茶绿色素叶绿素锌钠盐锌代工艺优化研究

采用四因素二次旋转正交回归组合设计方法对茶绿色素叶绿素锌钠盐的锌代工艺进行研究。结果表明：影响茶绿色素叶绿素锌钠盐得率最大的因素为锌代时间,其次为ZnSO₄浓度、锌代温度、及锌代溶液pH值,其最佳制备工艺为溶液pH调至3.0,在72.8℃,用21.5%的ZnSO₄溶液锌代89.6βmin,TGP_-2产品得率可达0.69%。     

饲用大豆小肽生产工艺的研究

采用酶解法制备饲用大豆小肽,对反应温度、底物浓度、反应时间、pH值、酶用量等生产工艺参数及饲用大豆小肽的脱色、分离等精制工艺流程进行了系统的研究.结果表明:最适生产工艺参数为温度45～48℃,pH8.0,底物浓度6%～8%,酶用量2%(W/V),反应时间4 h.此条件下水解度高达80%左右,低聚肽(分子量≤500D)含量达到80%以上,以2～4个氨基酸链为主.此生产工艺具有成本低,工序简单,小肽含量高,质量好等优点.     

双酶法制备乳制品专用大豆分离蛋白的研究

采用Alcalace碱性内切蛋白酶及Flavourzyme复合风味蛋白酶进行双酶水解,确定了两种酶的最优酶系组合.第一步采用Alcalace酶解,以水解度为指标,正交实验结果显示,最优酶解工艺为:pH7.5,温度60℃,时间2 h,酶添加量0.9%,此时水解度可达到15.08%; 水解后不必灭酶,进行第二步Flavourzyme酶解,以苦味值为指标,采用添加量3.5%, 时间 2 h的水解.最终得到的乳品专用分离蛋白水解度为:17.88%,蛋白质含量:90.17%,无明显不良口味.     

大豆小分子多肽制备工艺和质量标准的研究

采用酶法水解脱脂豆饼粕制备具有生物活性的大豆小分子多肽,确定了先以粗胰酶预酶解5%豆饼粕蛋白,再以中性微生物蛋白酶进一步水解提取大豆小分子多肽的工艺流程.粗胰酶酶解最佳条件:添加量为9 000 U·g-1,酶解温度55℃,pH 8.5,时间6 h.中性微生物蛋白酶水解粗胰酶乳最佳条件为:加酶量8 500 U·g-1,pH 7.5,温度45℃,时间2 h.在此条件下,肽得率可达到73.98%.同时还构建了大豆小分子活性多肽的质量检测标准.     

甘蔗叶水解生产木糖工艺研究

为解决当前甘蔗叶生产木糖的高额操作成本或处理操作工艺及路线限制,以甘蔗叶为材料,进行了高温蒸煮法预处理甘蔗叶、硫酸催化水解高温蒸煮后的甘蔗叶、甘蔗叶水解液分离提纯等工艺研究。结果表明,最佳高温蒸煮工艺条件为:甘蔗叶粒径为60目、蒸煮温度118℃、固液比1∶10、蒸煮1h;最佳水解条件为:硫酸浓度1.2%、固液比1∶8、水解时间2h、水解温度123℃;水解液经脱色、浓缩、发酵、离交、蒸发、结晶、离心干燥等工序得到纯度为99.967%的木糖产品。研究结果能为有效解决大量制糖工业剩余物的利用问题提供思路,为寻找一条甘蔗叶生产木糖的高效、环保、成本低、易于实现的工艺提供技术基础。     

pH值对甘蔗混合汁澄清脱色的影响

本文研究了一种低硫低磷甘蔗制糖澄清新工艺,该工艺过程使用聚季铵盐、重硫氧、磷酸二氢锌混凝剂及石灰乳对甘蔗混合汁进行澄清脱色。采用均匀设计法进行试验,并用神经网络处理试验结果。文中重点研究了低硫低磷澄清工艺过程中pH值对甘蔗混合汁澄清脱色的的影响。结果表明:pH值对重力纯度差呈正相关效应;对清汁脱色率的影响呈负相关效应。最佳预灰pH=6.6-7.0,中和pH=7.3-7.6。     

不同提取工艺对茶树菇多糖得率及抗脂质过氧化作用的影响

采用水提醇沉法提取茶树菇多糖,设计单因素试验和正交试验以探讨提取温度、pH值和细胞破碎方式等因素对茶树菇多糖得率及抗脂质过氧化能力的影响.从而优化茶树菇多糖的提取工艺.正交试验结果表明:最佳理论提取工艺条件:温度为80℃,pH值为7.5,细胞破碎方式为冻融3次;最佳直观分析提取工艺:温度为80℃,pH值为7.5,细胞破碎方式为超声波30 min.验证试验结果表明,二者差异不显著.考虑到成本、能耗等问题最终确定最佳提取工艺为温度为80℃,pH值为7.5,细胞破碎方式为超声波30min.     

猪肚菇粗多糖脱蛋白脱色工艺优化研究

以猪肚菇粗多糖为原料，对其脱蛋白和脱色工艺条件进行优化。采用蛋白酶法和sevag法联合除蛋白，研究不同酶添加量、处理温度、pH值和处理时间等因素对蛋白脱除率的影响，采用正交设计对工艺条件进行了优化。猪肚菇多糖脱色采用大孔吸附树脂，系统研究树脂静态吸附与动态吸附试验。结果表明：最佳脱蛋白工艺为：2 mg/mL猪肚菇粗多糖溶液，木瓜蛋白酶用量1 mg，酶解温度60 ℃，酶解pH值5.5，酶解时间5 h，sevag试剂处理2次，猪肚菇多糖蛋白质脱除率和多糖损失率分别为85.18％和23.41％；最佳脱色工艺为：选用NKA-9树脂脱色，静态吸附时树脂用量1 ∶ 10，时间5 h，温度30 ℃，动态吸附时pH6.0，洗脱速率3 BV/h，猪肚菇多糖脱色率和多糖损失率分别为84.19％和20.79％。     

微波法制备蔗渣活性炭及其用于糖液脱色的研究

研究了利用糖厂蔗渣作原料,采用微波法制备活性炭并用于糖液脱色的工艺条件.实验结果表明,用微波法制备的活性炭对糖浆、清汁脱色效果很好.研究发现,制备蔗渣活性炭获得较高产率的条件为:将蔗渣浸渍在酸性助剂浓度15%,添加剂浓度3%的溶液中,浸泡若干小时后,用功率为600w的微波处理5-10min,可使活性炭的得率达64.2%.活性炭对粗糖浆脱色率达74.8%,对清汁脱色率达85.3%.     

紫苏叶多糖脱色工艺的研究(Ⅰ)——树脂

以紫苏叶多糖提取液为原料,脱色率和多糖损失率为指标,采用树脂脱色技术,通过正交试验法确定紫苏叶多糖的最佳脱色工艺条件。结果表明,紫苏叶多糖的最佳树脂脱色工艺条件为:树脂用量5.0%,pH6.0,温度70℃,时间60 min,紫苏叶多糖提取液脱色率达95.30%,多糖损失率为15.50%。脱色效果较为理想。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.     

Cytoplasmic substitution inSolanum. II. Tuber characteristics of reciprocal backcross progeny

Summary Recurrent backcrosses (BC) were used to introduce nuclear factors ofS. tuberosum L. ssp.tuberosum into the cytoplasm of Andean potatoesS. tuberosum ssp.andigena (Juz. and Buk.) Hawkes andS. phureja Juz. and Buk. Each generation BC was produced in reciprocal directions to test the effect of cytoplasmic substitution on yield. This report analyses tuber number, tuber weight, and tuber length of BC₂ and BC₃ substitution into ssp.andigena cytoplasm and BC₂ and BC₂ substitutions intoS. phureja cytoplasm. Direction of cross had no consistent significant effect on yield components of ssp.andigena substitution lines. InS. phureja reciprocal progenies direction of cross was responsible for significant differences of some reciprocal sets. When there were significant differences the higher yield usually occurred when ssp.tuberosum was the pistillate parent, but in some progenies when ssp.tuberosum was the pistillate parent the yield was significantly lower than in the reciprocals. It is suggested that differences between reciprocals resulted from chromosomally encoded gene action, resulting from maternal and/or paternal effects, rather than cytoplasmic factors. Authorized for publication as paper No. 7494 in the Journal Series of The Pennsylvania Agriculture Experiment Station.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.