玉米O2和Wx基因内及O16基因连锁SSR位点的等位变异研究

以13个o2o2基因型的高赖氨酸玉米自交系、3个o16o16基因型的高赖氨酸玉米自交系、13个wxwx基因型的糯玉米自交系和8个普通玉米自交系为材料,用3个02基因内SSR标记(umc1066、phi057和phi112)、2个与o16基因连锁的SSR标记(umc1141和umc1121)和2个wx基因内SSR标记(phi027和phi061)检测上述材料的基因组DNA,了解3个基因内共7个SSR位点的等位变异情况.结果表明,7个SSR位点均有丰富的等位变异,这些变异可导致o2o2与O2O2基因型、o16o16与O16O16基因型间子粒赖氨酸含量的差异以及wxwx与WxWx基因型间糯性的差异.     

玉米O2和Wx基因内及O16基因连锁SSR位点的等位变异研究

以13个o2o2基因型的高赖氨酸玉米自交系、3个o16o16基因型的高赖氨酸玉米自交系、13个wxwx基因型的糯玉米自交系和8个普通玉米自交系为材料,用3个o2基因内SSR标记(umc1066、phi057和phil12)、2个与o16基因连锁的SSR标记(umc1141和umc1121)和2个wx基因内SSR标记(phi027和phi061)检测上述材料的基因组DNA,了解3个基因内共7个SSR位点的等位变异情况。结果表明,7个SSR位点均有丰富的等位变异,这些变异可导致o2o2与O2O2基因型、o16o16与O16O16基因型间子粒赖氨酸含量的差异以及wxwx与WxWx基因型间糯性的差异。     

四川地方小麦品种产量与品质相关性状SSR标记位点的优异等位变异遗传解析

为发掘控制小麦产量及品质相关性状的优异等位变异和携带优异等位变异的基因资源,本研究采用与小麦产量及品质相关性状显著关联的13个SSR标记,利用Breseghello提出的无效等位变异(null allele)方法对64份四川地方小麦品种构成的自然群体的等位变异进行遗传解析。共鉴定出38个控制产量相关性状、18个控制品质相关性状的等位变异。其中,7份四川地方小麦品种携带有较多的等位变异(50个)。优异等位变异分析显示,等位变异产生的表型效应值在方向和大小上均有所不同,在与产量性状关联的5个优异等位变异中,2个具有较大增效效应值(效应值3.00),其余3个则具有较大的减效效应值(效应值3.00);与品质性状关联的12个优异等位变异中,9个具有较大的增效效应值,3个具有较大的减效效应值。SSR标记Xgwm372的4个等位变异与产量和品质相关性状均显著关联。基于上述研究结果,这些与小麦产量与品质相关性状显著关联的SSR等位变异可为小麦育种杂交亲本的选择和分子辅助选择育种提供依据。     

基于SSR标记关联分析挖掘大豆灰斑病10号生理小种抗病资源

培育灰斑病抗性品种可降低灰斑病对大豆生产的危害。本研究以202份黑龙江省近25年主栽的大豆品种构建关联群体,在人工接种条件下鉴定大豆品种对灰斑病10号生理小种抗病指数。利用187对SSR标记对遗传多样性、群体结构和连锁不平衡位点进行分析,通过GLM 和MLM两种模型对大豆品种的灰斑病抗性与标记进行关联分析,进一步分析抗性关联位点等位变异与抗性表型效应关系。结果表明：202份大豆品种对灰斑病10号生理小种抗性遗传变异系数为14.26%;187个标记在群体中共获得809个等位变异,平均等位变异为4.42个,变幅2~10个,其中17号染色体的平均PIC值最高（0.64）,12号染色体的平均PIC值最低（0.26）;检测到稀有等位变异146个,特有等位变异位点58个;无论共线性组合位点还是非共线性组合位点均存在不同程度LD,连锁不平衡P<0.05支持的对数占总对数的21.65%;202份大豆品种被划分为3个亚群,亚群POP1与POP3之间遗传距离最小（0.03）,亚群POP2与POP3之间遗传距离最大（0.35）;两种模型共同检测到11个SSR标记与灰斑病10号生理小种抗性显著关联,其中位于3号染色体上的Satt549的贡献率最大,可解释表型变异14.74%;具有增效效应的等位变异共有24个,增效效应超过10的等位变异有7个,增效效应最大为Satt703-247（19.62）,典型载体材料为合丰29;其次是Satt587-185（19.58）,典型载体材料为东农50;Satt549位点增效等位变异的平均效应值最高（13.87）,Sat_366位点增效等位变异的平均效应值最低（0.84）。聚合优异等位变异和载体材料可为培育抗灰斑病品种的亲本选配和后代等位条带辅助选择提供依据。     

257份玉米自交系分子ID的构建

选取分布于玉米染色体10个连锁群上的100对SSR引物, 筛选出64对多态性稳定的引物对257份玉米自交系进行检测, 共检测出422个等位变异, 每对引物检测到的等位变异数范围在3～9个, 平均6.59个。根据引物的等位基因变异数, 将电泳谱带的统计结果数字化, 采用资源特征分析软件IDAnalysis1.0进行数据分析, 结果表明, 仅需10对引物(bnlg1154、bnlg1451、bnlg244、bnlg125、umc1127、umc1016、bnlg2291、umc2122、umc1545、bnlg197)就可构建一套供试自交系的分子ID, 可以快速、有效地区分玉米自交系。     

黑龙江省大豆推广品种农艺和品质性状优异等位变异的发掘

发掘推广品种的农艺和品质性状优异等位变异和载体材料可为培育优质大豆品种提供遗传信息和育种资源。本研究以200份黑龙江省近年大豆推广品种为试验材料,利用187对SSR标记进行全基因组扫描,分析群体结构,采用TASSEL软件的GLM方法对标记与3个农艺性状、蛋白质含量及油分含量进行关联分析。结果表明：10 个SSR标记与百粒重关联,其中表型效应值最大的优异等位变异为Sat-149-192,载体材料为东农57;8个SSR标记 与株高关联,表型效应值最大的等位变异是Satt413-206,载体材料为赤豆1号;13个SSR标记与生育期关联,表型 效应值最大的等位变异是Satt631-180,载体材料为黑农61;5个SSR标记与油分含量关联,表型效应值最大的等位 变异是Satt234-138,载体材料为合丰55;9个SSR标记与蛋白质含量关联,表型效应值最大的等位变异是Satt632- 293,其载体材料为东农43。上述等位变异的信息为培育提供了亲本选配和后代等位条带辅助选择的依据。     

黑龙江省大豆推广品种农艺品质性状优异等位变异发掘

发掘推广品种的农艺和品质性状优异等位变异和载体材料可为培育优质大豆品种提供遗传信息和育种资源。本研究以200份黑龙江省近年大豆推广品种为试验材料,利用187对SSR标记进行全基因组扫描,分析群体结构,采用TASSEL软件的GLM方法对标记与3个农艺性状、蛋白质含量及油分含量进行关联分析。结果表明:10个SSR标记与百粒重关联,其中表型效应值最大的优异等位变异为Sat-149-192,载体材料为东农57;8个SSR标记与株高关联,表型效应值最大的等位变异是Satt413-206,载体材料为赤豆1号;13个SSR标记与生育期关联,表型效应值最大的等位变异是Satt631-180,载体材料为黑农61;5个SSR标记与油分含量关联,表型效应值最大的等位变异是Satt234-138,载体材料为合丰55;9个SSR标记与蛋白质含量关联,表型效应值最大的等位变异是Satt632-293,其载体材料为东农43。上述等位变异的信息为培育提供了亲本选配和后代等位条带辅助选择的依据。     

小麦茎秆强度关联位点及优异等位变异分析

为发掘与小麦茎秆强度紧密关联标记位点的优异等位变异和携带优异等位变异的载体资源,本研究以126份小麦种质为材料,基于混合线性模型（mixed linear model,MLM）对2011-2012、2012-2013和2013-2014三个年度的茎秆强度进行标记位点关联分析,并对关联住点等位变异的表型效应进行分析。结果表明,wmc83(2B)、gwm539(2D)、barc358(5A)、barc59(5B)和barc134(6B)均与茎秆强度显著关联,且可在3个环境下同时检测到,表型解释率均大于8%;共发掘出11种优异等位变异,分别为wmc83-A110、wmc83-A147、wmc83-A151、gwm539-A120、barc358-A179/161、barc358-A185/161、barc358-A185/179、barc358-A190/161、barc59-A182、barc59-A191和barc134-A194,其中wmc83-A110的增效效应最大。供试材料的茎秆强度随优异等位变异聚合数目的增多而增大,其中黄淮南片麦区、黄淮北片麦区、长江中下游麦区和西南麦区的供试材料中携带2（40.3%）、1（27.8%）、1（35.3%）和4（50.0%）种优异等位变异的分布频率最高。内麦10号等9份材料聚合4种及以上的优异等位变异,且茎秆强度较高,可作为相应麦区小麦茎秆强度遗传改良的种质资源。     

小麦产量相关性状的全基因组关联分析

为挖掘小麦产量相关性状的优异等位变异,利用筛选的106对多态性SSR标记扫描236份小麦种质资源组成的自然群体,并进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,利用106对引物共检测到874个等位变异,每对引物平均为8.24个,变化范围为2～23个;主要等位变异频率的变化范围为0.177～0.987,平均为0.545;多态性信息指数(PIC)的变化范围0.026～0.895,平均0.550。采用混合线性模型对4个环境的株高、穗长、主穗粒数、单株穗数和千粒重进行关联分析后,共关联到20对SSR标记,有26个显著关联位点(P0.01),其表型解释率范围为6.25%～18.97%。其中,标记 Xgwm164(1A)在4个环境下均与株高显著关联;Xgwm55(6D)同时与株高和穗长两个性状显著关联; Xwmc415(5B)在2个环境下与单株穗数显著关联。通过对等位变异表型效应的解析筛选出各关联位点的优异等位变异,包括可以降低株高4.24cm的优异等位变异 Xgwm164-1A_(118)、可以增加穗长0.75cm的优异等位变异 Xgwm429-2B_(207)、可以增加单株穗数1.07个的优异等位变异 Xwmc415-5B_(154)、可以增加主穗粒数1.93粒的优异等位变异 Xgwm232-1D_(138)及可以增加千粒重0.92g的优异等位变异 Xgwm610-4A_(170)。     

外引大麦农艺性状SSR关联位点及等位变异表型效应分析

为了发掘引进大麦携带的优异等位变异,对55份引进大麦材料进行了混合模型（MLM）关联分析和对关联位点等位变异的表型效应进行分析。结果表明,经MLM关联分析,共检测出15个SSR位点与株高、穗长、穗下茎长、千粒重、全生育期等5个农艺性状相关联,其对性状的解释率为3.19%~24.30%,位点GBMS2 和HVM33同时分别与株高、穗长、千粒重等多个性状关联。经表型效应分析,7个位点上的22个有效等位变异中,6个等位变异对穗长、株高和千粒重表现为正向效应,其余对穗长、株高和千粒重表现为负向效应。各等位变异平均效应主要为减效,仅株高、千粒重关联位点的等位变异平均效应为增效。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.     

Applied Biotechnology to Combat Late Blight in Potato Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora Infestans</Emphasis>

Potato is an important crop, grown worldwide. It suffers from many pests and diseases among which late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is the worst. The disease is still causing major damage in many potato production areas and control is only possible by applying fungicides frequently. The knowledge on the molecular biology and genetics of the interaction between the plant and the oomycete is developing rapidly. These are relevant fields of study, currently dominated by the discovery of many resistance genes and numerous effector proteins and the analysis of their specific mode of action. These studies may yield essential information needed for the development of durable resistance. The long-term and worldwide effort to breed for resistance so far has had little effect. A novel breeding approach may change this. It is based on cisgenic modification (CM) consisting of marker-free pyramiding of several resistance genes and their spatial and temporal deployment yielding dynamic varieties that contain potato genes only. It is envisioned that this CM approach with potato’s own genes will not only prove societally acceptable but may also result in simplifications in the legislation on use of the CM approach. Various parties in the potato research arena intend to cooperate in this novel approach in a number of developing countries where potato substantially contributes to food security. The use of resources such as land, water and energy improves when the effect of late blight is markedly reduced.     

Resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potato virus Y</Emphasis> in a Multitrait Potato Breeding Scheme without Direct Selection in Each Generation

In an experimental breeding scheme to improve late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and white potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) resistance of tetraploid potato over three generations of crossing and selection, 15 clones survived the final selection, and these were derived from 15 great-grandparents. There was no direct selection for resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), but 14 out of the 15 great-grandparents were resistant to PVY and three had extreme resistance. Thirteen of the 15 descendants had PVY resistance and one extreme resistance. This was within the range expected for a random (unselected) sample from the genotypes of the great-grandparents. Hence, we found no evidence for any positive or negative association between PVY resistance and the attributes selected. The conclusion is that laborious selection is not required in every generation when many parents have PVY resistance, including some with more than one copy of a PVY resistance gene or resistance at more than one locus. However, in the future, determining the major virus resistance genes present in potential parents in each generation using diagnostic molecular markers would prevent susceptible × susceptible crosses being made and maximise the number of resistant × resistant ones.