啤酒大麦安全烘干温度的研究

试验研究了啤酒大麦适宜的干燥温度。以浙农大３号，浙农大７号啤酒大麦品种为材料，采用３５℃、４５℃、５５℃３种温度进行模拟烘干试验，并对烘干后的种子进行生活力，发芽力，脱氢酶活性，电导率的测定。结果表明，啤酒大麦的干燥温度控制在４５℃以下为好，既安全，干燥效率又高，而在５５℃温度条件下，虽干燥效率高但对啤酒大麦的发芽力及种子有显著的影响，３５℃干燥虽安全可靠，但其干燥效率低，所需时间太长。     

不同干燥方法对啤酒大麦种子发芽力的影响

本试验采用人工模拟阴雨天气的方法研究二种干燥方法即睛天收获晒干和阴雨天收获35℃烘干对啤酒大麦品种浙农大 6号和浙农大 7号种子发芽力影响。试验结果表明 :2个品种均表现为 35℃烘干下种子发芽率较低 ,分别为 65 3%和 65 7% ,并且与睛天收获晒干呈显著性差异 ;与低发芽率相对应的 35℃烘干种子霉烂率较高 ,2个品种分别为 2 9 3%和 2 6 7% ;种子活力指数浙农大 6号品种也表现为 35℃烘干较低为 54 66;而浙农大 7号品种二种干燥方法对活力指数影响不明显 ;与种子活力相对应的 2个品种二种干燥方法的电导率差异均不明显 ,而α -淀粉酶活性 2个品种均以 35℃烘干为较低     

不同干燥方法对啤酒大麦种子发芽力的影响

本试验采用人工模拟阴雨天气的方法研究二种干燥方法即晴天收获晒干和阴雨天收获35℃烘干对啤酒在大麦品种浙农大6号和浙农大7号种子发芽力的影响。试验结果表明：2个品种均表现为35℃烘干下种子发芽率较低，分别为65．3％和65．7％，并且与晴天收获晒干呈显著性差异；与低发芽率相对应35℃烘干种子霉烂率较高，2个品种分别为29．3％和26．7％；种子活力指数浙农大6号品种也表现为35℃烘干较低为54．66；而浙农大7号品种二种干燥方法对活力指数影响不明显；与种子活力相对应的2个品种二种干燥方法的电导率差异均不明显，而α－淀粉酶活性2个品种均以35℃烘干为较低。     

优质高产多抗广适啤酒大麦新品种川农啤麦1号的选育及高产栽培技术

川农啤麦1号原代号F0635,是四川农业大学和成都农业科技职业学院以川农大3号为母本、浙农大5号为父本进行杂交,并经系谱法选育的啤酒大麦新品种。该品种于2011年通过了四川省农作物品种审定委员会审定,审定编号为川审麦2011006,定名为川农啤麦1号。该品种具有丰产性好、品质优、抗性强、适宜机械化耕作等优点。     

矮秆、抗病的二棱大麦品种川农大4号

川农大 4号 (原代号为 177)是四川农业大学农学院杂交育成的啤饲兼用的高产二棱大麦品种 ,母本为 89- 2 1(威 2 4/渝裸 12 3∥渝裸 12 3) ,父本为 89- 0 915 (上海市农科院黄培忠先生提供 )。1991年进行杂交 ,1995年参加区试 ,1999年 5月通过四川省农作物品种审定委员会审定。1　产量表现1.1　 1994年品比中 ,川农大 4号小区折合单产 (公顷产量 ,下同 ) 5 6 2 5 kg,比对照浙农大 3号增产 8.8%。 1995年川农大 4号参加省院、校大麦育种协作组的区试 ,5点平均单产 46 35 kg,比对照浙农大 3号增产 10 .2 %,居全试验之首。 1996年区试中 ,因低温…     

品种区域结果简报

南方冬大麦区啤酒大麦品种区试,在7省1市9个点上进行,二年结果,以82—1(浙农大选育)居首位,平均亩产259.3公斤,比对照早熟3号增产10.7％,有的省份已经过审定推广。     

大麦籽粒灌浆、干物质积累进程的生理研究

为了探讨大麦籽粒形成过程中,植株各部分器官的干物质积累和物质转运对粒重的影响,我们于1989年3月至5月在浙江农业大学实验农场选用83—28(浙农大3号)和82—14(浙农大2号)为试验材料,对大麦的灌浆规律及干物质积累进程、籽粒成分变化进行了研究。     

甘肃省啤酒大麦新品种（系）区试结果的GGE 双标图分析

为筛选出适宜于甘肃省种植的高产、优质、抗逆性强、综合农艺性状优良的啤酒大麦新品种(系),采用GGE双标图对2012-2013年甘肃省区域试验7个试点的8个啤酒大麦新品种(系)及1个对照品种(甘啤4号)试验数据进行分析.结果表明,9922-28、农大7号、农大NFC属于丰产性、稳产性较好的品种(系).在7个试点中,代表性和鉴别力较好的是玉门农技中心、永昌县农技中心.品种0008-3和试点山丹良种场在本次试验中表现较差.     

矮秆、抗病、优质、高产的二棱大麦品种“川农大5号”

川农大 5号是四川农业大学农学院杂交育成的啤饲兼用的高产二棱大麦品种 ,原代号为 1 1 2 1 ,母本为 89- 0 91 5×渝裸 1 0 9,父本为浙农大 3号。其中 89- 0 91 5由上海市农科院黄培忠先生提供 ,渝裸 1 0 9和浙农大3号分别来自重庆市作物所和浙江农业大学。该品种于 2 0 0 2年 9月通过四川省农作物品种审定委员会审定。1　产量表现1 1　区试中的产量 :2 0 0 0年川农大 5号参加四川省院、校大麦育种协作组的区试 ,5点(德阳市、邛崃市、三台县、仁寿县和射洪县 )平均单产 (公顷产量 ,下同 ) 5340kg ,比对照浙农大 3号增产 1 1 1 % ,居全试验…     

二棱大麦的产量构成特点及综合高产栽培技术的研究

实现啤酒大麦高产与优质的统一,除选用良种外,采用与之相宜的高产栽培技术是关键。自一九八六年以来,作者相继以湖北的主栽及推广品种(系)鄂啤一、二号、浙农大三号、80435等为对象,研究二棱大麦的产量构成特点及高产限制因子,在此基础     

In vitro reproduction in the annual pasture legumes subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.)

Pasture legumes are important components of both mixed farming rotations and permanent pastures in temperate climates. Breeding of two widely sown pasture legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), is constrained by the long generation cycle, typically enabling only one generation per year. We hypothesized manipulation of culture medium and conditions would enable the development of a laboratory‐based protocol for in vitro reproduction in subterranean clover and French serradella. In vitro flowering and viable seed set was induced from both species. For subterranean clover, the most effective treatment was culturing on modified MS medium with 1 μm kinetin and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and continuous photoperiod. For French serradella, culture on a hormone‐free B5 medium with 5 mm NH₄Cl and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and 20 h photoperiod was optimum. It is expected this technique will have application in accelerating generation turnover within breeding programs, for the study of factors influencing flowering in pasture legumes, and for the propagation of valuable yet enfeebled plants such as embryo‐rescued hybrids.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Estimation of lucerne yield stability for enabling effective cultivar selection under rainfed conditions

Evaluation of crop and forage yield stability is of increasing relevance in the context of current and recent environmental changes but, in contrast to other field crops, there are no published systematic analyses among forage crops in Europe. A study of stability performance was conducted with 13 Czech cultivars of lucerne at four locations over a 2‐year period with the following aims: (a) to evaluate yield stability of varieties across different environments and (b) to calculate measurable benefits of variety selection in relation to the specific environment. The cultivar Vlasta was identified as the highest yielding cultivar (annual yield 16.0 t DM/ha), whereas the lowest yielding cv. Magda, Tereza and Oslava averaged around 14.9 t DM/ha. Effect of genotype × environment interaction (G × E) was two times higher than for genotype alone. Additive main effects and the multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model showed that the highest yielding cultivars may not be stable across environments. This study demonstrated further that significant yield improvement could be detected, even among a relatively homogenous group of domestic cultivars, and this was driven mainly by site productivity: the improvement was +10% in low‐yielding sites, compared with +3% in high‐yielding sites. Results highlight that advanced agronomy should also consider stability parameters such as AMMI stability value or superiority measures for forage crops in response to the challenges associated with climate change.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

---

Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

---

Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

稻文化的再思考3:稻与社稷——印度、泰国等东南亚、南亚主要国家

东南亚、南亚地区是世界上重要的稻米产区,稻米在民众饮食生活和国家社会政治中占有重要地位,民众生活中也保存了非常悠久和丰富的稻作文化习俗及稻谷起源神话传说。本文分析了水稻在东南亚、南亚主要国家印度、印度尼西亚、泰国、越南、菲律宾、孟加拉国、缅甸的作用、地位、生产、消费、文化等情况,并指出了印度、印度尼西亚稻文化的主要标志。     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Model of wheat yield response to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum)

A general model of crop yield response to herbicide application is proposed. The model includes three components: the effect of herbicide dosage on weed density, the effect of surviving weed density on crop yield and the effect of herbicide directly on the crop. The model is used to estimate the response of wheat yield to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in Australia. It is found that the competitiveness of ryegrass plants surviving treatment is reduced by the treatment and that the proportion of yield loss at a given ryegrass density is not independent of the absolute weed-free yield. The response function is used to calculate economic thresholds and optimal herbicide dosages.