海南花岗岩砖红壤15N示踪尿素氮的去向

应用^15N示踪技术,研究海南花岗岩砖红壤蕹菜栽培条件下尿素氮的去向.结果表明：在该试验条件下,蕹菜吸收尿素氮的比例随着施氮量的增加而减少,吸收率在22.50%～43.84%之间,平均吸收率为33.32%,施氮量为2.696 kg/（0.09m^2）（300kg/hm^2）时,蕹菜的产量、干重和氮肥利用率最佳;土壤残留量随着施氮量的增加而增加,残留率在24.25%～47.28%之间,平均残留率为32.68%,残留在土壤中的肥料氮80%以上都分布在0～40 cm土层中,无机氮主要是NH4^＋-N,施氮量越大,在40cm以下土层中残留尿素氮所占的比例越大;尿素氮的损失率在30.22%～39.55%之间,平均损失率为34%,其中挥发损失率在0.78%～28.10%之间,平均挥发损失率为19.11%.     

长期定位氮肥减施对水稻产量和氮素吸收利用的影响

在农业绿色发展的大背景下,我国肥料用量持续下降,提前实现了“到2020年化肥使用零增长”的目标。但长期降低肥料用量后,是否会对作物产量造成影响,需要进一步研究。本文基于8年的田间定位试验,以水稻为研究对象,设置N0（不施氮）、N160（氮肥用量160 kg/hm²）、N210（氮肥用量210 kg/hm²）、N260（氮肥用量260 kg/hm²,农民习惯施肥）、N315（氮肥用量315 kg/hm²）等5个施氮水平,研究长期氮肥减施对水稻产量和氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明,与N260处理相比,N160处理产量逐年下降,且差异达显著水平;N210处理减产0.69%~1.34%,N315处理增产0.23%~0.26%或减产0.05%~1.92%,差异均未达到显著水平。可见,氮肥过量或不足,水稻产量均存在下降的风险。相关分析表明,施氮量为237.39 kg/hm²时,籽粒吸氮量最高;施氮量低于232.64 kg/hm²时,氮素收获指数保持在70.31%;施氮量为230.73 kg/hm²时,氮肥当季回收利用率最高为38.89%;施氮量为227.63 kg/hm²时,氮肥农学效率最高为15.56 kg/kg。减少氮肥用量后,氮肥偏生产力和生理利用率均有所提高。土壤供氮占水稻吸氮量的53.36%以上,施氮量低于225.95 kg/hm²时,存在消耗土壤氮库的风险。综合考虑产量和多年平均肥料利用率等数据,试验区适宜的氮肥用量为225.95~232.64 kg/hm²,可实现长期稳产增效。     

应用~(15)N示踪法研究花生对氮素的吸收利用

应用~(15)N标记尿素,在山东省花生研究所盆栽场,用中等肥力砂壤上进行盆栽试验.氮素利用率和残留率与施氮量呈极显著负相关,氮素损失率与施氮量呈极显著正相关。花生植株体总氮中,肥料供氮率和土壤供氮率与施氮量呈极显著正相关,根瘤菌供氮率与施氮量呈极显著负相关.施氮肥可提高土壤AN值和激发率,有利于花生对土壤氮的吸收,但氮肥用量过多,会明显地抑制根瘤菌固氮,降低花生收获后的土壤全氮量,而荚果产量增减产差异不显著.故花生不宜多施氮肥.     

稻田15N标记尿素去向的研究

 1987年在中国水稻研究所试验场应用15N示踪技术进行了多处理的田间微区试验。结果表明： 氮肥作基肥使用时，水稻对N素的吸收利用率差异不显著，而随着施用量的增加，在土壤中的N素残留率降低，而氮肥损失率显著提高；基肥配施PK肥对肥料N的去向无显著影响响，但配施适量稻草有助于提高水稻对肥料N的吸收量和土壤残留量，降低氮索损失；氮肥的使用期对肥料15N去向的影响十分显著，追肥的K素利用率比基肥高。稻田采用以水带氮施肥技术能明显地提高水稻的氮素吸收，增加土壤残留率和减少氮素损失，表明此技术是一项合理的稻田氮肥深施技术。     

湖北省油菜氮肥效应及推荐用量研究

通过15个田间试验研究湖北省油菜主产区氮肥效应和适宜用量。结果表明适量施用氮肥对油菜具有明显的增产增收效果,施氮比不施氮对照增收油菜籽402~2759kg/hm2,平均增产1270kg/hm2,平均增产率达133.0%;施氮纯利润平均为3403元/hm2,产投比平均达6.00;氮肥偏生产力和农学利用率平均分别为17.6kg/kg N和8.0kg/kg N。根据肥料效应方程,在当前生产条件下,油菜生产的氮肥最佳经济用量为120.1~325.4kg N/hm2,平均用量为199.6kg N /hm2。土壤碱解氮含量与油菜氮肥最佳经济推荐用量呈极显著负相关性（r﹦﹣0.7734**,n﹦12）,根据土壤碱解氮含量（x,单位为mg/kg）水平,湖北省目前油菜生产适宜用氮量（y,单位为kg/hm2）可通过公式y﹦553.72﹣74.699Ln（x）求得。     

氮肥水平与栽植密度对植稻土壤养分含量变化与氮肥利用效率的影响

【目的】为解决水稻土壤保肥能力较弱，水稻产量较低，氮肥利用效率不高等问题，【方法】于山东省济宁市任城区水稻田设置氮肥水平与栽植密度双因素大田试验，设4个施氮量水平，即无氮(N1，0 kg/hm2)、低氮(N2，216 kg/hm2)、中氮(N3，288 kg/hm2)和高氮(N4，360 kg/hm2)；栽植密度设3个梯度，即低密度(24万穴/hm2)、中密度(27万穴/hm2)和高密度(30万穴/hm2)。以探究不同氮肥水平和栽植密度下水稻成熟期土壤养分含量及氮肥利用效率的变化。【结果】随着土层加深，氮、磷、钾、有机质含量均明显下降。其中D3N4处理碱解氮含量下降了60.8%，D3N3处理速效磷含量降低了72.7%。随着施氮量增加，土壤pH值和有机质含量有所下降，速效钾含量升高，肥料偏生产力和氮肥农学利用效率降低，产量先升高后降低；随着栽植密度增加，土壤pH值与速效磷含量有所下降，表层土壤碱解氮含量略有升高，有机质含量与产量及肥料偏生产力均先升高后降低，氮肥农学利用效率降低。【结论】当栽植密度为27万穴/hm2时，氮肥用量288 kg/hm2，水稻产量最高，为14 615.3 kg/hm2；相同密度下氮肥按照216 kg/hm2施用，水稻产量、氮肥农学效率和肥料偏生产力均较高。研究结果可在实际生产中参考应用。     

氮肥用量对吉林省玉米产量和氮肥利用效率的影响

选取2005~2013年吉林省"3414"田间试验中的氮肥用量处理,研究施氮水平对玉米产量和氮肥利用效率的影响,明确不同生态区之间的差异。结果表明,不施氮条件下吉林省玉米的平均产量为7 596 kg/hm~2。氮肥施用显著提高玉米产量,以适宜施氮量(N3)处理表现最好,产量最高达9 967 kg/hm~2,较不施氮(N1)处理平均增产2 371 kg/hm~2。玉米的氮肥农学利用率和偏生产力均以适宜施氮量的1/2(N2)处理最高,随施氮量增加氮肥利用效率均逐渐降低。不同生态区显著影响玉米的增产效果和氮肥利用效率,吉林省中部半湿润平原区的产量水平最高,东部湿润山区次之,西部半干旱平原区最低。施氮增产量和农学利用率以东部地区显著高于中、西部地区,偏生产力以东部地区最高而西部地区最低。     

不同施氮量对高沙土地区机插水稻产量及氮肥利用的影响

研究了不同施氮量对江苏高沙土地区机插水稻产量及肥料利用的影响。结果表明,适量增施氮肥能显著提高该地区机插水稻产量,施氮量为330 kg/hm2时,产量最高,达9 664.5 kg/hm2;随着施氮量的增加,氮素收获指数、氮肥生理利用率、氮肥偏生产力、土壤氮素依存率呈显著下降趋势,氮肥表观利用率和氮肥农艺利用率随施氮水平提高呈先上升后下降的趋势。     

不同施氮量对夏玉米产量和氮素利用的影响

以玉米品种郑单958为材料,通过两年田间试验研究不同施氮量对夏玉米产量和氮素利用的影响。结果表明,随施氮量增加夏玉米产量先增加后降低,符合一元二次肥料效应方程;合理施氮量显著提高子粒产量;收获指数和氮收获指数随施氮量增加而降低,施氮量为189 kg/hm2和178 kg/hm2收获指数和氮素收获指数较高;过量施氮会降低氮肥利用率和氮肥偏生产力,平均较施氮量为189 kg/hm2和178 kg/hm2降低29~55个百分点和32~64 kg/kg;农学效率和生理利用率随施氮量先增加后降低,施氮量为200 kg/hm2左右时最高。当施氮量超过200 kg/hm2时,成熟期表层土壤硝态氮含量和氮肥表观损失率均随施氮量的增加而增加。夏玉米氮肥推荐用量应控制在200 kg/hm2以内。     

海南砖红壤上优化施肥对线椒产量及氮肥利用的影响

蔬菜生产中片面追求高产,过量施用氮肥非常普遍,引起水体或大气污染。本文通过田间小区试验,以农户习惯施肥为对照,研究了减氮对线椒产量和植株地上部氮素积累量的影响,同时结合¹⁵N标记肥料的微区试验,研究了肥料氮的去向。结果表明:以农民习惯施氮肥450 kg/hm^2为对照,减氮30%后线椒产量略增加,但差异不显著。¹⁵N标记肥料的微区试验结果表明不同氮肥用量处理的线椒整个生育期果实、茎和叶的氮素总累积量几乎相等,农民习惯施氮肥较多,主要增加了土壤中的0～40cm残留量和表观损失量,大量残留的氮可能在线椒收获后被雨水淋失,环境风险大。氮肥利用率无论通过差值法还是¹⁵N示踪法计算,都是减氮30%处理显著高于习惯施氮。因此目前海南线椒生产中,相比农民习惯施氮肥450 kg/hm^2减少30%氮肥施用非常必要,既不会影响产量,还可减轻环境污染。     

磷素对花生碳氮含量及生长发育的影响

为进一步明确磷素对花生生理特性及生育效应,采用水培与砂培试验相结合,研究了磷对花生不同生育时期植株碳、氮含量、碳氮比及生长发育的影响。结果表明:(1)水培条件下,磷胁迫处理降低了花生幼苗叶片净光合速率及各器官(根、茎、叶)蛋白质含量,增加了各器官可溶性糖、淀粉含量;抑制了幼苗生长发育,根茎叶干物质重分别降低4.2%、10.9%和9.7%。(2)砂培条件下,花生结荚期叶片净光合速率、碳含量、氮含量及碳氮比均随施磷量的增加而增加,施磷30~90kg/hm2范围内,上述4项指标较不施磷对照分别增加21.2%~34.2%、23.9%~42.1%、13.9%~22.3%和8.9%~17.0%;饱果期,花生叶片碳含量及碳氮比均随施磷量的增加呈先增后减的趋势,对叶片光合作用和氮含量影响较小;荚果产量随施磷量的增加而增加,施磷处理较对照增产11.3%~23.5%。因此,合理施磷能够有效调控花生植株碳氮代谢,进而促进生长发育及产量形成。     

A comprehensive study of plant density consequences on nitrogen uptake dynamics of maize plants from vegetative to reproductive stages

Nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE), defined as grain produced per unit of fertilizer N applied, is difficult to predict for specific maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes and environments because of possible significant interactions between different management practices (e.g., plant density and N fertilization rate or timing). The main research objective of this study was to utilize a quantitative framework to better understand the physiological mechanisms that govern N dynamics in maize plants at varying plant densities and N rates. Paired near-isogenic hybrids [i.e., with/without transgenic corn rootworm (Diabrotica sp.) resistance] were grown at two locations to investigate the individual and interacting effects of plant density (low—54,000; medium—79,000; and high—104,000 pl ha⁻¹) and sidedress N fertilization rate (low—0; medium—165; and high—330 kg N ha⁻¹) on maize NUE and associated physiological responses. Total aboveground biomass (per unit area basis) was fractionated and both dry matter and N uptake were measured at four developmental stages (V14, R1, R3 and R6). Both plant density and N rate affected growth parameters and grain yield in this study, but hybrid effects were negligible. As expected, total aboveground biomass and N content were highly correlated at the V14 stage. However, biomass gain was not the only factor driving vegetative N uptake, for although N-fertilized maize exhibited higher shoot N concentrations than N-unfertilized maize, the former and latter had similar total aboveground biomass at V14. At the R1 stage, both plant density and N rate strongly impacted the ratio of total aboveground N content to green leaf area index (LAI), with the ratio declining with increases in plant density and decreases in N rate. Higher plant densities substantially increased pre-silking N uptake, but had relatively minor impact on post-silking N uptake for hybrids at both locations. Treatment differences for grain yield were more strongly associated with differences in R6 total biomass than in harvest index (HI) (for which values never exceeded 0.54). Total aboveground biomass accumulated between R1 and R6 rose with increasing plant density and N rate, a phenomenon that was positively associated with greater crop growth rate (CGR) and nitrogen uptake rate (NUR) during the critical period bracketing silking. Average NUE was similar at both locations. Higher plant densities increased NUE for both medium and high N rates, but only when plant density positively influenced both the N recovery efficiency (NRE) and N internal efficiency (NIE) of maize plants. Thus plant density-driven increases in N uptake by shoot and/or ear components were not enough, by themselves, to increase NUE.     

苗期渍水对直播冬油菜产量和农学利用率的影响及油菜在不同氮肥施用下的响应

在轻简化施肥背景下，为减少渍害损失，解决长江流域冬油菜产区生产面临的重要问题，开展氮肥施用 对油菜渍害的缓解作用研究。设置三因素田间试验，分别为不同氮肥用量（0、60、120、180、240和300 kg N/hm2）、氮 肥类型（油菜专用控释尿素和普通尿素）和水分处理（苗期渍水和正常排水），测定各处理产量和氮肥农学利用率， 明确苗期渍水对不同氮素供应水平油菜的影响，并比较油菜专用控释尿素一次性施用和普通尿素分次施用下油菜 对苗期渍水的响应。结果表明，直播冬油菜产量随氮肥施用量增加而提高，至240 kg N/hm2时不再增加。油菜专用 控释尿素一次性施用，在氮肥用量为60～180 kg N/hm2时产量高于普通尿素分次施用；在氮肥用量为240～300 kg N/hm2时，两种氮肥类型产量基本相当。氮肥施用通过增加收获密度、单株角果数和每角粒数提高产量。苗期渍水 导致直播冬油菜产量损失1.1%～41.9%，随氮肥用量增加，渍水引起的产量损失率呈先增加后降低趋势。0～60 kg N/hm2处理时，渍水使收获密度显著降低（降幅达29.4%~45.0%），单株角果数增加；施氮量为120~180 kg N/hm2时， 渍水导致收获密度和单株角果数分别降低19.5%~33.7%和1.4%~17.7%；施氮高于180 kg N/hm2时，收获密度和单 株角果数降幅减小（降幅分别为5%~30.9%和3.6%~9.5%）。普通尿素分次施用和油菜专用控释尿素一次性施用， 分别在施氮量为120和180 kg N/hm2时产量损失率最高，分别达29.8%和41.9%。相同氮肥用量下油菜专用控释尿 素一次性施用的产量损失率大于普通尿素分次施用。渍水显著降低氮肥农学利用率，降幅为8.4%～51.9%，施氮充 足（240～300 kg N/hm2）时氮肥农学利用率降幅低于氮素用量较低处理（120～180 kg N/hm2），油菜专用控释尿素一 次施用处理的农学利用率平均降幅（36.5%）高于普通尿素分次施用（17.3%）。综上可知，苗期渍水时，油菜专用控 释尿素一次施用，会加重油菜受渍影响；土壤氮素供应能力较低时，渍害逆境解除后，适量追施速效氮肥可有效缓 解产量损失，实现油菜稳产。     

黄淮稻区水稻品种氮肥利用效率比较分析

为探明不同施氮水平对水稻品种氮肥利用率和农艺性状的影响,以适宜黄淮稻区的18个粳稻品种为材料,田间种植,设置4个施氮水平(0、225、300和375 kg/hm^2),研究各品种氮肥利用率和农艺性状的变化规律.结果表明:不同施氮水平下,各品种的氮肥农学利用率及其农艺性状差异显著;株高、有效穗数和全生育期与施氮量呈正相关关系;结实率和氮肥偏生产力与施氮量呈负相关关系;穗长、每穗粒数、千粒重、单株谷重和氮肥农学利用率随氮肥的施加出现先增加后降低的趋势.隶属度函数和K-均值聚类分析结果显示,综合评价氮肥利用效率最高的3个品种为连粳16117、连粳15号和新粮12号.     

玉米秸秆还田条件下冬灌时间与施氮方式对冬小麦生长发育及水肥利用效率的影响

为给玉米秸秆还田条件下冬小麦的水氮运筹提供依据,以小麦品种临优2069为材料,研究了山西省小麦-玉米一年两熟区玉米秸秆还田条件下冬灌时间和施氮方式对冬小麦生长发育及水氮利用效率的影响。结果表明,随着冬前灌水时间的推迟,小麦总茎数、单株分蘖数、成穗数、产量、籽粒水分生产率、氮肥表观利用率均呈先升高后降低趋势,以11月25日冬灌的最高。在施氮量相同条件下,氮肥一次性底施(N10∶0)的拔节期总茎数、成穗数、产量、籽粒水分生产率和氮素吸收量、表观利用率高于氮肥70%底施+30%拔节期追施(N7∶3)处理,冬前总茎数、单株分蘖数则相反。冬前灌水时间提前和氮肥一次性底施有利于提高小麦前期单株干重;冬前灌水时间推迟和后期追氮则有利于灌浆期穗部和总干物质的积累。因此,山西省小麦-玉米一年两熟区,秸秆还田条件下氮肥采取一次性底施,并于11月25日冬灌,可实现冬小麦的高产高效栽培。     

Identification and evaluation of high nitrogen nutrition efficiency in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) germplasm

To establish identification and evaluation methods of N (nitrogen) absorption and utilization of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), difference of N nutrition efficiency (NNE) among rapeseed germplasms and relationship between NNE and plant traits under various N application rates were analyzed in this research. Pot cultivating experiments were conducted to investigate NNE with 3 ​N application rates in soil (0.05, 0.2 and 0.3 ​g/kg). A total of 12 rapeseed germplasms were planted, nitrogen absorption efficiency (NAE) and nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) in seedling stage, bolting stage, initial flowering stage, final flowering stage, and maturity stage were obtained. Results showed that bolting stage was the best period for NAE identification and evaluation. Low N application rate in soil (0.05 ​g/kg) was the best for NAE, and the indirect indexes were basal stem diameter, plant root dry weight and above ground plant dry weight. Maturity stage was the best period for NUE identification and evaluation. High N application rate in soil (0.3 ​g/kg) was the best for NUE, and indirect indexes were above ground plant dry weight and basal stem diameter. N application rates of 0.05 ​g/kg in soil was the best for nitrogen harvest index at maturity stage, and indirect indexes was number of pods per plant. Plant traits of rapeseed germplasms affected NNE. Higher basal stem diameter, plant root dry weight and above ground plant dry weight at bolting stage under low N application rate were important characteristics of N absorption in rapeseed. Higher above ground plant dry weight and basal stem diameter at maturity stage under high N application rate were important characteristics of N utilization. Higher number of pods per plant at maturity stage under lowe N application rate was an important characteristic of N harvest index. These results provided a reliable index for N management and provided theoretical basis for guiding rapeseed breeding.     

施氮量和移栽密度对重穗型杂交稻产量及氮肥利用率的影响

以重穗型杂交稻德优4727和轻穗型常规稻五山丝苗为材料,设置4个施氮量(0、120、165、210 kg/hm~2,分别记为N0、N120、N165、N210)和3种移栽密度(25.0、19.1、12.5丛/m~2,分别记为D1、D2、D3),于2016年在四川德阳进行大田试验,研究施氮量和移栽密度对重穗型杂交稻产量及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,参试水稻品种的适宜移栽密度均为25.0丛/m~2,在此移栽密度下,重穗型杂交稻德优4727产量随施氮量的增加呈先增加后下降的趋势,以N165处理产量最高(10.90 t/hm~2),轻穗型常规稻五山丝苗产量随施氮量的增加呈升高趋势,以N210处理产量最高(10.21 t/hm~2);相同移栽密度下,参试水稻品种氮肥利用率随施氮量的增加呈下降趋势;随移栽密度的增加,参试水稻品种产量和氮肥利用率呈增加趋势。可见,提高移栽密度,减少施氮量可兼顾水稻高产和氮肥高效利用,其最佳肥密组合为施氮量165 kg/hm~2、移栽密度25丛/m~2,即低氮密植可作为重穗型杂交稻高产高效栽培的关键技术。     

Effect of plant development during first and second growth cycle on chemical composition,condensed tannins and nutritive value of three sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) varieties and lucerne

Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) is a temperate legume that contains condensed tannins (CT), i.e., polyphenols that are able to bind proteins and thus reduce protein degradation in the rumen. Few studies have investigated the relation between plant phenology, CT characteristics and nutritive value of sainfoin. In this study we investigated differences among three sainfoin varieties (Esparcette, Ambra and Villahoz) that were of different geographical origin, and which were cultivated at the same site over the course of two growth cycles and compared with a tannin‐free legume, lucerne (Aubigny). Plants were harvested on nine dates in the first and four dates in the second growth cycle. Phenological stages were analysed for leaf‐to‐whole‐plant ratio, nitrogen (N), organic matter digestibility (OMd) by the pepsin‐cellulase method, cell‐wall concentration, N solubility (solN) plus CT concentration, biological activity and structures. Leaf‐to‐whole‐plant, cell‐wall concentration, N of sainfoin and lucerne were closely related to the phenological stage. Although sainfoin developed earlier than lucerne, its pepsin‐cellulase digestibility was higher than or close to lucerne. Esparcette had the lowest OMd, N and solN and the highest CT concentration. CT concentration, proportion of prodelphinidins (PD) and mean degree of polymerization (mDP) increased with the phenological stage (or plant maturity), and these parameters were associated with lower biological activity of CT. Sainfoin varieties differed in their relationships between phenological stages, nutritional parameters and CT characteristics. The results demonstrated that sainfoin can be a valuable alternative forage legume to lucerne.     

不同播期对春大豆生态性状的影响

将来自北纬22.7°至北纬50.2°的19个春播大豆品种在2 a内分4期进行播种,研究了播期对不同生育期类型春大豆的形态和产量等生态性状的影响.结果表明:株高和主茎节数随着播期的延迟逐渐降低,并且降低幅度随着播期的延迟而增加.在各种熟期类型品种中,中早熟类型品种的株高和主茎节数降低的幅度最大.不同播期下大豆植株的地上生...     

Temporal variation in nitrogen concentration of above ground perennial ryegrass applied different nitrogen fertiliser rates

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) was grown for seed in field trials in order to investigate the temporal variation in plant nitrogen (N) concentration during ontogeny. Crops were sown in three successive years and grown with five N fertiliser rates applied in the autumn and in the spring (autumn–spring): 0–0, 0–50, 0–100, 30–120 or 60–140 kg N ha⁻¹. Within each N fertiliser rate, N concentration in the plants increased from the initiation of spring growth and reached a maximum of 4.8% at 450–500 growing degree-days (GDD) after which it decreased to 0.8% at 1150–1200 GDD. This pattern of plant N concentration was consistently low at each N fertiliser rate and between years whereas the variation in plant N concentration within each year was high as a result of the different N fertiliser rates. Nitrogen fertiliser rate up to 150 kg N ha⁻¹ increased the seed yields.During spring growth 89% of the variation in plant N concentration could be explained by a non-linear function of GDD. Maximum variation occurred at 480 GDD, with a 95% confidence interval between 428 GDD and 540 GDD. Plant N concentrations measured at 424 GDD in 1998, 447 GDD in 1997, and 497 GDD in 1996, and the resulting correlation coefficients (r²) between N concentration and seed yield were 0.81, 0.71 and 0.92, respectively.It is concluded that the variation in plant N concentration during ontogeny in perennial ryegrass is related to different N fertiliser rates and that the greatest variation in plant N concentration was in the period from 428 GDD to 540 GDD.