养分的瘤胃降解分析。结果表明:与对照组相比,添加10 g/kg尿素青贮菠萝茎叶可以显著降低单宁含量,提高粗蛋白(CP)、氨态氮(NH3-N)含量(p0.05);添加20 g/kg废糖蜜,CP、单宁含量显著提高(p0.05);添加10 g/kg尿素+20 g/kg废糖蜜,CP、NH3含量提高,乙酸含量降低,差异显著(p0.05);3个试验组中,DM、CP、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)在瘤胃内经72 h后的降解率均显著高于对照组(p0.05)。本试验中,添加10 g/kg尿素+20 g/kg废糖蜜可以显著提高青贮菠萝茎叶的品质,并提高青贮菠萝茎叶养分的瘤胃降解率。     

旱季菠萝叶片黄化调查与分析

针对旱季田间菠萝黄化这一生产中的普遍问题，开展旱季菠萝叶片黄化调查和田间菠萝长势情况及土壤温度和湿度的测定，分析其成因，寻找相应的对策。研究表明：滴灌条件下菠萝的株高、D叶长、D叶宽、叶片数、35 cm以上叶片数、叶片生长速度均优于常规管理，而滴灌下由于土壤湿度大、温度低，遮蔽度高是造成植株叶片黄化较少的重要原因。建议在干旱季节采用滴灌或水肥一体化技术，以减少菠萝叶片黄化，保证菠萝植株快速生长，为获取高产奠定基础。