玉米成熟胚离体培养体系的建立

以玉米品种豫玉32和安玉12的成熟胚为外植体,利用正交实验研究蔗糖、2,4-D、AgNO3这3个因素及组合对玉米成熟胚胚性愈伤组织诱导的影响。结果表明,对安玉12诱导胚性愈伤组织的最佳培养基是MS+20g/L蔗糖+2.0 mg/L2,4-D+5.0 mg/LAgNO3,豫玉32诱导胚性愈伤组织的最佳培养基是MS+20 g/L蔗糖+4.0 mg/L2,4-D+10.0 mg/L AgNO3。     

小麦成熟胚诱导胚性愈伤组织的影响因素

为加快小麦成熟胚在转基因研究中的利用,以陕麦159成熟胚为外植体,通过胚性愈伤组织诱导,建立了一套有效的小麦愈伤组织诱导体系。研究表明,不同消毒处理、2,4-D浓度和接种方法对胚性愈伤出愈率的影响有极显著差异,不同浸种时间和培养基类型对胚性愈伤组织出愈率的影响无显著差异。采用次氯酸钠初次消毒20min,升汞二次消毒5min,消毒彻底,对种子损害较小;浸种时间18～20h易于成熟胚的剥取,且诱导的愈伤组织质量较好;MS培养基较1/2MS培养基诱导愈伤组织效果好,MS培养基2,4-D浓度为4mg.L-1时（30g蔗糖＋7g琼脂）胚性愈伤组织率最高,愈伤组织质量较好;完整胚诱导胚性愈伤组织率最高达84.17%,碎胚诱导胚性愈伤组织率最高达94.17%。     

荔枝"妃子笑"品种花药培养及其体胚发生

以荔枝(LitchichinesisSonn.)品种“妃子笑”为试材,研究其花药离体培养及植株再生的影响因素。结果表明,荔枝花药在MS 2,4-D2mg/L NAA0.2mg/L以及含50g/L蔗糖的培养基上诱导胚性愈伤组织效果较好,把胚性愈伤组织转移到MS BA1mg/L NAA0.5mg/L,谷氨酰胺500mg/L,蔗糖50g/L分化培养基上培养1个月后,体胚大量萌发,再将成熟体胚转移到附加500mg/L谷氨酰胺的MS无激素培养基上,培养1￣2个月后,能再生成完整植株。     

甜叶菊茎尖组培苗生根及移栽的研究

采用甜叶菊的幼嫩茎尖为外植体,MS为基本培养基。在添加6-BA1．0mg／L＋蔗糖30g／L＋琼脂6g／L的诱导培养基上．进行丛生芽的诱导培养。如果不感染病菌,诱导出芽率可达100％。继代增殖培养基采用MS＋6-BA0．5mg／L＋NAA0．05mg／L＋蔗糖30g／L＋琼脂6g／L,继代培养30d后,丛生芽数可增殖14--15倍。在1／4MS＋IBA0．1mg／L＋NAA0．1mg／L＋蔗糖30g／L＋琼脂6g／L＋性炭1g／L的生根培养基上诱导生根,效果最好,生根率达100％．组培苗出瓶前先敞口炼苗2d．生根苗移栽后成活率可达95％以上。     

不同燕麦种成熟胚诱导条件的优化

选用3个燕麦种,利用混合正交设计方法研究成熟胚形成愈伤组织特性和筛选最佳培养条件,结果表明：接种前种子处理时间与种子大小没有相关性,六倍体燕科1号需21h,二倍体裸燕麦需20h,四倍体大燕麦需18h;综合分析愈伤组织出愈特性、生长状态和生长速度等,3个燕麦种培养难易程度燕科1号、大燕麦、裸燕麦;MS＋2,4-D4mg／L＋NAA 1mg／L＋蔗糖30g／L是燕科1号成熟胚诱导的最佳培养条件,2,4-D5mg／L4-NAA2mg／L4-CH 400 mg／L＋Pro500mg／L4-蔗糖30g／L是大燕麦适宜的培养条件,裸燕麦对应是2,4-D1mg／L4-NAA 1mg／L＋CH 200 mg／L＋Pro 500 mg／L＋蔗糖20g／L。在参试的7个因素中,对成熟胚愈伤组织诱导影响作用具体由大到小排列顺序是：基因型、KT、NAA、2,4-D、Pro、蔗糖、CH。     

台湾释迦的离体培养与植株再生

选取台湾释迦实生苗的不同部位为外植体进行离体培养与植株再生研究。结果表明：诱导台湾释迦愈伤组织的最佳外植体为下胚轴,最适愈伤组织诱导培养基为MS＋6．BA0．5mg／L＋2,4．D2mg／L;愈伤组织分化培养基为MS＋6．BA2mg／L＋NAA0．1mg／L;增殖培养基为MS＋6-BA0．5mg／L＋NAA0．1mg／L;生根培养基为1/2MS＋NAA0．2mg／L。     

香蕉雄花和组培苗假茎胚性愈伤组织诱导的初步研究

从外植体来源、生长调节剂种类及浓度等方面研究影响巴西蕉胚性愈伤组织诱导的因素。结果表明,以未成熟雄花为外植体,MS培养基＋1 mg/L 2,4-D＋1 mg/L IAA＋1 mg/L NAA较适宜胚性愈伤组织诱导,26℃暗培养条件下,未成熟雄花的胚性愈伤组织诱导率为3%～4%。在MS培养基＋0.7 mg/L 2,4-D＋4 mg/L 6-BA中,以不同品种假茎为外植体的脱分化愈伤组织诱导率最高可达75%,但只有巴西(青杆)和海南本地米蕉可以诱导出胚性愈伤组织,诱导率分别为0.1%和0.5%。     

罗布麻胚性细胞悬浮系的建立

本实验以罗布麻（Apocynum venetttln Linn．）成熟种子为外植体。探寻获得罗布麻胚性愈伤组织的最佳培养基和条件。研究两种主要的生长素（2,4-D和NAA）和两种主要的细胞分裂素（6-BA和KT）对诱导罗布麻愈伤组织及2,4-D对诱导罗布麻胚性愈伤组织和胚性细胞悬浮系建立的影响。结果表明2,4-D对诱导形成胚性愈伤组织非常重要;不同激素配比对实验的结果影响较大,其中激素组合为2,4-D0．5mg／L＋6-BA0．05mg／L可产生大量的胚性愈伤组织;MB＋2,4-D2．0mg／L是建立罗布麻胚性细胞悬浮系的最适培养基。     

甘蔗胚性愈伤高效诱导系列研究Ⅰ.幼叶离体培养直接诱导胚性愈伤发生

以ROC22心叶为外植体,研究了取材部位、培养基蔗糖含量等因素对甘蔗胚性愈伤发生的影响,重点探讨了不同植物激素和生长调节剂组合的作用,建立了无需继代、直接诱导高质量甘蔗胚性愈伤发生的体系。结果表明:顶端生长点以上5~6 cm区段最内层3片心叶为最适外植体;MS+2,4-D 3.0 mg/L+Dicamba 1.0 mg/L+6-BA 0.1 mg/L+DA-6 6.0 mg/L+CSN 4.0 mg/L+蔗糖40 g/L为最佳培养基;经28 d暗培养,心叶无需继代即可分化成为胚性愈伤,诱导率可达42.67%。所得胚性愈伤质量高、分化强,可用于甘蔗遗传转化研究。     

小麦不同外植体的组织培养效果研究

良好的组织培养效果是提高植物基因转化效率的基础。以山东省近年来育成并大面积推广的10个优良品种（系）为材料，对这些品种的花药、幼穗、幼胚和成熟胚的组织培养效果进行研究，旨在筛选每一基因型最适合于组织培养的外植体类型，为应用基因工程技术进行小麦遗传改良提供基础材料。结果表明，禽伤诱导率和再生成苗率与基因型和外植体类型（花药、幼穗、幼胚和成熟胚）密切相关。8802在花药和成熟胚培养中表现突出，花药出愈率达119．5％，愈伤分化成苗率19．9％;烟农19的幼穗愈伤直接分化成苗率最高，这43．5％；8802、烟农19和潍麦8号三个基因型的幼胚培养效果差异不显著，其愈伤分化成苗率分别为26．3％、24．5％和24．8％。蔗糖浓度在3％～9％之间，对成熟胚的愈伤组织诱导率影响很小。高浓度蔗糖降低愈伤生长速度。在一定蔗糖浓度下，愈伤诱导率与2，4-D浓度密切相关，高浓度的2，4-D对愈伤组织再生不利。MS＋4mg／L2，4-D对于成熟胚的脱分化相对较好，MS和MS＋0．4mg／L NAA＋0．6mg／L KT作为成熟胚的愈伤组织再生培养基，对不同基因型具有一定的适用性。     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

海南百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定及其发生危害

百香果是海南省的新兴产业,也是我国多个省区扶贫攻坚的重要产业。病虫害是影响百香果产业的重要因素,随着海南百香果种植面积越来越大,病虫害对百香果产业的不利影响越来越凸显。由于缺乏百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定的基础性研究,许多种植户对田间发生的病虫害种类识别不足,从而影响了百香果病虫害的防控效果。为了摸清海南百香果种植区的病虫害种类,于2019—2021年对海南省儋州市、乐东县、屯昌县、文昌市、三亚市、东方市、保亭县、白沙县、海口市等百香果种植区的病虫害进行了系统调查与鉴定,并对其发生危害特点进行了研究。鉴定发现海南百香果种植区的病害有11种,分别是病毒病、茎基腐病、炭疽病、疮痂病、疫病、灰霉病、果腐病、褐斑病、烟煤病、藻斑病和缺镁。重要病害为病毒病和茎基腐病,危害程度分别为4级和3级,炭疽病和疮痂病危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他病害危害较轻。害虫有28种,分别是黄胸蓟马、茶黄蓟马、红带蓟马、美洲棘蓟马、普通大蓟马、咖啡木蠹蛾、美洲斑潜蝇、橘小实蝇、斜纹夜蛾、双线盗毒蛾、绿丽刺蛾、白带锯蛱蝶、烟粉虱、温室白粉虱、柑橘粉蚧、木槿曼粉蚧、藤壶蜡蚧、茶角盲蝽、樟颈曼盲蝽、稻绿蝽、中稻缘蝽、茶小绿叶蝉、丽球瓢蜡蝉、绿鳞象甲、眼斑芫菁、白条豆芫菁、甘薯梳龟甲和朱砂叶螨。重要害虫为黄胸蓟马和咖啡木蠹蛾,危害程度均为3级,茶黄蓟马和美洲斑潜蝇的危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他害虫危害较轻。软体动物3种,分别是灰巴蜗牛、同型巴蜗牛和一种尚未鉴定的蛞蝓。本研究明确了海南百香果种植区病虫害具体种类,新发现百香果病害1种和害虫24种,为海南百香果病虫害的精准防控提供技术支撑。     

Interactive Effects of Sodium and Potassium on the Growth and Photosynthesis of Spinach and Komatsuna

Abstract

Two cultivars of spinach and one cultivar of komatsuna were sand cultured using a nutrient solution with Na and K in various combinations. The growth (fresh weight of shoot) of spinach cv. Atlas was significantly increased when 1.4 mM KC1 of the 7 m M KO was replaced with 1.4 mM NaCl, although the growth was reduced when more KC1 was replaced with NaCl. In another spinach cv. All Right, however, NaCl substituting for 20% of KC1 showed no significant effects. In komatsuna, Na used in place of K at any ratio reduced the growth. The growth of spinach cv. Atlas was increased by applying 20 mM NaCl, irrespective of K dose (480 - 2400 mg K₂O per 1/2000 a Wagner pot). The growth of spinach cv. All Right was also increased by 20 mM NaCl when K was at a deficient level (480 - 960 mg K20 per pot), but was not when K was at: an excessive level (1920 - 2400 mg K₂O per pot). In komatsuna, 20 mM NaCl reduced the growth. In spinach, Na prevented the decrease of the photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance caused by K deficiency.     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

白砂糖干燥与冷却机理及影响

砂糖的含水量、装包温度和仓储条件对其贮存保质具有重要影响。本文从白砂糖的含水分特性、干燥机理和生产过程环节等对白砂糖干燥与冷却的影响进行深入分析。由于结晶过程的包裹现象,砂糖含水分可分为表面和内部水分,白砂糖干燥过程只能去除前者。生产过程中煮糖、分蜜操作对内部水分含量有影响。贮存过程的内部水分的扩散是砂糖降质的根本原因,而装包温度和贮存条件是影响内部水分扩散的外在条件。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在水稻中的残留消解动态及残留分析

本文建立了气质联用仪测定稻田环境中苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯的残留分析方法,对苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在水稻、土壤和田水中的消解动态和残留规律进行了研究。苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在糙米、稻壳、植株、土壤和田水中的最低检测浓度均为0.20 mg/kg,最小检出量为0.2 ng,在不同样品中的平均加标回收率为80.8%~109.5%,相对标准偏差在1.7%~19.7%之间。田间试验结果表明,苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在水稻植株和田水中的残留消解动态规律均符合一级动力学反应模型,苯醚甲环唑在水稻植株和田水中的残留消解半衰期分别为6.3~11.6 d和1.4~11.6 d;嘧菌酯在水稻植株和田水中的残留消解半衰期分别为3.6~8.7 d和2.9~23.1 d。以推荐剂量600 g/hm2和1.5倍推荐剂量900 g/hm2,最多施药3次,距最后一次施药15 d时,苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在糙米中的最高残留量分别为0.461 mg/kg和0.634 mg/kg,低于我国国家标准《食品中农药最大残留限量》(GB2763-2014)中规定的糙米中苯醚甲环唑最大残留限量0.5 mg/kg和欧盟、美国规定的糙米中嘧菌酯最大残留限量5.0 mg/kg。