红麻茎发育的解剖研究初报

本文是对红麻茎发育进行解剖研究的结果。研究表明：红麻茎韧皮纤维层，木质部的发育均以旺长期最快；束纤维横切面积是后分化大于先分化的纤维束，而单纤维横切面积则是先分化大于后化分的纤维；红麻茎木质部发育的速度往往数倍于韧皮部；不同肥料对麻茎生长的影响，Ｎ肥以生长前期影响最大，而Ｋ肥对麻茎发育的影响以旺长期效果最为明显，作为造纸原料的红麻更应重施Ｋ肥。     

红麻茎发育的解剖研究

红麻茎的横切构造,自外向内包括麻皮(皮层、韧皮部)、麻骨(形成层、木质部和髓)。韧皮纤维是麻纺工业的重要原料之一;近年来,红麻全杆作为造纸工业原料得以开发利用。为了了解红麻茎发育的基本规律,中麻所陈祥云等对红麻韧皮部与木质部干重的比值做了较细致的研究,我们于1989年对麻茎的发育以及不同肥料对其影响进行了横切解剖观察研究,旨在了解麻茎发育动态和规律,为采取相应的栽培管理措施提供理论依据。     

硼对红麻生长发育及其产量的效应

用砂培和土培试验研究硼营养对红麻生长发育及其产量的效应,结果表明硼明显影响红麻的生长,尤其是根系的生长。适量施硼可促进麻株的生长速度,提高干物质积累量,加速麻茎纤维细胞的分化发育,增加茎横切面内纤维束数、单束纤维细胞数及纤维带厚度。而缺硼或硼过量的麻株,生长速率均不及适量施硼处理的,麻株各部位干物质的积累量也相对较少,纤维细胞的分化、仲长与增厚受阻,纤维群体结构发育不良。适施硼肥既提高株高、茎粗,又增加各部位干物质积累量及缝维带厚度,故产量明显增加。     

红麻水分胁迫及水、肥效应研究

本文研究了水分胁迫对红麻生长发育的影响及湘南红壤旱地红麻水、肥的调控效应.结果表明:水分胁迫降低了生长速度,减少了植株叶面积,抑制干物质积累,促进了根/冠比.旺长后期对水分胁迫的反应较旺长前期敏感.旱地红麻生育期短,生殖生长较强,生麻产量较低,种子产量较高.增施肥料结合覆盖或旺长后期(旱期)透灌一次,是红壤旱地红麻纤维、种子兼收高产高效的有效措施.     

红麻水分胁迫及水、肥效应研究

本文研究了水分胁迫对红麻生长发育的影响及湘南红壤旱地红麻水、肥的调控效应。结果表明 :水分胁迫降低了生长速度 ,减少了植株叶面积 ,抑制干物质积累 ,促进了根/冠比。旺长后期对水分胁迫的反应较旺长前期敏感。旱地红麻生育期短 ,生殖生长较强 ,生麻产量较低 ,种子产量较高。增施肥料结合覆盖或旺长后期 (旱期 )透灌一次 ,是红壤旱地红麻纤维、种子兼收高产高效的有效措施。     

红麻水分胁迫及水,肥效应研究

本文研究了水分胁迫对红麻生长发育的影响及湘南红壤旱地红麻水、肥的调控效应。结果表明：水分胁迫降低了生长速度,减少了植株叶面积,抑制干物质积累,促进了根／冠比,旺长后期对水分胁迫的反应较旺长前期敏感,旱地红麻生育期短,生殖生长较强,生麻产量较低,种子产量较高,增施肥料结合覆盖或旺长后期（旱期）透灌一次,是红壤旱地红麻纤维、种子兼收高产高效的有效措施。     

苎麻不同生长期的形态解剖、生理特性及其产量形成

本文通过对各季麻不同收获期的产量与7个性状的逐步回归分析表明,单位面积麻茎干重是决定产量的首要因素,其次是麻壳和麻骨干重,麻茎干重与麻骨、麻壳干重和株高呈极显著正相关,与茎粗呈不显著正相关。本文还观察了原麻增长速度以及各季麻的叶面积消长、麻茎解剖和苎麻的生理特性,结果表明,出叶速度、茎高增长高峰和光照强度相适应,麻茎的纤维层,韧皮部、木质部的厚度、单位面积纤维细胸胞数量,大小和胞壁厚度随着麻茎的生长而增大,但皮层厚度和单位面积纤维细胞数却相反。各季麻功能叶全氮含量在生长过程中的变化趋势是由高而低,而可溶性糖含量的变化趋势却相反,苎麻前期茎高、茎重增加快,生长后期纤维增加快。     

红麻全杆制浆造纸

红麻又名洋麻、槿麻Hibiscus Cannabinus,属锦葵科木槿属,一年生草本植物。株高3—5米,茎粗1—3厘米,生长期4—6个月。红麻易于种植,适应性强。我国每公顷产量有12—18吨,单位面积产量为松木的3—5倍。以重量计算,红麻全杆韧皮部占35—40％。韧皮部纤维属长纤维范畴,相似于松木纤维,木质部     

红麻茎中部韧皮纤维发育与主要农艺性状、纤维产量的关系及其简易观测方法

对红麻茎中部韧皮纤维发育与主要农艺性状、单株纤维产量的相互关系及其茎中部韧皮纤维发育的简易观测方法进行了研究。结果表明,麻株各性状间存在密切的内在联系,任一性状的改变均会引起相关性状的变化,导致单株纤维产量的增减。纤维群数和层数的增长分别有赖于茎粗、干茎重的直接作用;纤经束数、每束细胞数和纤维细胞总数均取决于干皮重的高低;茎中部纤维细胞总数主要受纤维束数和每束细胞数的制约,对单株纤维产量起着举足轻重的支配作用,可由公式N_C=P_b·P_c S_L·S_b·S_c求得。     

抓紧施足红麻长杆肥

据汉寿县反映,目前气温逐渐升高,红麻植株生长日益加快。当苗高达到1.5 尺左右,叶片出现五裂叶时,就标志着红麻已开始进入营养生长的旺长时期,麻杆纤维发育加陕,茎杆迅速增高,因而需要吸收大量的养料和水分,才能满足其生长的需要,即红麻对肥、水需要量最大的时期。     

Effects of plant growth regulator treatments on stem vascular tissue development in linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)

Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is a widely grown source of industrial and edible oil. Other varieties of the same species (flax) are cultivated for the long, strong bast fibres of their stems. The bast fibres of linseed generally go unused, although there is growing interest in developing linseed into a dual-purpose flax from which both seed and fibre could be utilized. Towards this objective, an improved understanding is required of the role of plant growth regulators in stem and fibre development in linseed. We have tested the effects of applying varying combinations of gibberellic acid (GA₃), the auxin indole-3-acetic acid, and a GA biosynthesis inhibitor (paclobutrazol) to an elite linseed variety (CDC Bethune). Results showed that GA stimulated stem elongation, stem expansion and the proliferation, expansion, elongation and cell wall thickening of xylem fibres. The impact of GA on phloem tissues was less apparent, although GA had a positive effect on the number of bast fibres observed in stem transverse section, and GA₃ application in combination with IAA increased the thickness of bast fibre secondary walls nearly two-fold. Other than the bast fibre cell walls, IAA treatments (alone or in combination with GA₃) did not affect most aspects of linseed stem development, suggesting that the observed effects of GA were not mediated by cross-talk with IAA. The relationships defined here between GA, stem architecture, and bast fibre properties in linseed provide a useful framework for manipulation of fibre properties through breeding, biotechnology, and field treatments.     

湘南丘岗地区水稻轻简施肥技术的效应研究

通过田间小区试验,系统研究了在几种轻简施肥技术条件下双季早、晚稻的生育特性、养分吸收规律、肥料养分的当季利用率、经济性状和产量效应以及土壤速效养分的变化规律。结果表明：在轻简施肥技术条件下,双季稻前期早发不明显,中期成穗率高,后期根旺叶健不早衰;早、晚稻不同生育时期的干物质积累量与养分的吸收量具有相似性;早稻前期氮、磷、钾吸收量最低,绝大部分氮、磷、钾养分是在中、后期吸收的,晚稻前期的氮、磷、钾吸收量明显高于早稻,后期的氮、磷、钾吸收量大多低于早稻,不同处理之间差异不大。各轻简施肥处理均能提高早稻对氮和磷的表观利用率,以“湘珠专用肥”处理效果最好,但不能提高早稻对钾的表观利用率;晚稻轻简施肥处理“湘珠专用肥”也能明显提高水稻对肥料氮和钾的表观利用率。轻简施肥处理的水稻产量明显高于当地习惯施肥处理。     

Effect of sowing date and plant density on the cell morphology of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)

A range of papers report a major effect of agronomic procedures on the growth, biomass, fibre yield and fibre quality of hemp. The aim of this paper is to examine the influence of sowing date, seed density and year on histological characteristics of hemp (size of the different layers in the cross section of the stem, area of primary fibre cells and their cell lumen, size of fibre cell wall). It was realised that a higher seed density resulted in a reduction of almost all layers in the cross section of the stem. A similar effect was caused by the drought 1998, whereas the sowing date had almost no influence on the size of the various layers. The area of primary fibre cells was smaller in 1998. Sowing date and seed density did not affect the fibre cell area and area of cell lumen in the way mentioned above during the 2 years of the trial. During this period the size of cell wall was mainly determined by climatic conditions. Higher elongation and higher tensile strength of hemp planted at higher seed density is probably caused by differences in primary cell morphology.     

“三防三促”调控技术对高产花生农艺性状和产量的影响

高产花生由于较高的肥水供应和较大的种植密度，生育中期易徒长倒伏、叶部病害较重，生育后期易脱肥早衰。以解决这个问题为目标，课题组创建了“三防三促”调控技术：一是精准化控，防徒长倒伏，促进物质分配和运转；二是提早用药，防病保叶，促进光合产物积累；三是叶面追肥，防后期早衰，促进荚果充实饱满。在高产栽培条件下，设置CK（常规管理）、T1（精准化控）、T2（精准化控+提早用药）、T3（精准化控+提早用药+叶面追肥）4个处理，进一步验证“三防三促”调控技术的增产效果。结果表明：T1、T2和T3处理均显著提高了高产花生饱果期和成熟期的叶片叶绿素含量和根系活力，显著提高了叶片SOD、POD和CAT活性，降低了MDA含量，各指标以T3处理效果最显著，其次是T2处理。T1、T2和T3处理均显著降低了成熟期的主茎高、侧枝长和主茎节数，提高了分枝数、主茎绿叶数和叶面积指数。对地上部植株生长的控制主要是精准化控的作用，而生育后期较大的叶面积指数主要是提早用药和叶面追肥的作用。T1、T2和T3处理均显著提高了单株结果数、单株果重、荚果产量以及经济系数，其中T1、T2、T3处理分别比CK增产20.35%、26.39%和30.62%。T2和T3处理的出仁率分别比CK提高1.84和3.02个百分点，说明T2和T3处理能提高籽仁饱满度。“三防三促”调控技术的应用是高产栽培条件下花生产量进一步提高的关键技术措施之一。     

Characterization for industrial purposes of the fibre anatomy of perennial ryegrass and tall fescue stem and leaf at three stages in the primary growth

Characterization of grass fibre is important in assessing its potential for industrial fibre applications. Stem and leaf sections were sampled from triplicate field plots of two grass species, perennial ryegrass (PRG) and tall fescue at three dates (monthly from 12 May) in the primary growth, and were used to (a) isolate individual fibre cells and (b) prepare transverse sections. Microscopy and image analysis software were used to determine the length and width of individual fibre cells and the proportion of lignified fibre in stem and leaf transverse sections. The length and width of individual fibre cells were greater (P < 0·001) in stem than in leaf sections, while individual fibre cell length was greater (P < 0·01) for tall fescue than PRG. Harvest date and grass species had little effect (P > 0·05) on the proportion of lignified fibre in the transverse‐sectional area. However, there was a greater (P < 0·001) proportion of lignified fibre in the transverse‐sectional area of grass stems than leaves, with tall fescue having a greater (P < 0·05) stem and leaf transverse‐sectional area and area of lignified fibre in transverse section than PRG. Tall fescue harvested at a later stage of growth, with higher proportions of stem than leaf tissue, may be more suitable for industrial fibre applications.     

晚播晚栽机插水稻群体生长特征及其调控策略

目的 探究水稻机械化移栽应用中长期存在的晚播晚栽机插稻的特殊应用价值,方法 在苏南设置大田试验,分析了晚播晚栽机插水稻的产量表现及其群体生产特征,并设置密度和穗肥施用处理,解析栽培措施对晚播晚栽机插水稻群体发育和产量形成的影响。结果 机插水稻晚播晚栽产量出现一定程度的下降,主要原因是单位面积穗数和每穗粒数降低。晚播晚栽机插稻群体高峰苗出现时间相对前移,茎蘖成穗率则明显下降。同化物质积累和运转均受到一定影响,抽穗期茎鞘中非结构性碳水化合物积累下降,茎鞘物质输出率和转换率也呈下降趋势。可见,晚播晚栽机插水稻存在物质生产和产量形成的必然劣势。增加栽植密度,单位面积穗数显著增加,干物质积累量上升,产量明显提高。在同一密度条件下,随着穗肥施氮量水平的提高,产量表现为先上升后下降的趋势,过多穗肥施用不利于晚播晚栽机插稻结实期的物质积累。较高密度配合适宜水平的穗肥施用,可提     

杂交中稻广两优香5的营养特性与施肥效应研究

采用田间试验的方法,研究了杂交中稻广两优香5的营养特性与施肥效应。结果表明,在生育前期广两优香5对氮、磷需求量大,中后期钾素吸收增加;养分对其产量构成因子的影响上表现为氮钾磷;结合模拟的最佳施肥量和经济施肥量,推荐了江汉平原地区中等肥力条件下的施肥量为氮170~200 kg/hm2、磷70~100 kg/hm2、钾105~135 kg/hm2。     

控制重茬大豆危害施肥技术优选

采用田间进行了重茬大豆施肥技术组合筛选,NPK不同组合可明显促进重茬大豆生长发育,主要表现在增加大豆株高、提高大豆地上和地下生长,增加干物质积累;NPK配合可促进大豆根瘤数量和重量的增加,N3P4K5 叶面肥在大豆分枝期(V5)、开花期(R2)和鼓粒期(R6)三个时期都明显增加大豆优质根瘤比率;NPK配合可增加大豆叶面积指数、生物产量和光合势,其中N3P4K5和N3P4K5 叶面肥对大豆生长发育促进作用最为明显,N3P4K5 叶面肥产量最高,较对照增产22.7%,增加了大豆有效荚数、单株粒数和单株粒重,各处理对大豆百粒重影响不大.     

氮肥施用时期对啤酒大麦籽粒醇溶蛋白组分含量和β-淀粉酶活性的影响

氮肥施用时期显著影响籽粒蛋白质含量、B醇溶蛋白和C醇溶蛋白组分含量,而对D醇溶蛋白组分含量的影响不显著;与前期施氮相比,后期施用氮肥显著增加籽粒蛋白质和三种醇溶蛋白组分的含量。品种对B、C醇溶蛋白含量的影响要比氮肥施用时期大,而籽粒蛋白质和D醇溶蛋白含量的差异主要是由氮肥施用时期的差异引起的。生育后期施用氮肥增加β-淀粉酶活性。     

氮磷钾追施对夏大豆产量的影响

氮肥和磷钾肥追施试验表明:适量的氮磷钾肥后移不仅能提高产量,且有一定的经济效益。增产幅度和效益的顺序为:氮肥后移>磷肥后移>钾肥后移。氮肥后移适宜比例为50%左右,宜初花期一次追施或初花期、鼓粒期二次追施;30%以上的磷钾肥可后移至初花期追施。生产上应提倡氮肥后移;在基施磷钾肥不足时,还应追施磷钾肥。