超级杂交稻育种三步法设想与实践

介绍了国内外水稻超高产育种的基本情况,提出了当前我国水稻超高产育种面临的新问题,即超级稻品种资源匮乏、部分超级杂交稻组合适应性较差、超高产水稻育种理论过于模式化等。针对当前形势,结合多年育种实践,提出了超级杂交稻育种三步法设想,即超级亲本选育——超级杂交组合选育——超级杂交制种,并详细阐述了各步骤的标准和实现其目标的技术路线。超级亲本要求综合性状优良,产量水平或库容量达到或基本达到各级区试对照杂交稻组合的水平。超级杂交稻组合的标准是品质优、适应性广、耐肥抗倒、对主要病虫害达中抗以上水平,产量水平较国家或省区试中对照增产8%左右。其选育的技术路线是通过双亲最佳组配方式,增加选择压力,注重理想株型和优良生理机能及其各性状间的高度协调。超级杂交制种产量水平根据不育系的类型来确定,其中早稻类型不育系杂交制种产量要求大面积达到3.75 t/hm2以上,中稻类型的不育系要求达到5.25 t/hm2以上。其技术路线是通过选择最佳的制种基地,选用库容量大和异交结实特性好的不育系,通过超大行比与超常规培育父本措施提高父本的花粉量,从而提高制种产量。按照超级杂交稻育种三步法的技术路线,成功选育了父本996和两用核不育系C815S两个超级杂交稻亲本,利用前者选育出适合长江中下游稻区作双季早稻种植的超级杂交早稻组合陆两优996,用后者选配出几个增产幅度大、极有应用前景的超级稻新组合。     

从国家品种区试和审定结果看我国水稻育种格局的变化与发展

以国家品种(组合)区试和审定资料为依据,探讨了20世纪70年代初以来我国水稻育种格局的发展变化趋势.指出在区试和国审中:杂交稻育种迅速发展并超过常规稻育种;各类品种(组合)单产水平都有不同程度的提高;大多数两系杂交稻组合比三系杂交稻组合增产幅度未达预期目标;大多数超级杂交稻组合增产幅度也未达预期目标;常规稻育种有重大进展,粳稻常规育种尤其突出.预测我国水稻育种格局将长期呈现多种育种途径并存、竞争和互促的局面.     

我国杂交稻育种研究的亮点及难点

 我国杂交稻经过40年的发展,取得了三系杂交、两系杂交及杂交稻种子生产技术体系等一系列研究成果。概述了我国杂交稻育种研究的四大亮点,同时分析了面临的四个难点,并阐述了我国杂交稻育种加强基础理论研究以及培养高级育种人才的重要意义。
     

亚种间超级杂交稻研究概述

我国超级杂交稻育种目标为每公顷每日稻谷产量100 kg,米质达到部颁二级以上优质米标准,抗两种以上主要病虫害。利用亚种间杂种优势是选育超级杂交稻最重要的途径。育种家已筛选广亲和基因,并培育了广亲和系,为亚种间杂种优势的利用提供了条件,配成了亚种间超级杂交稻。但是超级杂交稻组合广适性,高产与优质协调性以及高产栽培技术仍需进一步深入研究。     

粳型亲籼系在杂交稻育种中的应用及思考

概述了粳型亲籼系在杂交稻育种中的应用情况,解释并分析了粳型亲籼系能成功育成不育系的原因,提出了利用粳型亲籼系培育掺粳籼型杂交稻的育种策略并分析其育种效率,随着掺粳籼型杂交稻的育种规模扩大,利用粳型亲籼系比直接利用粳稻的育种效率高。     

自主创新实现杂交水稻研发新飞跃

杂交水稻经历了由三系杂交稻、两系杂交稻到超级杂交稻的发展历程，取得了一系列重大科技成果，对中国乃至世界的粮食安全做出了巨大贡献。阐述了袁隆平院士提出的攻克超级杂交稻第3期育种目标、实施“种3产4”丰产工程和拓展杂交水稻国际化开发等新时期杂交水稻研发的重大目标，提出了以分子育种技术的运用、C4型杂交水稻的研究和杂交水稻产业化开发为突破口，坚持自主创新，实现杂交水稻研发新飞跃的战略措施。     

超级小麦及其育种方法

本文提出了超级小麦的概念和指标 ;从小麦的超高产潜力、高产典型、特异育种资源及产量与品质的关系等方面 ,论证了超级小麦育种的可行性 ;并提出了常规超亲育种、基因转化育种、一系法利用杂种优势、操纵物候期育种和生理特性改良育种等 5种超级小麦育种方法     

我国南方稻区杂交水稻育种进展

对1998年以来南方稻区国家水稻品种区域试验资料的分析表明,我国南方稻区杂交水稻育种取得明显进展,主要表现在:新组合大量涌现,产量水平不断提高,稻米品质明显改善,优质高产初步协调,两系杂交稻育种稳步发展,粳型杂交稻育种有所突破.提出了加强抗病性和抗逆性育种的建议.     

中国水稻育种百年发展与展望

水稻是中国最重要的口粮作物,新品种的培育与推广对水稻生产作出了重大贡献。中国现代水稻育种起步于20世纪20年代,已有百年历程,期间纯系育种、杂交育种、诱变育种和分子育种等技术成为技术主体,成就了矮化育种、杂交稻育种和超级稻育种三次突破,推进了全国水稻平均单产从20世纪50年代的200 kg/667 m²平台跃上了当前的470 kg/667 m²平台。展望未来百年的水稻产业需求,培育C4水稻、固氮水稻、耐盐碱水稻、耐旱水稻和一系杂交稻是水稻育种面临的重大任务。     

中国水稻杂种优势利用现状

分析了1996～1998年我国杂交水稻生产应用中主要品种的胞质类型及播种情况。现阶段,中国杂交水稻种植面积占水稻年播种面积的50％以上。生产上应用的三系杂交稻仍以野败胞质为主,其次为冈·D型和印尼水田谷型,后者的面积比重在逐年增加。两系杂交稻研究取得新突破,10余个组合通过了省级审定,培矮64S的广泛应用展示了两系杂交稻超三系杂交稻的诱人前景。我国业已育成超级杂交稻苗头组合,个别组合在部分百亩(6.67 hm2)连片示范点已经达到了日产稻谷100 kg/hm2的超级稻指标。     

南方稻区超级杂交中稻育种研究进展

南方稻区的中稻生产是中国水稻生产最重要的组成部分之一。回顾了中国南方稻区超级杂交中稻亲本选育、组合配制、育种技术体系的建立和推广应用上取得的进展,指出了存在的问题,提出了解决这些问题的方法和技术策略。     

Practices and Prospects of Super Hybrid Rice Breeding

The great progress in super rice breeding both in China and other countries has been made in recent years. However, there were three main problems in super rice breeding: 1) the super rice varieties were still rare; 2) most super rice varieties exhibited narrow adaptability; and 3) current breeding theories emphasized too much on the rice growth model, but they were unpractical in guidance for rice breeding. According to the authors’ experience on the rice breeding, the breeding strategies including three steps (super parent breeding, super hybrid rice breeding and super hybrid rice seed production) were proposed, and the objectives of each step and the key technologies to achieve the goals were elucidated in detail. The super parent of hybrid rice should exhibit excellent performance in all agronomic traits, with the yield or sink capacity reached the level of the hybrid rice control in regional trials. The super hybrid rice combination should meet the following criteria: good rice quality, wide adaptation, lodging resistance, resistance to main insects and diseases, and the yield exceeded above 8% over the control varieties in the national and provincial regional trials. To achieve the goal, the technical strategies, such as selecting optimal combination of the parents, increasing selection pressure, paying more attention to harmony of ideal plant type, excellent physiological traits and all the agronomic traits, should be emphasized. The yield of seed production should reach 3.75 t/ha and 5.25 t/ha for the super hybrid rice combinations derived from early-season and middle-season types of male sterile lines, respectively. The main technologies for raising seed production yield included selecting optimum seed production site, using the male sterile line with large sink capacity and good outcrossing characteristics, and improving the amount of the pollen by intensive cultivation of the male parent. According to the technologies of the three-step breeding on super hybrid rice, two super rice parents, including a male parent 996 and a thermo(photo)-genic male sterile [T(P)GMS] line C815S, were bred. Furthermore, a super early hybrid rice combination, Luliangyou 996, which could be used as a double-season early rice variety in middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China, was bred by using the super rice variety 996 as the male parent, and several hybrid rice combinations with higher yield than control variety in regional trials both of Hunan Province and state were bred with the T(P)GMS line C815S as the female parent.     

Status and Prospects of Hybrid Rice Breeding in Jiangsu, China

HISTORY OF HYBRID RICE DEVELOPMENT China is the first country to use heterosis successfully and commercially in rice. Hybrid rice research was initiated in 1964, the genetic tools essential for breeding hybrid rice combinations, such as the cytoplasmic male sterile line (CMS line or A line), the maintainer line (B line) and restorer line (R line), were developed in 1973. Several hybrid combinations with good heterosis and higher yield potential were identified in 1974. The hybrid…     

安徽省三系杂交籼稻育种现状与展望

综述了安徽省２０ａ来三系杂交籼稻的育种成就和存在问题,指出今后的育种目标应主攻早熟、优质、超高产,并选育适于机械化制种和耐旱的组合;技术路线上早杂以选育早熟恢复系,中晚杂以选育优质不育系,亚种间组合以选育广亲和不育系为主。     

我国杂交籼稻选育进展

自水稻杂种优势被利用以来,我国杂交籼稻育种取得显著进展,在保障我国粮食安全中发挥着重要作用。本文根据国家水稻数据中心水稻品种审定数据信息,对我国籼型水稻不育系研究进展、杂交籼稻品种审定情况、籼型超级稻品种发展现状和几个籼稻育种大省的杂交籼稻国审情况进行了对比和分析,并对杂交籼稻的发展进行了展望。     

北方两系杂交粳稻品质相关性状的分析

杂交粳稻尤其是两系杂交粳稻的发展缓慢,两系杂交粳稻品质性状较差严重的影响其发展。为此本研究以辽宁盐碱地利用研究所最新育成的两系杂交粳稻为试验试材,主栽常规稻品种为对照,对北方两系杂交粳稻外观品质,蒸煮品质,食味营养品质等相关稻米品质指标进行了测定。相关结果如下:与常规粳稻相比,两系杂交粳稻存在显著的产量优势,但外观品质、蒸煮品质和食味得分略有不足。研究结果所得提高稻米光泽,适当减少稻米直链淀粉含量和蛋白质含量将有助于提高两系杂交粳稻的品质。