不同处理对刺葡萄愈伤组织花青素和原花青素生物合成的 影响

以刺葡萄 2 个同质不同型的愈伤组织细胞系为材料,研究不同处理因子对其花青素和原花青素合成能力的影 响。试验结果表明,刺葡萄 DLR 细胞系具有高产花青素和原花青素的能力,在培养至 45 d 时,其花青素与原花青素的 含量均达到最高值,分别为 113.85 μg/g（FW）和 3 562.95 μg/g（FW）;低温、高温、肉桂酸、壳聚糖、紫外线、黑暗 和 KT 等因子,对 DLR 细胞系花青素和原花青素的累积表现出不同的效应;其中,4 ℃低温处理下,DLR 细胞花青素 的积累效果最佳,比对照提高了 2.14 倍;壳聚糖处理下,原花青素积累效果最佳,是对照的 2.84 倍。刺葡萄 DLW 细 胞系不具有或极低的花青素和原花青素合成能力,处理因子调控对其作用效果不明显。本研究的结论为进一步进行刺 葡萄细胞花青素和原花青素合成调控奠定了基础。     

ALA对刺葡萄愈伤组织生长及主要抗氧化物质积累的影响

以刺葡萄红色愈伤组织为材料,研究不同浓度ALA处理对刺葡萄愈伤组织生物量及主要抗氧化物质（黄酮类化合物、原花青素和花色苷）积累量的影响,明确ALA与刺葡萄愈伤组织生长、主要抗氧化活性物质合成的相关性。结果表明：中低浓度（0.05~1.0 mg/L）ALA可促进刺葡萄愈伤组织生长,显著增加刺葡萄愈伤组织的生物量;同时,中低浓度ALA能显著增加刺葡萄细胞中黄酮类化合物、原花青素和花色苷的含量;高浓度（2.0~5.0 mg/L）ALA会抑制刺葡萄愈伤组织生长,并最终导致褐变死亡;刺葡萄愈伤组织主要抗氧化物质积累也存在显著的培养阶段差异,在ALA最适浓度0.05 mg/L时,刺葡萄细胞中黄酮类化合物含量最高可达272.48 μg/g（培养45 d）、花色苷含量最高达107.24 μg/g（培养35 d）、原花青素含量最高达1630.16 μg/g（培养45 d）。由结果可知,ALA可以定向调控刺葡萄愈伤组织细胞中主要抗氧化物质的生物合成。     

重庆不同品种葡萄酿酒过程中原花青素含量变化

[目的]为葡萄原花青素利用提供理论依据。[方法]测定重庆地区4个不同品种葡萄酿酒前后、酿酒过程中不同阶段原花青素含量变化,以及原花青素含量与pH、色度的关系。[结果]不同品种葡萄果汁和酒液原花青素含量不同,同一品种在不同发酵阶段酒液原花青素含量不同,葡萄酒原花青素含量与果汁原花青素含量、酒液酸度和色度呈显著正相关;果汁原花青素含量越高,所酿葡萄酒液原花青素含量越高。在一定范围内(3.2~4.0)酒液pH越高,原花青素含量越高,酒液色度值越大。[结论]葡萄原花青素利用价值较大,可进一步研究利用。     

‘红阳’猕猴桃中花青素转录调控因子AdGL3的克隆及表达分析

为阐明转录因子在猕猴桃果肉花青素形成过程中的调控作用,采用3′RACE和5′RACE技术从‘红阳’猕猴桃果肉中克隆到一个bHLH型转录调控因子AdGL3。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,AdGL3基因的表达水平与猕猴桃花青素的净积累过程基本一致,即在净积累过程中表达水平比较高,而净积累停止后,该基因的表达水平也相应降低。表明该基因是参与猕猴桃花青素合成的重要调控因子之一。结果为下一步猕猴桃花青素形成机制及调控机理的研究奠定基础。     

茶叶中原花青素研究进展

原花青素是茶叶中一类重要的多酚类物质,也是一种天然的抗氧化剂,近年来茶叶中含有的原花青素类物质（Proanthocyanidins,PAs）受到广泛关注。对茶树中原花青素类物质的研究有助于推进茶树生长过程中多酚类代谢途径研究,在茶叶生物化学基础研究方面具有重要意义。基于国内外学者对原花青素的研究现状,综述了原花青素与花青素的关系、茶叶中原花青素的生物合成途径、缩合机理、茶叶中原花青素的类型,以及在茶叶中的含量差异和应用现状,并探讨其研究利用的发展趋势。     

茶树花青素形成分子机理的研究进展

花青素是由类黄酮合成途径产生的次生代谢产物,含量高时会使茶树新梢呈现红色或紫色。同时,花青素相比儿茶素等具有更明显的抗氧化、预防肿瘤等药理保健作用。文章就茶树花青素合成途径、转录及转录后调控等方面进行综述,以期更好地为高花青素茶树的育种研究提供理论依据。     

花生AhMYB113异位表达促进烟草花青素积累

为进一步探索MYB转录因子在花生花青素积累过程中的调控机理,以花生常规品种鲁花11（绿色叶片）和紫色叶片花生种质056杂交后代为材料,基于绿色和紫色杂交群体数字基因表达谱克隆了AhMYB113基因,利用生物信息学手段进行保守结构域、系统进化树等分析,通过实时荧光定量PCR技术检测在花生中的表达模式,在转基因烟草中进行功能鉴定。结果表明,花生AhMYB113基因的开放阅读框全长864 bp,编码287个氨基酸残基;编码蛋白的N端包含2个高度保守的MYB结构域,属于R2R3-MYB转录因子;与拟南芥、金鱼草、矮牵牛、苹果、葡萄中调控花青素积累的R2R3-MYB聚成一大类;通过荧光定量PCR分析发现,AhMYB113在花生紫色杂交后代（PH、PS）中的表达水平要显著高于绿色杂交后代（GH、GS）;在烟草NC89中异位表达AhMYB113,能够促进花青素积累,使得转基因烟草叶片转变为紫色,随着叶龄增长叶片紫色逐渐加深,花瓣、雄蕊（花丝、花药）、雌蕊（柱头、花柱）、萼片等组织也分别呈现为紫红色或紫黑色。     

甘蔗花青素转录因子基因ScRS克隆与基因枪转化研究

花青素不仅是天然色素,而且具有保健功能。花青素转录因子基因对于调控花青素的合成具有关键作用。本研究根据玉米花青素转录因子基因RS序列设计引物,利用同源克隆技术,得到甘蔗花青素转录因子基因ScRS的全长序列;在ScRS序列两端分别添加KpnⅠ、SalⅠ酶切位点,构建植物表达载体pCAMBIA1301-35SN-ScRS,包被微粒载体通过基因枪对甘蔗愈伤组织进行轰击,转化的愈伤组织明显呈紫红色;将紫红色愈伤组织分化培养获得再生甘蔗植株,经PCR检测,获得转ScRS基因阳性植株,初步证实利用克隆的基因转化甘蔗可以使愈伤组织显色。研究结果对于建立新型的遗传转化可视化示踪体系和培育高花青素甘蔗品种具有重要意义。     

红紫芽茶花青素合成关键酶活性与重要酚类物质相关性研究

以广东的红叶1号、红叶2号、丹妃和云南紫娟4种红紫芽品种（系）为供试材料,以英红九号绿芽品种为对照,通过分析酶活性研究了红紫芽茶花青素合成关键酶活性变化规律,并揭示了其与花青素、茶多酚、儿茶素组分等重要酚类物质含量的相互关系。结果表明,红紫芽茶花青素合成过程中,同一季节不同品种（系）类黄酮-3-O-糖基转移酶（UFGT）活性与茶多酚总量和花青素含量均显著正相关,为花青素合成的关键酶;而苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、查尔酮合成酶（CHS）、类黄酮-3-羟化酶（F3H）、二氢黄酮醇-4-还原酶（DFR）、黄酮醇合成酶（FLS）、花青素合成酶（ANS）和花青素还原酶（ANR）等活性能力与花青素含量变化趋势不存在密切的相关性;春季各样品儿茶素（C）含量与PAL酶活性显著正相关,表儿茶素没食子酸酯（ECG）含量与DFR酶活性存在显著正相关;同一季节不同品种（系）CHS、F3H、ANS以及ANR酶活性与酚类物质含量无显著相关性。     

响应面法优化海南可可豆中原花青素的提取工艺

本研究采用响应面分析法确定海南可可豆中原花青素提取的最佳工艺条件,对提取得率的影响因素进行单因素分析后,探讨料液比、乙醇浓度、提取时间和温度间的显著性影响和交互作用。结果表明：可可原花青素的最优提取工艺条件为乙醇浓度67%、料液比1∶20（g/mL）、提取时间88 min、提取温度76 ℃。此工艺条件下,可可原花青素提取得率为6.21%。此结果为海南可可豆的开发利用提供基础理论依据。     

Antioxidants in potato

The content of compounds in potato that may act as antioxidants in the human diet is not widely appreciated. Carotenoids are present in the flesh of all potatoes. The contents mentioned in the literature range from 50 to 100 μg per 100 g fresh weight (FW) in white-fleshed varieties to 2000 μg per 100 g FW in deeply yellow to orange-fleshed cultivars. The carotenoids in potato are primarily lutein, zexanthin, and violaxanthin, all of which are xanthophylls. There is just a trace of either alpha or beta-carotene, meaning that potato is not a source of pro-vitamin A carotenes. In potatoes with total carotenoids ranging from 35 to 795 μg per 100 g FW, the lipophilic extract of potato flesh presented oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) values ranging from 4.6 to 15.3 nmoles α-tocopherol equivalents per 100 g FW. Potatoes contain phenolic compounds and the predominant one is chlorogenic acid, which constitutes about 80% of the total phenolic acids. Up to 30 μg per 100 g FW of flavonoids are present in the flesh of white-fleshed potatoes with roughly twice the amount present in red and purple-fleshed potatoes. The predominant flavonoids are catechin and epicatechin. Red and purple potatoes derive their color from anthocyanins. The skin alone may be pigmented, or the flesh may be partially or entirely pigmented. Whole unpeeled with complete pigmentation in the flesh may have up to 40 mg per 100 g FW of total anthocyanins. Red-fleshed potatoes have acylated glucosides of pelargonidin while purple potatoes have, in addition, acylated glucosides of malvidin, petunidin, peonidin, and delphinidin. The hydrophilic antioxidant activity of solidly pigmented red or purple potatoes is comparable to brussels sprouts or spinach. In red and purple potatoes with solidly pigmented flesh with levels of total anthocyanin ranging from 9 to 38 mg per 100 g FW, ORAC ranged from 7.6 and 14.2 umole per g FW of Trolox equivalents. Potato contains on average 20 mg per 100 g FW of vitamin C, which may account for up to 13 % of the total antioxidant capacity. Potatoes should be considered vegetables that may have high antioxidant capacity depending on the flesh composition.     

荔枝果皮花色苷生物合成及调控机理研究进展

荔枝是无患子科荔枝属的亚热带常绿果树,具有很高的商业价值。荔枝果皮色泽由多种色素决定,是影响消费者需求的重要品质性状。果实着色是花色苷积累的结果,荔枝果皮花色苷的生物合成是一个复杂的过程,主要由遗传背景决定,同时受内外环境影响。本文重点介绍荔枝果皮花色苷的生物合成途径,从外界环境、生理生化以及分子生物学等方面,对花色苷积累的调控机制进行综述,并展望该领域的研究方向,为提升荔枝果实的色泽品质提供重要参考。     

Biochemical Properties of Red Currant Varieties in Relation to Storage

Eleven red currant varieties (Ribes rubrum L.) cultured in Serbia were evaluated for some of their biochemical properties such as total phenolics, anthocyanins, ascorbic acid, invert sugar, soluble solid content, and acidity. The average amount of ascorbic acid varied from 50.5–71.6 mg/100 g FW, while concentration of invert sugars ranged from 6.0%–9.0%. The highest amounts of total phenolics and anthocyanins were detected in variety Redpoll (153.4 mg GAE/100 g FW and 19.3 mg/100 g, respectively). Red currants were processed to juice, and the phenolic and anthocyanin contents changed as a result of processing. Berries and juices were long-term stored at −18 °C and changes in phytochemicals were monitored. In berries, storage caused the decrease of ascorbic acid content up to 49%, and a general reduction of total phenolics was also noticed. In juices, total phenolics content increased after one year of storage. In both berries and juices total anthocyanins increased during storage by up to 85% and 50%, respectively. This study demonstrates that certain varieties, namely Redpoll, Jonkheer and London Market are good source of phytochemicals, retaining the nutritional value during processing and storage.     

茶树培养细胞花色苷累积型与非累积型株系间的差异性研究

从细胞生长、色素和儿茶素等次生产物组成与含量、苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性以及产物合成动态分析等几方面 ,研究比较了积累色素与不积累色素的两类茶树培养细胞系之间的差异。发现积累色素的细胞系中 ,儿茶素与原花色素的形成能力也得到了大幅度提高 ,且与苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性无关。这一结果表明 ,茶树高产细胞系筛选中 ,可采用细胞色泽为指标 ,使筛选工作得以简化。     

Improve Anthocyanin and Zinc Concentration in Purple Rice by Nitrogen and Zinc Fertilizer Application

Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient for plant growth and development, and anthocyanin is a secondary metabolite compound generally produced under stress conditions; both have benefits to human health. Rice is a staple food crop for most of the world’s population, and purple rice is well known as a natural source of Zn and anthocyanins, but their stability depends upon many factors. This review focuses on the opportunity to increase Zn and anthocyanin compounds in purple rice grains via Zn and nitrogen (N) management during cultivation. Variation in grain Zn concentration and anthocyanin compounds is found among purple rice varieties, thus presenting a challenge for breeding programs aiming at high grain Zn and anthocyanin contents. Genetic engineering has successfully achieved a high-efficiency vector system comprising two regulatory genes and six structural anthocyanin-related genes driven by endosperm-specific promoters to engineer purple endosperm rice that can provide new high-anthocyanin varieties. Grain Zn and anthocyanin concentrations in rice can also be affected by environmental factors during cultivation, e.g., light, temperature, soil salinity and nutrient (fertilizer) management. Applying N and Zn fertilizer is found to influence the physiological mechanisms of Zn absorption, uptake, transport and remobilization to promote grain Zn accumulation in rice, while N application can improve anthocyanin synthesis by promoting its biosynthesis pathway via the use of phenylalanine as a precursor. In summary, there is an opportunity to improve both grain Zn and anthocyanin in purple rice by appropriate management of Zn and N fertilizers during cultivation for specific varieties.     

茶树紫芽中花青素形成相关基因差异表达分析

花青素是一类广泛存在于植物中的水溶性色素,作为一种强自由基清除剂,它具有抗炎,抗氧化,降血压,降血糖等多种保健功能。紫芽茶树作为一种高花青素含量的特异性茶树资源,其研究与利用越来越受人们的关注。为了解茶树紫芽中花青素形成的分子机理,本研究通过对湖南农业大学自选紫芽品种9803与绿芽品种9806进行转录组测序及生物信息学分析,筛选得到42条与花青素代谢相关的unigene,其中比对到参考基因组中的有34条,未在参考基因组中登录的有8条。KEGG富集分析表明这42个基因被富集到5个代谢通路中,包括类黄酮合成途径,木质素合成途径,黄酮和黄酮醇合成途径,油菜素甾醇合成途径,以及参与转录因子的编码。通过荧光定量PCR验证,差异基因荧光定量PCR变化趋势与转录组测序结果一致,转录组测序数据可靠。本次试验在转录组水平上筛选出了茶叶紫芽花青素代谢相关的差异基因,为进一步揭示茶叶紫芽产生的分子机理奠定了基础。