兼业化程度对玉米种植农户农地经营权转出行为的影响研究

本文以吉林省玉米种植农户为研究样本开展实地调研，通过二元Logistic回归模型分析探究兼业化程度对玉米种植农户农地经营权转出行为影响的作用机理，为加快农地经营权流转进程相关政策决策提供依据。回归结果显示，兼业化在一定程度上影响了农户的农地经营权转出行为。首先，非农户与二兼农户更愿意参与农地经营权转出，即农户收入中非农收入比例越高，农户越愿意转出农地；其次，农户兼业劳动力人口比越高，农户越愿意转出农地经营权。同时，研究发现户主最高学历、户主健康状况、家庭年收入、农机具总价值、流转价格认知都对农户参与农地经营权转出行为有一定的影响。为促进玉米种植农户农地经营权快速流转，应提高农业兼业化程度。     

东北玉米种植户农业生产性服务采纳行为差异研究——基于兼业异质性视角

利用辽宁省和吉林省黄金玉米带地区的564份农户调研数据,采用Probit模型分析兼业农户不同类型农业生产性服务采纳行为差异,从兼业异质性视角探讨不同类型兼业农户农业生产性服务采纳行为的差异及原因。研究结果表明,兼业农户对劳动密集型服务采纳的概率大于对技术密集型采纳的概率,且兼业化程度低的农户采纳生产性服务的概率大于兼业化程度高的农户。针对研究结论,提出相关政策建议。     

农户选择玉米新品种行为及影响因素分析

自2000年《中华人民共和国种子法》正式颁布后,农户可更加自主的选择新品种。吉林省作为我国著名商品粮生产大省,在全国粮食主产省份中占重要位置,其农户对新品种的选择行为具有典型性和代表性。基于吉林省粮食主产区129个农户的调查数据,运用Logistic模型对吉林省农户选择玉米新品种行为及影响因素进行实证分析。研究结果表明,吉林省农户选择玉米新品种行为受多种因素的影响,玉米种植规模、受教育年限、增产效果、对种子熟悉程度、新品种宣传推广力度、农户种植经验、农户风险偏好对农户选择玉米新品种行为有正向影响,玉米种植收入占总收入比重、种子价格对农户选择玉米新品种行为有负向影响。在此基础上,从资金投入、价格、品种、新品种宣传推广力度4个方面提出调动吉林省农户选择玉米新品种积极性的相应对策。     

农户玉米收获环节损失影响因素分析

利用全国25个省2186份玉米种植户的实地调查数据评估玉米收获环节的损失率,并利用OLS模型和Tobit模型分别分析影响农户收获损失的影响因素,其中影响农户收获环节玉米损失的原因有户主年龄、户主文化程度、玉米商品化率、收获方式、收获时作业精细度和收获时人手充裕度。从提高农户文化程度、改进玉米收获机械的工艺水平和提高收获人员的作业态度提出政策。     

农业产业化地区玉米生产技术效率研究

运用两阶段双重自助抽样DEA方法研究农业产业化地区玉米生产技术效率,研究结果表明,72.6%的农户玉米生产技术效率值处于无效区间,在影响农户玉米生产技术效率的因素中,农户投资规模对玉米生产技术效率具有负效应,表明农户玉米生产投资已进入无效率区间,进一步提高投资规模,已不能提升农户玉米生产技术效率。此外,政府给予玉米种植补贴对玉米生产技术效率的提高并不显著。     

农户玉米生产技术效率及影响因素研究——基于黑龙江省农村固定观察点数据

当前我国粮食安全面临诸多挑战,持续提升农户玉米生产技术效率有利于释放生产潜力、提升玉米产量。以黑龙江省玉米种植农户为研究对象,采用随机前沿模型测度农户玉米生产技术效率,使用技术效率损失模型确定技术效率影响因素。结果表明,样本农户玉米生产平均技术效率0.878 7,在6.67 hm2以内经营规模与技术效率呈倒"U"型关系,是否转入农地经营对技术效率有负向影响;农户劳动力规模、全年总收入等6个因素对技术效率有正向影响,化肥和除草剂投入量对技术效率近乎无影响。提出引导农户适度规模经营,推进化肥除草剂减量化施用和强化对农业的支持等政策建议。     

我国玉米生产要素配置效率研究——基于黑龙江、河南和四川3个玉米主产省的调查

基于黑龙江、河南、四川3个玉米主产省份742个地块的调查数据，运用两阶段数据包络分析法对3省玉米生产要素配置效率进行测算，分析其相关影响因素。结果表明，3个玉米主产省平均要素配置效率为0.69，存在较大的效率损失。户主务农年限、政治身份、地块规模以及村年人均纯收入对玉米生产要素配置效率具有显著正向作用，户主年龄显著抑制了玉米生产要素配置效率的提升。黑龙江省玉米生产的要素配置水平显著高于河南、四川省。针对研究结论，提出相关对策建议。     

玉米条带耕作密植高产技术应用效果评价——基于示范户与非示范户的连续跟踪数据

利用辽宁省铁岭市蔡牛镇玉米生产农户2018～2019年连续跟踪实地调研数据,对春玉米条带耕作密植高产技术的应用经济效果进行分析,并基于随机前沿生产函数模型对农户玉米生产的技术效率进行评价。研究表明,种粮大户、合作社等有较大生产规模、农业收入占家庭总收入比重大、户主受教育程度较高的农户更倾向于应用技术,普通农户应用技术比例较低。不论是灾害年还是正常年,春玉米条带耕作密植高产技术显著提高了玉米生产农户的经济效益和技术效率,与正常年份比,在灾害年份更能发挥提高经济效益、技术效率的优势。政府应加大对该技术的宣传力度,提高农民专业素质,鼓励农户规模化经营,加大技术补贴力度,以提高春玉米条带耕作密植高产技术的应用。     

农户采用水稻新技术的影响因素研究——以江苏兴化、高邮两市的调查为案例

改革开放以后,由于我国农村实行家庭联产承包责任制,对调动农民生产积极性及推动我国农业进步起到了很重要的作用。但是,在新形势下,这种小规模的生产方式在一定程度上阻碍了农户采用农业新技术的积极性,阻碍了农业生产的进一步发展。笔者通过对江苏省兴化市钓鱼镇、高邮市周巷镇195户农户水稻新技术采用行为的实证研究,得出以下结论：影响农户技术采用的内部环境因素有户主文化程度、人口和劳动力数量及土地面积等,其中户主文化程度和土地面积对农户决策的影响较大;影响农户决策的外部环境因素主要有新技术成本与效益、政策、市场、意见领袖作用和推广服务体系等。     

不同规模玉米种植技术效率差异分析——基于随机前沿生产函数与农户微观数据的研究

基于黑龙江、辽宁、河北和山东4个省的372组调研数据,运用倾向得分匹配法和随机前沿模型得到玉米种植农户生产效率模型,依据最大似然检测判断不同规模玉米种植户的生产效率模型,分别估算农户生产效率模型和生产效率水平。结果表明,匹配前的大规模农户效率高于小规模农户,匹配后结果相反。以研究结论为基础,本文为难以改变或不愿意改变玉米种植面积的农户提供效率水平提升的参考依据和建议。     

In vitro reproduction in the annual pasture legumes subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.)

Pasture legumes are important components of both mixed farming rotations and permanent pastures in temperate climates. Breeding of two widely sown pasture legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), is constrained by the long generation cycle, typically enabling only one generation per year. We hypothesized manipulation of culture medium and conditions would enable the development of a laboratory‐based protocol for in vitro reproduction in subterranean clover and French serradella. In vitro flowering and viable seed set was induced from both species. For subterranean clover, the most effective treatment was culturing on modified MS medium with 1 μm kinetin and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and continuous photoperiod. For French serradella, culture on a hormone‐free B5 medium with 5 mm NH₄Cl and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and 20 h photoperiod was optimum. It is expected this technique will have application in accelerating generation turnover within breeding programs, for the study of factors influencing flowering in pasture legumes, and for the propagation of valuable yet enfeebled plants such as embryo‐rescued hybrids.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Estimation of lucerne yield stability for enabling effective cultivar selection under rainfed conditions

Evaluation of crop and forage yield stability is of increasing relevance in the context of current and recent environmental changes but, in contrast to other field crops, there are no published systematic analyses among forage crops in Europe. A study of stability performance was conducted with 13 Czech cultivars of lucerne at four locations over a 2‐year period with the following aims: (a) to evaluate yield stability of varieties across different environments and (b) to calculate measurable benefits of variety selection in relation to the specific environment. The cultivar Vlasta was identified as the highest yielding cultivar (annual yield 16.0 t DM/ha), whereas the lowest yielding cv. Magda, Tereza and Oslava averaged around 14.9 t DM/ha. Effect of genotype × environment interaction (G × E) was two times higher than for genotype alone. Additive main effects and the multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model showed that the highest yielding cultivars may not be stable across environments. This study demonstrated further that significant yield improvement could be detected, even among a relatively homogenous group of domestic cultivars, and this was driven mainly by site productivity: the improvement was +10% in low‐yielding sites, compared with +3% in high‐yielding sites. Results highlight that advanced agronomy should also consider stability parameters such as AMMI stability value or superiority measures for forage crops in response to the challenges associated with climate change.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

稻文化的再思考3:稻与社稷——印度、泰国等东南亚、南亚主要国家

东南亚、南亚地区是世界上重要的稻米产区,稻米在民众饮食生活和国家社会政治中占有重要地位,民众生活中也保存了非常悠久和丰富的稻作文化习俗及稻谷起源神话传说。本文分析了水稻在东南亚、南亚主要国家印度、印度尼西亚、泰国、越南、菲律宾、孟加拉国、缅甸的作用、地位、生产、消费、文化等情况,并指出了印度、印度尼西亚稻文化的主要标志。     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Model of wheat yield response to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum)

A general model of crop yield response to herbicide application is proposed. The model includes three components: the effect of herbicide dosage on weed density, the effect of surviving weed density on crop yield and the effect of herbicide directly on the crop. The model is used to estimate the response of wheat yield to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in Australia. It is found that the competitiveness of ryegrass plants surviving treatment is reduced by the treatment and that the proportion of yield loss at a given ryegrass density is not independent of the absolute weed-free yield. The response function is used to calculate economic thresholds and optimal herbicide dosages.