用于生物防治水稻纹枯病的拮抗细菌的筛选

分别从健康的水稻植株、感染纹枯病植株、根际土壤、秧田水和菌核上分离出能拮抗水稻纹枯病的假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas spp.)和芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus spp.)的细菌菌株。大多数菌株在室内试验中对菌丝生长有抑制作用,有的菌株在温室试验中起抑制病害和对植株有保护作用,有的(1/49)具有促进秧苗生长的作用。纹枯病的病斑相对长度与病害发生率密切相关(r~2=0.33,P=0.01),与抑菌圈大小(r~2=0.03)和离体叶片病斑大小(r~2=0.12)无相关,植株干重与病斑相对长度和发病率均无显著相关(r~2=0和0.01)。     

低温对杂交水稻及其亲本剑叶77K荧光的影响

 以大田栽培的三套杂交水稻组合汕优63、青优早和秀优57为材料， 研究了低温(5℃)与光照(210 μmol m^-2 s^-1 PFD)对杂交水稻F₁及其亲本剑叶77K荧光的影响。结果表明：低温引起77K荧光参数F0、Fm、Fv下降，可变荧光Fv的变化能反映三套杂交水稻组合间的抗冷性的差异。F₁的抗冷性居父母本之间。同时发现，在低光照下低温处理引起Fo，Fm，Fv上升，但未改变Fv／Fm，Fv／Fo的比值。证明在低温下，低于水稻生长光强210μmol m^-2 s^-1 PFD的光照对PSⅡ的最初光能转化效率和光能传递速率影响不大， 即对光合作用的光化学过程未产生光抑制现象。由此可见，取样于田间强光照下的水稻剑叶，在5℃和210μmol m^-2 s^-1 PFD 处理下，210μmol m^-2 s^-1 PFD可能有利于水稻对低温的适应， 从而减轻叶片的光化学过程的伤害程度。     

长春地区玉米大斑病、灰斑病空间分布型研究

对长春地区玉米大斑病、灰斑病的病株空间分布型进行研究。结果表明：玉米大斑病病株空间分布型在病害发生前期为随机分布,后期为均匀分布;玉米灰斑病病株空间分布型为聚集分布。用Iwao最适理论抽样模型n=t²/D²×[(α+1)/-X+β-1],计算出两种病害在不同发病程度下的理论抽样数。     

钙提高水稻幼苗抗旱性的研究

 将水稻种子用CaCl₂溶液浸种18 h后催芽、播种,培养13 d后进行渗透胁迫处理。Ca²⁺浸种的水稻幼苗在-0.5 MPa的渗透胁迫下地上部相对含水量提高,质膜相对透性降低,表明提高了抗旱性。异丙嗪(CPZ)和CPZ + Ca²⁺浸种亦提高了水稻抗旱性。渗透胁迫1 d后,Ca²⁺浸种的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和抗坏血酸(AsA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量均提高。实验结果表明,Ca2+处理提高膜脂过氧化的保护能力和膜的稳定性可能是其提高水稻幼苗抗旱性的原因。     

水稻纹枯病拮抗细菌的评价与利用

 从稻田土壤、纹枯菌菌核、病斑和水稻植株上共分离获得1437个细菌分离物。在离体条件下测定它们对水稻纹枯菌的拮抗能力。其中拮抗能力强的菌株61个,占4.8％;没有拮抗作用的菌株有486个,占38.1％;其余57％的菌株是略有拮抗作用。24个菌株对水稻纹枯病的防治效果的盆栽生物测定表明,其中有9个菌株的防效在60％以上。挑选了6个菌株在田间进一步测试其防效,结果证实了B916对水稻纹枯病的防治效果最好。1994～1997年连续4年在姜堰、吴江和句容3个基点示范推广使用B916发酵液防治水稻纹枯病,累计面积为2000 hm2以上。大田示范试验结果表明,拮抗菌B916发酵液能够有效地控制水稻纹枯病的为害,防效为50.0%～81.9%。     

不同渗漏条件下尿素用量对水稻生长和氮肥利用率的影响（英文）

 利用¹⁵N示踪技术在温室中研究了无渗漏(长期淹水)和渗漏条件下氮肥施用量对水稻生长和氮肥利用率的影响。氮肥对水稻地上部和根的生长起重要作用。水稻不同生育阶段各器官干物质积累随施肥量增加而提高。土壤的渗漏状况也强烈影响水稻各部分生长及氮肥利用率。长期淹水条件下，水稻的根系生长受到抑制，地上部积累量下降，氮肥利用率为18.66%～35.67%；在渗漏条件下，水稻的生长状况相对较好，氮肥利用率达42.0%～65.8%。水稻对氮肥的利用率随氮肥用量的增加而减少，作为基肥施用¹⁵N回收率比追施低。长期淹水条件下氮肥的激发效应为18%，高于渗漏条件下的5.1%。0～80 cm土壤剖面中残留的肥料氮低于总施用量的10%。     

不同染色体倍性水稻植株光合特性的研究

 以花培获得的粳稻02428单倍体、二倍体和四倍体植株为材料,测定了与光合作用有关的若干性状。气孔大小、比叶重随染色体倍性的增加而递增;而单位面积的气孔数则呈递减的趋势;叶绿素含量与染色体倍性无明显的相关性。剑叶净光合作用速率的两年测定结果相符,单倍体是9.39和10.16 mg CO^₂/dm²·h,二倍体是17.57和15.80 mg CO^₂/dm²·h,四倍体是22.64和22.52 mg CO^₂/dm²·h。讨论了性状表达与DNA剂量的关系。     

基于遥感信息和WOFOST模型参数同化的冬小麦单产估算方法研究

为探讨遥感信息和作物生长模型在作物估产方面的优势互补特性,选取河北省藁城市冬小麦作为研究对象,采集多个关键生育时期的生理生化、农田环境、气象等数据,并获取准同步的环境减灾小卫星HJ-CCD影像数据,采用植被指数反演冬小麦叶面积指数（LAI）,基于扩展傅里叶振幅灵敏度检验法(EFAST)对WOFOST作物模型的26个初始参数进行全局敏感性分析,筛选敏感性参数,调整WOFOST模型的核心参数,利用查找表优化算法构建基于WOFOST模型和遥感LAI数据同化的区域尺度冬小麦单产预测模型,并定量预测区域冬小麦单产水平。结果表明,增强型植被指数（EVI）是遥感反演LAI的最佳植被指数(开花期建模r=0.913,RMSE=0.410,灌浆期建模r=0.798,RMSE=0.470),预测能力最强(开花期r=0.858,RMSE=0.531,灌浆期r=0.861,RMSE=0.428);筛选出6个待优化参数,即TSUM1、SLATB1、SLATB2、SPAN、EFFTB3和TMPF4;产量预测精度r=0.914,RMSE=253.67 kg·hm_-2,找到了待优化参数的最佳取值,最终完成了单产模拟。     

水稻珍汕97不育胞质与白叶枯病菌早期互作中的活性氧反应

 测定了珍汕97不育胞质和正常胞质的稻苗与白叶枯病菌在早期的互作反应,结果表明,互作体系刚建立时,稻叶内立即产生大量的超氧阴离子(O₂^-),从而激发超氧物歧化酶(SOD)和脂肪氧合酶(LOX)活性的增高,导致脂质过氧化物丙二醛(MDA)含量的提高。当特异性菌株Ah28接种在不育系材料(亲和组合)上,上述反应的变化幅度和产生量均小于与正常胞质的组合(非亲和组合),非专化性菌株Os14对活性氧代谢的诱导作用在两种胞质之间差异不明显。这说明不育胞质对白叶枯病较低的抗性和专化性菌株的特异致病性均与较低的活性氧代谢水平有关。     

盐逆境下两个水稻品种根系Na+吸收及质膜ATP酶的作用

 以两个不同耐盐力水稻品种80-85 (耐盐) 和83-51(不耐盐)为材料进行研究。根系Na⁺总吸收随盐胁迫的加重而增高，耐盐品种始终具有较低的Na⁺总吸收和较高的整株K⁺／Na⁺比；在10 mmol／L NaCl浓度下显示出根系具有较低的Na⁺吸收速率和较强的对K⁺选择性，低盐浓度(0.2% NaCl) 对根质膜ATP酶活性略有提高；在高盐浓度(0.5% NaCl以上)下，质膜ATP酶活性受到明显抑制，而耐盐品种受抑程度更大．ATP酶活性的下降与根部Na⁺积累以及K⁺吸收的减少相伴随，推测根系K⁺、Na⁺吸收与质膜ATP酶有关     

Modeling the effects of N application on growth,yield and plant properties associated with the occurrence of chalky grains of rice

The objective of this study was to propose a model for explaining rice responses to a wide range of N application rates in various growth attributes associated with the occurrence of chalky grains. We improved the sub-model for N uptake process of a previous rice model which was originally developed for explaining genotypic and environmental variations in the whole growth processes, considering the difference in the rate of N loss from the plant-soil system between indigenously supplied soil mineral N and fertilizer N. A total of 80 growth datasets of cultivar ‘Koshihikari’ grown at Shiga prefecture, Japan, in 2010 was utilized for the calibration and validation of the model. The rice growth model well explained the above-ground biomass growth (RMSD = 78.7 g m^?2) and rough dry grain yield (RMSD = 83.2 g m^?2) for the validation data-set, simultaneously. The simulated carbohydrate content available per single spikelet was negatively correlated with the observed percentage of the milky-white grain which includes white-cored grain (r = ?.77, p < .001) for all the data-sets of calibration and validation. On the other hand, the observed percentage of the sum of white-back and white-base grains was closely correlated with the simulated plant N content available per single spikelet (r = ?.59, p < .001). It was suggested that the present rice growth model would rationally explain the effects of N application on the occurrence of the chalky grains through the dynamic change of the carbohydrate content and plant N content available per single spikelet.     

水稻品种对稻飞虱抗性鉴定方法的比较研究

采用苗期群体筛选、苗期单株鉴定、分蘖盛期单株鉴定、蜜露量测定和若虫发育历期测定5种方法,分别测定了6个新近育成的、不同类型的水稻优质、高产新品种对褐飞虱和白背飞虱的抗性反应。多数品种在苗期接虫鉴定情况下的抗性表现都是一致或十分接近的,而且与品种的类型和抗感性无关。但少数品种随着苗龄的增大,其抗虫性有不同程度的提高。蜜露斑面积测定结果与分蘖盛期接虫鉴定结果基本吻合,初步将蜜露斑面积与抗性级别的关系拟定为：蜜露斑面积［mm2/(雌虫·d)］ 0～100.0≈ 0～3级,100.1～200.0≈5级,>200.1 ≈ 7～9级。综合多项测定指标,认为分蘖盛期接虫鉴定较苗期鉴定更能准确地反映水稻品种成株期的抗性水平;苗期群体筛选和蜜露量测定是水稻抗飞虱的两个快速、便捷、准确的鉴定方法。     

水稻锌营养高效基因型筛选的农艺性状指标研究

 以耐低锌水稻品种IR34、IR36、IR8192和锌敏感水稻品种IR26、测64-7、二九丰为材料，采用HEDTA螯合缓冲营养液培养法，在各种锌离子活度（pZn2+）9.7、10.3、10.6、11.0、11.3、>11.5下，研究了水稻锌营养基因型差异在农艺性状上的表现。结果表明，水稻锌营养存在明显的基因型差异，这种差异在低锌离子活度对水稻秧苗的农艺性状影响上有明显的区别，其中出叶速率和相对出叶数、株高尤其是鞘高及最大根长差异都较明显，可作为鉴定筛选锌高效和锌敏感的有效形态指标。低锌离子活度下秧苗缺锌症的出现与否和早迟，也可作为鉴定筛选锌高效和锌敏感水稻品种的指标。另外，这些指标对锌离子活度反应差异最大时的锌离子活度大多在pZn2+10.6～11.0，这个活度可能也是筛选锌高效水稻基因型时的最佳锌离子活度。     

Identification of rice blast disease-suppressing bacterial strains from the rhizosphere of rice grown in Pakistan

Sixteen bacterial strains isolated from the roots and rhizosphere of rice plants growing in saline and non-saline soils from the Shorkot area of Pakistan were tested for their ability to promote plant growth and reduce the incidence of rice blast disease. When applied to the soil, many of the isolated rhizobacterial strains increased seedling growth and/or suppressed rice blast disease in greenhouse-grown plants of the cultivars Super Basmati and Azucena, but each cultivar responded to different subsets of the bacteria. In the cv Super Basmati, increased blast resistance was correlated with the production of siderophores by the rhizobacteria. Several strains inhibited the growth of the causative agent of rice blast disease, the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe grisea, in an in vitro dual culture assay. Direct bioantagonism was correlated with disease resistance in Super Basmati, but not in Azucena, and direct antagonism as a cause for the reduced disease incidence is also unlikely since no epiphytic colonisation of leaves was detected. Rhizosphere colonisation by the bacteria in plants grown in sterile sand was correlated with disease resistance in Super Basmati, but not in Azucena. As well as the differences in strains that protected each cv against blast disease, we also found that there were differences in the ability of some strains to protect plants against blast depending on soil type. Hence, there are complex interactions between rhizobacteria and rice plants with respect to biocontrol of rice blast disease, dependent upon both rice cv and soil type. The identity of strains that promoted high levels of disease protection, including three that performed well across all plant cultivars and growth conditions, was determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing.     

覆草旱作对水稻主要农艺性状的影响及节水效应

为减小南方季节性干旱对水稻生长的影响,提高水分利用效率,于2003年在江西省余江县进行了水稻覆盖旱作的田间试验。大田条件下对比研究了裸地旱作、稻草覆盖旱作和常规水作下水稻大田生长期内的水分利用效率和作物主要农艺性状。结果表明,常规水作处理的灌溉水总量分别是裸地旱作和稻草覆盖旱作灌水量的2.42 和3.31倍。旱作处理下水稻的淹水时间明显减少,只有常规淹水处理的1/10左右。由于淹水时间的减少,水分渗漏量和田面蒸发损失也大大降低。旱作条件下,稻草覆盖旱作的水稻分蘖数、叶面积、根系生长明显优于裸地旱作。覆盖旱作产量最高可达6 747 kg/hm2,接近于常规水作对照的6 811.5 kg/hm2,两者无显著差异。而裸地旱作处理的水稻产量仅为4 716 kg/ hm2,显著低于常规水作和稻草覆盖旱作处理。水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率均为稻草覆盖旱作>裸地旱作>常规水作。     

播种量对双季稻套播油菜群体生长的影响

为研究稻田三熟制双季稻套播油菜高产栽培技术,筛选适宜的播种量,2016-2017年以丰油730油菜品种为材料,设置3.75kg /hm2、4.50kg /hm2、5.25kg /hm2、6.00kg /hm2和6.75kg/hm2 5个播种量处理,采用大田试验,比较不同播种量对双季稻套播油菜生育进程、密度、成苗率、成株率、个体生长发育、抗病性、产量及产量构成的影响。结果发现：（1）套播油菜密度随着播种量增加而增加,但成苗率和成株率随着播种量的增加而下降。（2）播种量显著影响套播油菜个体生长发育,油菜总叶数、绿叶数、最大叶片叶长和叶宽、根颈粗、单株干重等个体指标随播种量增加而下降,叶面积指数和群体干重等群体指标随着播种量的增加表现先增加后逐渐下降的趋势,以播种量5.25 kg /hm2处理叶面积指数和群体干重最大。（3）菌核病发病率和病情指数均随着播种量的增加而增加。播种量6.75kg/hm2处理比播种量3.75kg/hm2处理发病率和病情指数分别增加了19.83%和9.92%。（4）播种量与分枝高度极显著正相关,与株高、一次分枝数、单株角果数、每角粒数达到极显著负相关水平。（5）产量随着播种量的增加表现出先增加后下降趋势,播种量5.25 kg /hm2处理产量最高,显著高于3.75和4.50kg /hm2的处理,分别增产16.72%和9.36%。可见播种量不足或过大均不利于套播油菜高产群体的构建,本区域内稻田三熟制双季稻套播油菜适宜播种量为5.25~6.00 kg /hm2。     

云南稻核心种质孕穗期耐冷性状间的相关性与生态差异

以548份云南地方稻核心种质为材料在昆明自然低温平均18℃(冷害)和温室23℃条件下进行了孕穗期耐冷性状间的相关性及其生态差异分析。 冷害条件下云南稻核心种质形态性状均与孕穗期耐冷性有关,耐冷指标性状每穗实粒数、穗颈长、每穗秕粒数、穗下节长、花药长及其体积、1~2节长与结实率呈较高的(≥0.549**)极显著(n=548, R0.01=0112**)相关;相反,温室条件下仅有每穗实粒数、秕粒数与结实率相关系数较高。 冷害条件下云南稻核心种质的每穗实粒数、花药体积、穗下节长、穗颈长与结实率大小在5个稻作区间的变化规律呈现一致性,这种差异既与株高、穗下节长、穗颈长和1~2节长等耐冷性状有关,又与地州或稻区间的气候和生态差异相联系;而温室条件下云南稻核心种质耐冷性状5个稻作区间差异不大,地州间结实率差异是每穗实粒数和秕粒数差异所致,而与耐冷性状关系不大。     

Effects of the Combined Application of Ethephon and Gibberellin on Growth of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Seedlings

Abstract

Improvement of early seedling growth, such as seedling emergence and vigor is one of the most important agronomic traits in direct seeding rice cultivation. The effects of two plant growth regulators (PGRs), gibberellic acid (GA₃) and ethephon (ET), on seedling growth under flooded soil conditions at different temperatures and water depths were investigated. The PGRs were applied during the seed soaking process. A single treatment with GA₃ or ET increased seedling growth. However, combined application of GA₃ and ET was more effective than that of GA₃ or ET alone in many cases at both growing temperatures (15 and 20ºC). The growth of different organs in the rice seedlings, such as the coleoptiles, first leaves, and second leaves was also increased by PGR treatment. The nitrogen concentration of the shoot and the ratio of shoot dry weight to shoot length did not differ significantly among the treatments. The results of our study show that rice seedling growth in direct seeding cultivation may be improved by treatment with GA₃ and ET in combination.     

Effect of carbonic anhydrase-containing endophytic bacteria on growth and physiological attributes of wheat under water-deficit conditions

Drought is one of the major limitations to agricultural productivity, suppressing plant growth and yield of food crops throughout the world particularly in arid and semiarid regions. Drought-tolerant carbonic anhydrase (CA; EC 4.2.1.1)-containing endophytic bacteria may improve plant growth under stressed conditions. In the present study, effect of drought-tolerant CA-containing endophytic bacteria on growth and physiology of wheat under water-deficit conditions was studied. One hundred and fifty isolates were isolated from wheat plants and screened for their ability to tolerate polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000-induced water-deficit stress (?0.31 to ?3.20 MPa). Fifty isolates exhibiting intrinsic ability to tolerate stress were further screened for CA activity. Ten drought-tolerant isolates with higher CA activity were evaluated for improving wheat growth under water-deficit conditions (?0.04, ?1.09, ?1.23 MPa). Results showed that PEG-mediated water-deficit stress significantly reduced growth of wheat. However, inoculation with isolates WR2, WS11 and WL19 significantly enhanced seedling growth by improving maximum root length, shoot length, root and shoot dry weight under non-stressed as well as stressed conditions. These isolates were identified by 16S rRNA as Bacillus marisflavi (WR2) Bacillus thuringiensis (WS11) and Bacillus subtilis (WL19). Isolate WL19 also improved chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, CA activity and relative water content compared to uninoculated control plants. Overall, our findings suggest that endophytic bacterial isolates WR2, WS11 and WL19 with CA activity can enhance photosynthesis and biomass of wheat seedlings under water-deficit conditions.

Abbreviations: CA: Carbonic anhydrase; PEG: Polyethylene glycol; CO₂: Carbon dioxide; HCO^3–: Bicarbonate; TSA: Tryptic Soy Agar; LB: Luria Bertani; A: CO₂ assimilation rate; E: Transpiration rate; g_s: Stomatal conductance; C_i: Substomatal CO₂ concentration; RWC: Relative water content; EL: Electrolyte leakage