四川黑茶品质化学成分的研究

采用氨基酸自动分析法、高效液相色谱法分析了四川黑茶原料、渥堆叶、康砖成品茶的氨基酸、儿茶素组成含量及咖啡碱、茶多酚、水浸出物的含量。四川黑茶原料氨基酸含量为1424.00βmg/100g,必需氨基酸含量为547.00βmg/100g,茶氨酸含量为87.15βmg/100g,儿茶素含量为27.63βmg/g,咖啡碱、茶多酚、水浸出物含量分别为1.30%、8.18%、26.94%;渥堆叶氨基酸含量为1590.00βmg/100g,必需氨基酸含量为668.00βmg/100g,茶氨酸含量为67.62βmg/100g,儿茶素含量为27.52βmg/g,咖啡碱、茶多酚、水浸出物含量分别为1.24%、7.90%、24.53%;康砖成品茶氨基酸含量为1420.00βmg/100g,必需氨基酸含量为529.00βmg/100g,茶氨酸含量为66.88βmg/100g,儿茶素含量为13.65βmg/g,咖啡碱、茶多酚、水浸出物含量分别为1.27%、5.99%、23.92%。     

酶工程技术在茶叶深加工中的应用及展望

根据前人研究成果从酶工程技术的研究角度出发,总结近年来该技术在茶叶深加工领域的应用,包括茶黄素、茶氨酸、儿茶素衍生物等茶叶天然产物的合成;茶多酚、茶多糖等天然产物的提取;速溶茶的加工和茶饮料的澄清、保香增香等方面,并对其应用前景加以展望。     

L-茶氨酸对CUMS抑郁大鼠海马和肠道损伤的干预作用研究

以SPF级SD雄性大鼠为实验动物,建立慢性不可预见轻度应激（Chronic unpredictable mild stress,CUMS）大鼠模型,给予不同剂量L-茶氨酸灌胃干预,观察L-茶氨酸对CUMS模型大鼠的抑郁样行为、海马和肠道组织病理变化,以及白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、5-羟色胺（5-HT）和胰高血糖素样肽1（GLP-1）含量的影响,探讨L-茶氨酸干预对CUMS抑郁大鼠海马和肠道损伤及功能异常的作用。结果表明,相比模型组,L-茶氨酸各剂量组大鼠体质量、糖水偏好、横穿格数和站立次数、水中的活跃度、进入明箱次数及停留时间均有不同程度的改善,中剂量组（100 mg·kg^-1）达到显著水平;L-茶氨酸有效修复了CUMS造成的海马神经元损伤,降低了CUMS大鼠血清、结肠和盲肠中的IL-6和TNF-α含量,并减轻结肠、盲肠组织的损伤和炎症程度,且以中剂量组效果较好;L-茶氨酸能增加CUMS大鼠海马、大脑皮层以及结肠中5-HT、GLP-1的含量,部分条件下达到显著水平。由此可见,L-茶氨酸具有改善CUMS模型大鼠抑郁样行为、修复海马和肠道结构损伤以及功能异常等作用,其对“肠-脑轴”的调节可能是抗抑郁的作用机制。     

绿茶多酚对被动吸烟引起小鼠肺氧化应激的干预研究

研究了绿茶多酚（Green tea polyphenol,GTP）对被动吸烟致小鼠肺部氧化应激损伤的干预作用,并探讨其可能机制。将40只KM雌性小鼠随机分成正常对照C组、被动吸烟模型M组、100βmg·kg^-1 GTP1组、200βmg·kg^-1 GTP2组,每组10只。实验12周结束后处死小鼠,测定其肺质量及血清氧化应激炎症水平;采用荧光定量PCR测定白细胞介素6（IL-6）、白细胞介素33（IL-33）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）和白细胞介素1β（IL-1β）基因表达水平。研究结果表明,与M组相比,灌喂GTP后使得小鼠生存质量、肺形态有明显改观,显著提高小鼠血清T-SOD及GSH-Px活力,显著降低MDA、IL-6、TNF-α表达水平,显著抑制IL-6、IL-33、TNF-α及IL-1β炎性相关基因的表达,灌胃200βmg·kg^-1 GTP比100βmg·kg^-1的GTP作用更加显著。研究发现,GTP可能通过抑制炎性细胞因子表达水平、提高抗氧化能力来保护肺部组织形态与结构的完整,保护被动吸烟对肺部的损害。     

茶叶的抗过敏功效与机理

从过敏反应的概念、过敏症的群体分布、不同茶类及不同茶叶功能成分的抗过敏功效和抗过敏茶制品开发等方面进行了论述。重点介绍了茶多酚、儿茶素、甲基化儿茶素、茶皂素、茶黄素等茶叶功能成分对过敏反应尤其是速发型过敏具有显著预防与治疗效果,其中茶叶中儿茶素的甲基化产物展现了更为显著的抗过敏功效。一些发酵茶抗过敏能力优于绿茶,这可能与茶叶加工过程中生成除儿茶素外的其他抗过敏活性成分有关,如茶黄素等。茶叶功能成分主要通过以下途径起到抗过敏作用:抑制化学物质诱导的过敏反应;抑制组胺及过敏介质的释放;抑制活性因子如抗体、肾上腺素、酶等引起的过敏反应;促进肾上腺、垂体的活动而有消炎作用。     

茶叶预防衰老及衰老相关疾病研究进展

综述了茶叶及其主要功能成分茶多酚、茶氨酸和咖啡碱对秀丽线虫、果蝇及老鼠等多种模式生物的抗衰老作用;概述了茶叶预防衰老相关疾病的保健功能;阐述了茶叶通过调节能量感应网络延缓衰老的研究现状;简单讨论了今后茶叶抗衰老研究的方向。     

茶叶对心血管系统机能影响的研究进展

茶叶内含天然活性成分茶多酚、茶氨酸及茶多糖等均可对心血管系统生理机能产生一定的影响,总体上表现为降低血脂和血糖、保护心肌细胞、抑制动脉血管平滑肌增殖和抵抗血管纤维化等,从而降低动脉粥样硬化、冠心病和高血压等风险。这些影响大多是各种活性物质综合作用的结果。     

大规模悬浮培养茶叶细胞合成茶氨酸培养基组成优化研究

婺源绿茶嫩叶用MS培养基（加IBA 2βmg/L,6-BA 4βmg/L,盐酸乙胺25βmmol/L）进行茶叶愈伤组织悬浮培养,采用正交试验设计研究了培养基不同组成条件对茶叶细胞大规模悬浮培养过程中细胞生长与茶氨酸合成的影响。结果显示,整个培养周期中,细胞收获量和茶氨酸积累量峰值出现时间为培养的第19~22βd;在NH₄⁺/NO₃^- 1.0/60.0βmmol/L、K⁺ 100.0βmmol/L、Mg²⁺ 3.0βmmol/L、H₂PO₄^- 3.0βmmol/L、蔗糖30.0βg/L、水解酪蛋白2.0βg/L条件下,茶叶细胞生长量和茶氨酸积累量分别可达到16.33βg/100βml培养液和3.357βg/100βml培养液;提高培养基中水解酪蛋白浓度可使细胞对数生长期和稳定期得到延长,并有利于茶氨酸积累;H₂PO₄^-浓度主要影响细胞生长速率和茶氨酸积累速率的同步性,低H₂PO₄^-浓度环境中茶氨酸积累速率峰值滞后于细胞增长速率峰值,高H₂PO₄^-浓度环境中早于细胞生长速率峰值出现时间;K⁺ 和蔗糖对细胞生长的影响均不明显;Mg²⁺对细胞生长产生明显的影响;NH₄⁺/NO₃^-对茶氨酸合成具有非常显著的影响。从生产效率考虑,培养周期以19~22βd为宜。     

茶多酚与绿原酸生物活性的比较研究

为了研究茶叶与金银花中主要药效成分茶多酚和绿原酸生物活性的差异,应用过氧化值测定法、分光光度法、最小抑菌浓度(MIC)测定法分别比较茶多酚和绿原酸的抗氧化性、自由基清除能力、体外抑菌活性;结果表明在6周的观测期内,浓度为100βµg/g和200βµg/g的茶多酚可将猪油的POV抑制在10βmeq/kg范围内,且抗氧化能力随浓度增加而增强,这与81％绿原酸有相似结果;20％绿原酸、81％绿原酸、95％茶多酚对DPPH和·OH的半数抑制浓度(IC₅₀)分别为327、1β432、65、135、52βmg/L和1β908βmg/L;95％茶多酚对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC分别为500βμg/g和250βμg/g,81％绿原酸和20％绿原酸相应值分别为500βμg/g、500βμg/g和500βμg/g、1β000βμg/g;研究结论为茶多酚（95%）在抗氧化性、清除DPPH能力及对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌效果方面都要强于绿原酸（81%）,在清除·OH能力上要弱于绿原酸,在食品、药品行业中茶多酚有望比绿原酸发挥更大的作用。     

茶叶氟研究现状及降氟措施研究进展

茶在我国有着重要的地位和作用,茶中的主要成分如儿茶素、茶黄素、茶氨酸、咖啡碱等都有着重要的生理作用.但是,近年来,茶叶中的氟含量问题却成了困扰着人类健康和茶业发展的一个重要因素,因此,本文对我国茶树氟的吸附特性及其机理、环境条件对茶树氟含量的影响、茶叶中氟的测定方法以及茶叶降氟措施等方面作一综述,以期为低氟茶的开发提供思路.     

Linagliptin Protects Human SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells against Amyloid-β Cytotoxicity via the Activation of Wnt1 and Suppression of IL-6 Release

Background:Alzheimer’s disease is one of the neurodegenerative disorders typified by the aggregate of Aβ and phosphorylated tau protein. Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, because of Aβ peptides, are strongly involved in the pathophysiology of AD. Linagliptin shows neuroprotective properties against AD pathological processes through alleviation of neural inflammation and AMPK activation. Methods:We assessed the benefits of linagliptin pretreatment (at 10, 20, and 50 nM concentrations), against Aβ1-42 toxicity (20 μM) in SH-SY5Y cells. The concentrations of secreted cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, and signaling proteins, including pCREB, Wnt1, and PKCε, were quantified by ELISA. Results:We observed that Aβ led to cellular inflammation, which was assessed by measuring inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6). Moreover, Aβ1-42 treatment impaired pCREB, PKCε, and Wnt1 signaling in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Addition of Linagliptin significantly reduced IL-6 levels in the lysates of cells, treated with Aβ1-42. Furthermore, linagliptin prevented the downregulation of Wnt1 in Aβ1-42-treated cells exposed. Conclusion: The current findings reveal that linagliptin alleviates Aβ1-42-induced inflammation in SH-SY5Y cells, probably through the suppression of IL-6 release, and some of its benefits are mediated through the activation of the Wnt1 signaling pathway. Key Words: Alzheimer disease, Interleukin-6, Linagliptin, Wnt1 protein     

Anti-Inflammatory Components of the Starfish Astropecten polyacanthus

Inflammation is important in biomedical research, because it plays a key role in inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of arthritis, diabetes, heart disease, irritable bowel syndrome, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, allergies, asthma, and even cancer. In the present study, we describe the inhibitory effect of crude extracts and steroids isolated from the starfish Astropecten polyacanthus on pro-inflammatory cytokine (Interleukin-12 (IL-12) p40, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). Among those tested, compounds 5 and 7 showed potent inhibitory effects on the production of all three pro-inflammatory cytokines with IC₅₀ values ranging from 1.82 ± 0.11 to 7.00 ± 0.16 μM. Potent inhibitory activities were also observed for compound 1 on the production of IL-12 p40 and IL-6 with values of 3.96 ± 0.12 and 4.07 ± 0.13 μM, respectively, and for compounds 3 and 4 on the production of IL-12 p40 with values of 6.55 ± 0.18 and 5.06 ± 0.16 μM, respectively. Moreover, compounds 2 (IC₅₀ = 34.86 ± 0.31 μM) and 6 (IC₅₀ = 79.05 ± 2.05 μM) exhibited moderate inhibitory effects on the production of IL-12 p40, whereas compounds 3 (IC₅₀ = 22.80 ± 0.21 μM) and 4 (IC₅₀ = 16.73 ± 0.25 μM) moderately inhibited the production of TNF-α and IL-6, respectively.     

Effects of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (ω-3) Supplementation on Some Cardiovascular Risk Factors with a Ketogenic Mediterranean Diet

Background: the ketogenic diet (KD) has become a widely used nutritional approach for weight loss. Some of the KD’s positive effects on metabolism and cardiovascular risk factors are similar to those seen after n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3) supplementation. We hypothesized that a ketogenic Mediterranean diet with phytoextracts combined with ω-3 supplementation may have increased positive effects on cardiovascular risk factors and inflammation. Methods: We analyzed 34 male overweight subjects; aged between 25 and 65 years who were overall healthy apart from overweight. The subjects followed a ketogenic diet protocol for four weeks; with (KDO3) or without (KD) ω-3 supplementation. Results: All subjects experienced a significant loss of body weight and body fat and there was no significant differences between treatment (body weight: KD—4.7 kg, KDO3—4.03 kg, body fat KD—5.41 kg, KDO3—5.86 kg). There were also significant decreases in total cholesterol, LDL-c, and glucose levels. Triglycerides and insulin levels decreased more in KDO3 vs. KD subjects, with a significant difference. All the investigated inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) decreased significantly in KDO3 subjects whilst only TNF-α showed a significant decrease in KD subjects over the 12 month study period. No significant changes were observed in anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and IL-1Ra), creatinine, urea and uric acid. Adiponectin increased significantly only in the KDO3 group. Conclusions: ω-3 supplementation improved the positive effects of a ketogenic Mediterranean diet with phytoextracts on some cardiovascular/metabolic risk factors and inflammatory state.     

Particulate Matter-Induced Inflammation/Oxidative Stress in Macrophages: Fucosterol from Padina boryana as a Potent Protector,Activated via NF-κB/MAPK Pathways and Nrf2/HO-1 Involvement

Fucosterol is a phytosterol that is abundant in marine brown algae and is a renowned secondary metabolite. However, its ability to protect macrophages against particulate matter (PM) has not been clarified with regard to inflammation; thus, this study aimed to illustrate the above. Padina boryana, a brown algae that is widespread in Indo–Pacific waters, was applied in the isolation of fucosterol. Isolation was conducted using silica open columns, while identification was assisted with gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and NMR. Elevated levels of PM led the research objectives toward the implementation of it as a stimulant. Both inflammation and oxidative stress were caused due the fact of its effect. RAW 264.7 macrophages were used as a model system to evaluate the process. It was apparent that the increased NO production levels, due to the PM, were mediated through the inflammatory mediators, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), including prostaglandin E2 (PGE₂)). Further, investigations provided solid evidence regarding the involvement of NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in the process. Oxidative stress/inflammation which are inseparable components of the cellular homeostasis were intersected through the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Conclusively, fucosterol is a potent protector against PM-induced inflammation in macrophages and hence be utilized as natural product secondary metabolite in a sustainable manner.     

Inhibitory Effect of N,N-Didesmethylgrossularine-1 on Inflammatory Cytokine Production in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Cells

N,N-Didesmethylgrossularine-1 (DDMG-1), a compound with a rare α-carboline structure, was isolated from an Indonesian ascidian Polycarpa aurata as responsible for the observed inhibitory activity against TNF-α production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells. DDMG-1 inhibited the mRNA level of mTNF-α, IκB-α degradation, and binding of NF-κB to the target DNA site in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, DDMG-1 had an inhibitory effect on the production of IL-8, which is produced in CD14⁺-THP-1 cells stimulated by LPS. DDMG-1 is thus a promising drug candidate lead compound for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis.     

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Sulfated Polysaccharide from Sargassum swartzii in Macrophages via Blocking TLR/NF-Κb Signal Transduction

This study involves enzymatic extraction of fucoidan from Sargassum swartzii and further purification via ion-exchange chromatography. The chemical and molecular characteristics of isolated fucoidan is evaluated concerning its anti-inflammatory potential in RAW 264.7 macrophages under LPS induced conditions. Structural properties of fucoidan were assessed via FTIR and NMR spectroscopy. NO production stimulated by LPS was significantly declined by fucoidan. This was witnessed to be achieved via fucoidan acting on mediators such as iNOS and COX-2 including pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β), with dose dependent down-regulation. Further, the effect is exhibited by the suppression of TLR mediated MyD88, IKK complex, ultimately hindering NF-κB and MAPK activation, proposing its therapeutic applications in inflammation related disorders. The research findings provide an insight in relation to the sustainable utilization of fucoidan from marine brown algae S. swartzii as a potent anti-inflammatory agent in the nutritional, pharmaceutical, and cosmeceutical sectors.     

Efficacy of Posidonia oceanica Extract against Inflammatory Pain: In Vivo Studies in Mice

Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile is traditionally used for its beneficial properties. Recently, promising antioxidant and anti-inflammatory biological properties emerged through studying the in vitro activity of the ethanolic leaves extract (POE). The present study aims to investigate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic role of POE in mice. Inflammatory pain was modeled in CD-1 mice by the intraplantar injection of carrageenan, interleukin IL-1β and formalin. Pain threshold was measured by von Frey and paw pressure tests. Nociceptive pain was studied by the hot-plate test. POE (10–100 mg kg⁻¹) was administered per os. The paw soft tissue of carrageenan-treated animals was analyzed to measure anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. POE exerted a dose-dependent, acute anti-inflammatory effect able to counteract carrageenan-induced pain and paw oedema. Similar anti-hyperalgesic and anti-allodynic results were obtained when inflammation was induced by IL-1β. In the formalin test, the pre-treatment with POE significantly reduced the nocifensive behavior. Moreover, POE was able to evoke an analgesic effect in naïve animals. Ex vivo, POE reduced the myeloperoxidase activity as well as TNF-α and IL-1β levels; further antioxidant properties were highlighted as a reduction in NO concentration. POE is the candidate for a new valid strategy against inflammation and pain.     

Stereochemical Determination of Fistularins Isolated from the Marine Sponge Ecionemia acervus and Their Regulatory Effect on Intestinal Inflammation

By activity-guided fractionation based on inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE₂), six fistularin compounds (1–6) were isolated from the marine sponge Ecionemia acervus (order Astrophorida). Based on stereochemical structure determination using Mosher’s method, fistularin-3 was assigned as a new stereoisomer. On the basis of the stereochemistry of fistularin-3, the stereochemical homogeneity of all six compounds was established by comparing carbon and proton chemical shifts. For fistularin-1 (1) and -2 (2), quantum calculations were performed to confirm their stereochemistry. In a co-culture system of human epithelial Caco-2 cells and THP-1 macrophages, all six isolated compounds showed potent anti-inflammatory activities. These bioactive fistularins inhibited the production of NO, PGE₂, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 induced by lipopolysaccharide and interferon gamma. Inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression and MAPK phosphorylation were downregulated in response to the inhibition of NF-κB nuclear translocation. Among the compounds tested, fistularin-1 (1) and 19-deoxyfistularin-3 (4) showed the highest activity. These findings suggest the potential use of the marine sponge E. acervus and its metabolites as pharmaceuticals for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases including inflammatory bowel disease.     

Protective Effects of Interleukin-4 on Tissue Destruction and Morphological Changes of Bovine Nasal Chondrocytes in vitro

Background: Previous studies have shown that some cytokines have protective effects on cartilage in joint diseases. In the current study, effects of IL-4 against morphological changes and tissue degradation induced by IL-1α on bovine nasal cartilage (BNC) explants were investigated. Methods: Fresh BNC samples were prepared from a slaughterhouse under sterile conditions. BNC explants culture was treated with both IL-lα (10 ng/ml) and IL-4 (50 ng/ml) at the same time for 28 days. The morphological characteristics of explants were assessed by using histology techniques and invert microscopy. Matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) production was assessed within different days by using Western blotting. Results: IL-lα induced prominent cartilage morphology degradation. The pro and active form of MMP-1 band substantially increased at day 21 of culture. In the presence of both IL-lα and IL-4, chondrocytes preserved their ordinary normal phenotype with intact extracellular matrix. In addition, a significant reduction in pro-MMP-1and inhibition of active MMP-1 was seen. Conclusion: In conclusion, IL-4 could be regarded as a potential candidate in cartilage protecting against the degradation changes of IL-lα. It seems that the preservation effect of IL-4 is associated with significant reduction of MMP-1. Key Words: Chondrocyte, Interleukin-1α, Interleukin-4, Matrix metalloproteinase-1, Bovine nasal cartilage     

Synthesis of the Oligosaccharides Related to Branching Sites of Fucosylated Chondroitin Sulfates from Sea Cucumbers

Natural anionic polysaccharides fucosylated chondroitin sulfates (FCS) from sea cucumbers attract great attention nowadays due to their ability to influence various biological processes, such as blood coagulation, thrombosis, angiogenesis, inflammation, bacterial and viral adhesion. To determine pharmacophore fragments in FCS we have started systematic synthesis of oligosaccharides with well-defined structure related to various fragments of these polysaccharides. In this communication, the synthesis of non-sulfated and selectively O-sulfated di- and trisaccharides structurally related to branching sites of FCS is described. The target compounds are built up of propyl β-d-glucuronic acid residue bearing at O-3 α-l-fucosyl or α-l-fucosyl-(1→3)-α-l-fucosyl substituents. O-Sulfation pattern in the fucose units of the synthetic targets was selected according to the known to date holothurian FCS structures. Stereospecific α-glycoside bond formation was achieved using 2-O-benzyl-3,4-di-O-chloroacetyl-α-l-fucosyl trichloroacetimidate as a donor. Stereochemical outcome of the glycosylation was explained by the remote participation of the chloroacetyl groups with the formation of the stabilized glycosyl cations, which could be attacked by the glycosyl acceptor only from the α-side. The experimental results were in good agreement with the SCF/MP2 calculated energies of such participation. The synthesized oligosaccharides are regarded as model compounds for the determination of a structure-activity relationship in FCS.