低温胁迫对大豆花期不同冠层叶片生理活性及产量的影响

为研究花期低温胁迫对不同品种大豆不同冠层叶片生理活性和产量的影响,以垦丰16和合丰50为试验材料,于大豆开花期进行低温及恢复处理,采用人工模拟自然环境低温的方式,研究低温对大豆花期不同冠层叶片叶绿素、蔗糖、淀粉、淀粉酶及产量的影响。结果表明:大豆花期遭遇低温胁迫显著降低了单株粒重,随低温胁迫时间的延长,其下降幅度逐渐增加,2年内合丰50各处理从上到下各冠层粒重减少幅度依次为17.96%～32.89%、3.46%～10.79%和23.24%～45.35%,垦丰16各处理从上到下各冠层粒重减少幅度依次为1.63%～38.83%、7.67%～30.45%和2.91%～21.22%。两品种的单株荚数和单株粒数也有不同程度的减少。随低温处理时间的延长,不同冠层叶片叶绿素、淀粉和蔗糖含量逐渐降低,叶片淀粉酶活性逐渐增加,自然环境下恢复过程中上述指标呈相反的变化趋势。大豆花期遭遇低温胁迫致使叶片叶绿素含量降低,不利于叶片进行光合作用,叶片内淀粉和蔗糖含量急剧减少且不能在4 d内恢复,不利于大豆产量的形成,推断这是低温胁迫造成大豆减产的重要原因。     

大豆品种抗旱性早期鉴定方法

为探讨鉴定大豆品种抗旱性的简易方法,依据吸水后48h的发芽率对109个大豆种质材料进行抗旱性分级。继而在萌发期、营养生长期(V3)和生殖生长期(R4)进行盆栽控水试验,根据抗旱等级验证大豆植株的抗旱性。结果发现,大豆品种间抗旱性存在显著差异。种子吸水量与抗旱性无关,吸水后48h发芽率与抗旱性密切相关。幼苗侧根数量、主根长度和根系干重与抗旱性呈显著(P0.05)相关。对萌发后幼苗供水24h后,随即停水24h,反复干旱处理,抗旱品种存活率显著高于普通品种。在V3期对盆栽植株进行暂时萎蔫(土壤含水量为9%～11%)的水分胁迫处理,发现停水后普通品种叶片首先发生萎蔫,且株高、茎直径及叶面积下降的程度均高于抗旱品种。水分胁迫下,抗旱品种株高、茎直径和叶片面积均显著(P0.05)高于普通品种,其中茎直径和叶片面积达到极显著水平(P0.01)。在R4期暂时萎蔫的水分胁迫下,抗旱品种根的生物量和分枝的生物量显著(P0.05)高于普通品种。鼓粒期(R6)普通品种发生永久萎蔫、植株死亡,而抗旱品种仍能保持生长能力。研究结果表明,大豆种子48h发芽率可作为大豆品种抗旱性的鉴定和筛选方法,鼓粒期大豆对水分胁迫最敏感。     

不同空间配置套作大豆后期农学参数及光谱特征分析

本研究以玉米-大豆套作种植模式为研究对象,通过设置不同的大豆行距调整大豆与玉米的空间位置（大豆行距设置为30 cm和70 cm,即距离玉米行分别为60 cm和40 cm）,研究套作大豆后期农学参数变化及光谱响应特征。结果表明由于受玉米前期的荫蔽作用,距离玉米行越近,大豆冠层透光率越低,玉米收获后大豆花期（8月10日）生物量、株高、水分含量及叶绿素在不同处理条件下差异明显,到盛荚期（9月9日）和鼓粒期（10月6日）大豆迅速恢复生长,各农学参数存在差异,但不显著。通过大豆冠层反射率分析,绿峰区域（550nm左右）和近红外区域（760-1000nm）能够很好的解析大豆叶绿素和水分变化规律,叶绿素含量越高绿峰幅值越低,水分含量越高近红外区域反射率越高。     

施肥和降水年型对土壤供水量和大豆水分利用效率的影响

基于中国科学院海伦农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站的长期定位试验,利用海伦站内气象数据和中子仪测定的土壤水分数据,分析了丰水年(2006)、平水年(2008)和枯水年(2001和2004)条件下的无肥(CK)、化肥(NP)和化肥+有机肥(NPM)处理对大豆耗水量、土壤供水量和大豆水分利用效率的影响。从4 a的平均值分析,大豆耗水强度最大时期为开花-鼓粒期。施肥增加了大豆的耗水量,与CK相比,NP和NPM的耗水量分别增加了0.92%和2.21%,其中施肥增加大豆耗水量的效应在枯水年表现得更为显著。大豆消耗的水分除了大气降水以外,还有土壤供水量,在降水最为缺乏的大豆鼓粒-成熟期,与CK相比,NP和NPM土壤供水量分别增加了11.72%和23.48%。在观测的4 a中,大豆水分利用效率均表现为CK相似文献   

大豆公顷产3750公斤的土壤环境及植株生长的分析

本研究采用综合技术措施,创造高产土壤环境,跟踪大豆群体动态发育,探索地下部养分平衡,水分动态及对地上部分群体植株的发育进行分析。研究结果表明,公顷产3750kg大豆的土壤有机质为2.623％,土壤养分全氮0.198％;水解氮5.404mg/100g土;全磷0.166％;速效磷7.058mg/100g土;速效钾8.598mg/100g土,土壤容重为1.0—1.1g/cm~3;土壤孔隙为56—60％。土壤水分含量在幼苗期、分枝期、开花期、结荚期、鼓粒期分别为21％、23％、27—28％、28—30％和27—28％(田间最大持水量为34％)。研究认为在花荚期及鼓粒期土壤含水量低于24％应及对灌水。 绥农四号大豆品种公顷产3750kg的大豆群体生育动态植株日生长量(株高)由出苗(VE)到分枝期为0.64cm/日,分枝到初花期(R_1)为1.2cm/日,初花期至盛花期(R_2)为1.11cm/日,盛花期至结荚期(R_3—R_4)为1.33cm/日;叶面称指数(LAI)自出苗到盛花期不断增长,结荚期(R_3)最高达5.5左右,黄熟期(R_6—R_7)仍保持3.5—4.0;干物质积累苗期42.6g/m~2,分枝期104g/m~2,初花期149g/m~2,盛花期351g/m~2,结荚期709g/m~2,鼓粒期(R_2)916g/m~2,黄熟期1197g/m~2;公顷产3750kg大豆群体产量结构为790—888荚/m~2,1767.5—2072.7粒/m~2,粒重375.1g/m~2以上,百粒重18.9—22.4g。     

基于不同分析模型的大豆叶片SPAD值和LAI光谱估算比较

为探讨在大豆鼓粒期采用光谱技术估算叶片SPAD值和LAI的有效分析模型和方法，本研究以大田鼓粒期大豆为试验材料，在3个不同时段9:45～10:15(10AM)、11:45～12:15(12PM)和13:45～14:15(2PM)测量冠层全波段光谱反射率，并分别使用极限学习机(ELM)、偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)、支持向量机(SVM)和随机森林(RF)构建大豆叶片SPAD值和LAI估算模型，并对比不同模型分析结果的估算精度。结果表明：在各模型中，12PM和2PM测定的光谱反射率与大豆叶片SPAD值和LAI的拟合精度均高于10AM。基于RF的大豆叶片SPAD值估算模型验证集的R²为0.910,RMSE为2.006,MRE为3.684;基于RF的大豆LAI估算模型验证集的R²为0.916,RMSE为0.209,MRE为4.383,与ELM、PLSR和SVM相比，有更高的估算精度。综上结果说明大豆鼓粒期在11:45～12:15和13:45～14:15采用RF模型，运用全波段的光谱反射率估算大豆叶片SPAD值和LAI可得到较准确的结果。     

大豆有关抗旱生理指标的应用与评价

干旱胁迫是影响大豆产量最重要的因素之一,耐旱性是大豆高产、稳产的重要生态性状。大豆抗旱研究重视生理性状的应用,并将水分生理、抗旱性的形态、解剖机理、气孔调节、渗透调节以及生理代谢产物、冠层萎蔫指数应用于抗旱育种中。     

不同时期灌溉对大豆叶片生理特性及水分利用效率的影响

在大豆不同生育时期进行灌水处理,产量存在显著差异.分别是开花期》开花期 鼓粒期》结英期》鼓粒期》对照》分枝期.开花期灌水能提高叶绿素含量,降低气孔导度和蒸腾速率,提高光合速率,使水分利用效率达到最大.在大豆鼓粒期水分胁迫下不同磷肥处理表明,在一定范围内(0～0.56 g/盆)增施磷肥有利于提高光合速率,降低蒸腾速率,提高水分利用效率.因此,在生产实践中,开花期灌水一次,灌水量为40 m3 667 m-2,并配合增施磷肥,能提高大豆叶片光合性能、叶片水分利用效率和产量.     

大豆对重组型SMV株系的抗性遗传

为探明大豆对大豆花叶病毒(SMV)重组型分离物(HB-RS)抗性遗传方式和不同抗性材料间抗性基因的等位性关系,利用抗病性鉴定获得的抗、感病大豆材料配制抗×感、抗×抗杂交组合,分析大豆携带抗性基因的遗传规律和等位性关系。研究结果显示5组抗感组合冀豆12×Franklin、冀豆17×10Y105、冀豆12×PI632401、PI96983×ZYD2738以及五星4号×FH13的F_1均表现为抗病,F_2植株符合3∶1或15∶1(抗∶感)分离比例;抗抗组合中,冀豆12与Newton和PI96983的F_1和F_2均表现抗病,冀豆12×V94-5152组合的F_1植株表现抗病,F_2呈现15∶1(抗∶感)的分离,冀豆17分别与Newton、PI96983及V94-5152组合的F_1均表现抗病,F_2出现15∶1(抗∶感)分离。分析表明,冀豆12、冀豆17和PI96983各由1对显性基因控制对重组型SMV(HB-RS)的抗性,五星4号的抗性由2对显性抗病基因控制;冀豆12携带的抗性基因与Newton和PI96983等位或紧密连锁,与V94-5152不等位,冀豆17携带的抗性基因与Newton、PI96983和V94-5152均不等位。     

干旱胁迫对野生和栽培大豆根系特征及生理指标的影响

以4份野生大豆(永5、永26、永46、永52)和4份栽培大豆(中黄13、冀豆12、秦皇10、秦皇29)为材料,用不同浓度(0%,10%,20%,30%)PEG6000模拟水分胁迫,探讨干旱胁迫对野生和栽培大豆幼苗根系特征和生理指标的影响.结果表明:随着干旱胁迫的增加,不同大豆材料的根系特性存在显著差异,大豆抗旱性与总根长、总根表面积、总根体积呈正相关,与平均根直径呈负相关;隶属函数综合评定结果表明4份野生大豆的抗旱性均强于栽培大豆,其中栽培大豆中黄13抗旱性最差.干旱胁迫下,野生大豆、栽培大豆的叶片相对含水量呈下降趋势,丙二醛含量均比0%PEG6000有所增加,但不同材料间叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和过氧化物酶(POD)活性的表现趋势不同,说明野生大豆和栽培大豆的抗旱生理指标存在一定的差异.     

不同生育期玉米干旱-复水补偿效应的品种差异研究

以抗旱性不同的两个玉米品种郑单958和户单4号为材料,研究不同生育期干旱-复水对产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,各生育期干旱-复水后,两个品种产量均低于对照处理,尤以扬花期干旱-复水最低;两个品种水分利用效率在扬花期干旱-复水最低;郑单958的产量、水分利用效率均高于户单4号,两者耗水量基本相等。分析两个品种株高、叶面积指数、干物质积累等在复水之后的变化表明,各生育期干旱-复水后,两个品种均存在一定的补偿效应,且郑单958的补偿效应明显较强。因此,郑单958在干旱-复水后补偿能力强,从而保持较高的产量和水分利用效率。     

Yield response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes to drought under rainfed lowlands: 2. Selection of drought resistant genotypes

Drought frequently reduces grain yield of rainfed lowland rice. A series of experiments were conducted in drought-prone northeast Thailand to study the magnitude and consistency of yield responses of diverse, rainfed lowland rice genotypes to drought stress environments and to examine ways to identify genotypes that confer drought resistance. One hundred and twenty-eight genotypes were grown under non-stress and four different types of drought stress conditions. The relationship of genotypic variation in yield under drought conditions to genetic yield potential, flowering time and flowering delay, and to a drought response index (DRI) that removed the effect of potential yield and flowering time on yield under stress was examined.Drought stress that developed prior to flowering generally delayed the time of flowering of genotypes, and the delay in flowering was negatively associated with grain yield, fertile panicle percentage and filled grain percentage. Genotypes with a longer delay in flowering time had extracted more water during the early drought period, and as a consequence, had higher water deficits. They were consistently associated with a larger yield reduction under drought and in one experiment with a smaller DRI. Genotypes, however, responded differently to the different drought stress conditions and there was no consistency in the DRI estimates for the different genotypes across the drought stress experiments. The results indicate that with the use of irrigated-control and drought test environments, genotypes with drought resistance can be identified by using DRI or delay in flowering. However, selections will differ depending on the type of drought condition. The inconsistency of the estimates in DRI and flowering delay across different drought conditions reflects the nature of the large genotype-by-environment interactions observed for grain yield under various types of drought in rainfed lowland conditions.     

干旱胁迫对春大豆叶绿素含量和根系活力的影响

以抗旱性不同的3个春大豆品种为材料,对各生育时期不同干旱胁迫条件下叶片叶绿素含量、根系活力和根系相对含水率的变化进行了研究.结果表明:随干旱胁迫程度的增加,叶绿素含量、根系相对含水率显著降低;根系活力苗期＞开花期＞结荚期＞鼓粒期,根系相对含水率鼓粒期＞结荚期＞开花期＞苗期.在干旱胁迫条件下,叶绿素含量在苗期、根系活力在...     

不同时期干旱和干旱程度对夏玉米生长发育及耗水特性的影响

通过防雨棚下测坑试验,研究不同生育期干旱,设轻度干旱和重度干旱对夏玉米生长状况、耗水规律、产量以及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,不同生育期干旱均会抑制植株株高和叶面积指数增长,受旱越重,株高和叶面积指数越小。适宜水分处理的植株株高与叶面积长势优于其他处理;与适宜水分处理相比,随着干旱时期的后移,产量呈先降后升的趋势,其中,苗期轻度干旱的处理减产最少,为9.88%,抽雄期重度干旱穗粒数最少,为349.98粒,减产最多,达32.67%;夏玉米拔节期重度干旱处理的耗水量最低,为258.09 mm,任何生育阶段受旱,其日耗水量随着干旱程度的加重而降低。对各处理产量和耗水量进行分析,两者呈良好的二次曲线关系,拔节期轻度干旱处理的水分利用效率(WUE)最高,为2.202 kg/m3,其次是苗期重度干旱的处理,后期干旱处理由于减产幅度超过节水的幅度,WUE降低。通过对各处理的产量和WUE综合分析,确定了夏玉米节水高产的灌溉控制指标。     

Yield response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes to drought under rainfed lowland: 3. Plant factors contributing to drought resistance

A series of experiments were conducted in drought-prone northeast Thailand to examine the magnitude of yield responses of diverse genotypes to drought stress environments and to identify traits that may confer drought resistance to rainfed lowland rice. One hundred and twenty eight genotypes were grown under non-stress and four different types of drought stress conditions.Under severe drought conditions, the maintenance of PWP of genotypes played a significant role in determining final grain yield. Because of their smaller plant size (lower total dry matter at anthesis) genotypes that extracted less soil water during the early stages of the drought period, tended to maintain higher PWP and had a higher fertile panicle percentage, filled grain percentage and final grain yield than other genotypes. PWP was correlated with delay in flowering (r=−0.387) indicating that the latter could be used as a measure of water potential under stress. Genotypes with well-developed root systems extracted water too rapidly and experienced severe water stress at flowering. RPR which showed smaller coefficient of variation was more useful than root mass density in identifying genotypes with large root system.Under less severe and prolonged drought conditions, genotypes that could achieve higher plant dry matter at anthesis were desirable. They had less delay in flowering, higher grain yield and higher drought response index, indicating the importance of ability to grow during the prolonged stress period.Other shoot characters (osmotic potential, leaf temperature, leaf rolling, leaf death) had little effect on grain yield under different drought conditions. This was associated with a lack of genetic variation and difficulty in estimating trait values precisely.Under mild stress conditions (yield loss less than 50%), there was no significant relationship between the measured drought characters and grain yield. Under these mild drought conditions, yield is determined more by yield potential and phenotype than by drought resistant mechanisms per se.     

不同耐旱型玉米自交系冠层光合及产量对生殖生长期干旱胁迫的响应

在PVC管栽和大田条件下,采用裂区试验设计,主区为玉米自交系、裂区为水分处理,测定玉米冠层光合和产量等指标。结果表明,与对照(CK)相比,干旱胁迫(WS)处理下冠层叶色值(SPAD)、光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和叶面积指数(LAI)均呈下降趋势,耐旱性较强的黄早四(HZS)平均降幅小于耐旱性较弱的CML58,其SPAD和LAI的降幅较高期(R3)出现早于CML58(R5);干旱胁迫后,水分利用效率(WUE)呈升高趋势,HZS平均升幅高于CML58。HZS的SPAD、Pn、Tr、WUE、LAI、单株粒重、收获指数和群体产量均高于CML58。与CK相比,WS处理下HZS群体产量平均降幅低于CML58。综上,耐旱性较强的玉米自交系冠层光合参数对生殖生长期干旱胁迫响应相对滞后,可在干旱胁迫后维持相对较高的光合性能、水分利用效率和叶面积指数,促进植株干物质转化与子粒建成,最终获得较高产量。     

玉米花粒期干旱胁迫对植株矿质灰分的影响研究

采用水分池模拟试验研究花粒期干旱胁迫对不同土层、不同品种玉米根系、绿叶、子粒矿质灰分的影响。结果表明：干旱胁迫导致根系、绿叶、子粒矿质灰分显著增加,解除干旱后复水矿质灰分显著下降,并随生育进程逐步增加。干旱胁迫期根系和子粒矿质灰分试验品种之间差异显著,表现为成单19大于成单202和成单14,绿叶矿质灰分不同土层差异显著,表现为40 cm大于70 cm和100 cm,成熟期各器官的矿质灰分变化趋势与花粒期一致。根系、绿叶、子粒矿质灰分与土壤含水量、伤流量、冠层温差等水分胁迫指标典型相关分析还表明,主要器官的矿质灰分可以作为植株水分盈亏的诊断指标之一。     

苗期干旱对玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响

通过在防雨棚中进行的盆栽试验,以5个玉米杂交种(郑单958、郑单19、四单19、龙单13、鲁单981)为试材,研究了苗期轻度干旱和中度干旱对玉米产量和水分利用效率(wateruseefficiency,WUE)的影响。结果表明:5个品种的产量和耗水量均随干旱程度的加大而递减,四单19和龙单13的产量对干旱胁迫的敏感度小,耗水量对干旱胁迫的敏感度大(除四单19中度干旱)。轻度干旱提高了四单19和龙单13的WUE,中度干旱只提高了四单19的WUE,其它品种的WUE均随干旱程度的加大而递减。相关分析表明,WUE与抗旱指数呈显著正相关,WUE与产量呈显著正相关(除轻度干旱),但WUE与耗水量相关性不显著。四单19综合表现最好,在两种干旱胁迫处理下均同步实现了抗旱、节水、稳产的目标。     

Study of water stress effects in different growth stages on yield and yield components of different rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars

A field experiment was conducted during 2001-2003 to evaluate the effect of water stress on the yield and yield components of four rice cultivars commonly grown in Mazandaran province, Iran. In northern Iran irrigated lowland rice usually experiences water deficit during the growing season include of land preparation time, planting, tillering stage, flowering and grain filing period. Recently drought affected 20 of 28 provinces in Iran; with the southeastern, central and eastern parts of the country being most severely affected. The local and improved cultivars used were Tarom, Khazar, Fajr and Nemat. The different water stress conditions were water stress during vegetative, flowering and grain filling stages and well watered was the control. Water stress at vegetative stage significantly reduced plant height of all cultivars. Water stress at flowering stage had a greater grain yield reduction than water stress at other times. The reduction of grain yield largely resulted from the reduction in fertile panicle and filled grain percentage. Water deficit during vegetative, flowering and grain filling stages reduced mean grain yield by 21, 50 and 21% on average in comparison to control respectively. The yield advantage of two semidwarf varieties, Fajr and Nemat, were not maintained under drought stress. Total biomass, harvest index, plant height, filled grain, unfilled grain and 1000 grain weight were reduced under water stress in all cultivars. Water stress at vegetative stage effectively reduced total biomass due to decrease of photosynthesis rate and dry matter accumulation.     

玉米抽雄期抗旱性鉴定指标的研究

通过盆栽试验,以7个玉米杂交种(农单5号、沈单10、农大108、沈单16、郑单958、登海9号、鲁单981)为试验材料,研究了玉米抽雄期轻度干旱对玉米产量、叶片相对电导率、气孔阻力、蒸腾速率、脯氨酸含量和散粉至吐丝间隔天数等的影响。分析表明,轻度干旱胁迫下玉米各杂交种抗旱系数与叶片脯氨酸含量、气孔阻力、蒸腾速率呈正相关,与叶片相对电导率、玉米散粉至吐丝间隔天数呈显著负相关,上述指标和抗旱系数的相关性都达到显著水平。鉴定玉米抽雄期抗旱性应以抗旱指数为主,结合其他5项指标进行综合评价。