氮、磷、钾肥对作物的增产效果与适宜施用量的探讨

根据近几年来南安市甘薯、花生、马铃薯作物主产区田间肥料试验结果,认为施用氮、磷、钾肥能有效地增加马铃薯、花生植株高度和分枝数,提高了马铃薯茎叶重量和花生的总果数、饱果数和饱果率,降低了秕果数,提高单株重量。施肥对作物产量和效益的影响是：甘薯,施肥〉不施肥,钾肥〉氮肥〉磷肥;花生,施肥〉不施肥,钾肥〉氮肥、磷肥;马铃薯,施肥〉不施肥,氮肥〉钾肥〉磷肥。同时,通过建立甘薯、花生、马铃薯在各种土壤类型上的产量和施肥利润与N、P、K三要素施用量的三元二次数学模型,获得作物适宜施肥量。甘薯,空白产量大于21000kg/hm^2,施肥预期最高产量32000kg/hm^2～42000kg/hm^2的中高产土壤的适宜施肥量为154.3～173.6kg/hm^2N,44.4～75.3kg/hm^2P2O5,193.1～245.3kg/hm^2K2O,N：P2O5：K2O=1：0.26～0.43：1.24～1.41;最佳经济施肥量为140.0～162.0kg/hm^2N,40.8～67.0kg/hm^2P2O5,199.9～227.3kg/hm^2K2O,N：P2O5：K2O=1：0.25～0.41：1.23～1.64;花生,适宜施肥量组合为112．7-123．8kg／hm^2N,41．2～64．0kg／hm^2P2O5,186．3-197．6kg／hm^2K2O,N：P2O5：K2O=1：0．37～0．52：1．56～1．69;最佳经济施肥量为74．5～87．7kg／hm^2N,32．0～68．5kg／hm^2P2O5,138．9-163．8kg／hm^2K2O,N：P2O5：K2O=1：0．43～0．85：1．80～2．04;马铃薯,适宜施肥量组合范围为168．2-247．5kg／hm^2N,55．0～88．0kg／hm^2P2O5,255．0～316．7kg／hm^2K2O,N：P2O5：K2O=1：0．22～O．48：1．28～1．53;最佳经济施肥量为168．2～233．2kg／hm^2N,61．4～81．4kg／hm^2P2O5 257．2-286．4kg／hm^2K2O,N：P2O5：K2O=1：0．26～0．48：1．23～1．61。     

龙花163花生新品种高产优化栽培模式研究

采用正交旋转设计,研究不同密度、穴播粒数、施肥方式对花生产量的影响,结果显示影响花生产量的栽培因子为密度〉施肥方式〉穴播粒数。龙花163的高产优化栽培模式为穴距15cm（即13．33万穴／hm^2）,一次性全层施肥（即N：P：K各含15％的复合肥750kg／hm^2）,穴播3粒。     

小麦花生两熟制一体化高产高效平衡施肥技术研究

将小麦花生两作视为一项整体工程,经研究建立了麦油两熟制一体化栽培平衡施肥决策系统。该系统充分考虑了土壤、作物产量、栽培措施等对肥料决策的影响,并通过气候、土壤及农业措施等对作物产量的综合影响,总结出确定适宜目标产量的方法,确保了系统决策结果的准确性和经济性。该系统用ＢＡＳＩＣ语言编制而成,用户可直接进行人机对话,操作简单,使用方便。山东、河南两省５ 县（市）４ 年（１９９５～１９９８）１７６个定点农户使用结果表明,小麦、花生分别平均增产９．１％ 和１２．５％     

云烟87肥料效应及平衡施肥技术初探

2007年在湖南未阳对烤烟实施“3414”肥效试验,结果表明：云烟87在平衡施肥条件下产量最高,减少和增加磷肥施用量对产量影响不显著,而减少和增加氮肥施用量对产量有显著影响,减少钾肥施用量减产极显著;建立了云烟87的施肥模型,其最佳经济施肥量为：N164kg／hm^2,P2O5 170kg／hm^2,K2O 408kg／hm^2。根据土壤速效养分的丰缺情况,制定了该品种的平衡施肥指标体系,对烤烟大田平衡施肥、节本增效具有一定的指导意义。     

花生高效施氮计算机专家决策系统

花生高效施氮专家决策系统是在课题组多年多点氮肥试验及根瘤固氮研究，且吸收了目前花生同领域的最新研究进展的基础上建立的。本系统在以下几个方面取得了较大进展。（1）该系统充分考虑了气候、土壤及农业措施等对作物产量的综合影响，总结出确定适宜目标产量的方法，使目标产量既能充分发挥土壤的增产潜力，实现作物的高产高效，又不至于因目...     

马铃薯优异种质GP2-12增施磷钾肥效果研究

在浙江省马铃薯主产区丽水市．通过2年试验研究了增施磷钾肥措施对优质马铃薯GP2-12的产量及相关生理性状的影响。试验表明．在当地习惯施肥基础上．同时增施磷钾肥,提高了马铃薯产量、块茎淀粉含量及商品率、叶面积系数、叶绿素含量和净同化率、同时表明．增施磷钾肥的不同处理效果不同．根据增产提质效果及实际效益．推荐施肥量为：N110kg／hm^2、P2O5 80kg／hm^2、K2O 180kg／hm^2、农家肥10^4kg/hm^2。     

优质小花生覆膜栽培播期与密度研究

大田试验结果表明，春播覆膜小花生鲁花12号的播期和密度产量效应显著，密度效应大于播期。因此，小花生要高产必须合理密植；当花生4月28日播种，密度为17．28万穴/hm^2时，英果产量最高，达4760．0kg／hm^2；在4月28日以前，花生播期每提前5d，英果产量平均减少203．9kg／hm^2，在4月28日以后，播期每推迟5d，英果产量平均减少260kg/hm^2；播期与密度表现为正向交互效应，在4月10日-5月20日范围内，花生播期每推迟5d，其最适密度应增加5540穴/hm^2。     

优质出口小花生高产生育规律及关键栽培技术研究

经过5年大田试验与培创高产田相结合，使鲁花12号、13号、青兰2号等优质小花生在较大面积上实现了6．0～6．75t／hm^2，明确了相应产量条件下生育规律，建立了一套以适时播种与最佳密度相结合、平衡施肥、加强叶部病害防治、“减量增次”缓控花生徒长为关键技术的优质小花生高产高效栽培技术规程。     

强筋冬小麦品种藁8901的优化施肥技术

通过对氮、磷、钾三因素旋转回归设计，以小麦产量和品质性状为目标，对强筋冬小麦品种藁8901的优化施肥技术方案进行了研究。结果表明，氮、磷、钾三因素对藁8901的产量和品质指标的影响各不相同。对产量和品质指标的作用大小顺序依次为氮〉磷〉钾，氮肥是影响该品种产量和品质指标的首要因素。通过藁8901产量和品质指标与氮、磷、钾三因素关系的回归方程进行多目标综合决策，模拟筛选出多个优化施肥量厦配合方案。入选方案的施肥量范围为N239．25～300kg／hm^2，P2O5 150～300kg／hm^2，K2O 112．5～225kg／hm^2。     

湖北潜江棉花"3414"施肥效果评价试验

通过在湖北潜江地区进行棉花施肥“3414”设计试验,探究湖北潜江地区棉花最禹施肥量与产量、最佳施肥量与产量的关系．避免盲目施肥,做到科学施肥,从而这到高产低耗、高效优质、持续环保的目的。通过试验得出以N2P2K2为湖北潜江地区棉花施肥最佳推荐配方。施肥方案为施纯氮315kg／hm^2、五氧化二磷54kg／hm^2、氧化钾135kg／hm^2。可以在该棉区推广应用。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.     

Cytoplasmic substitution inSolanum. II. Tuber characteristics of reciprocal backcross progeny

Summary Recurrent backcrosses (BC) were used to introduce nuclear factors ofS. tuberosum L. ssp.tuberosum into the cytoplasm of Andean potatoesS. tuberosum ssp.andigena (Juz. and Buk.) Hawkes andS. phureja Juz. and Buk. Each generation BC was produced in reciprocal directions to test the effect of cytoplasmic substitution on yield. This report analyses tuber number, tuber weight, and tuber length of BC₂ and BC₃ substitution into ssp.andigena cytoplasm and BC₂ and BC₂ substitutions intoS. phureja cytoplasm. Direction of cross had no consistent significant effect on yield components of ssp.andigena substitution lines. InS. phureja reciprocal progenies direction of cross was responsible for significant differences of some reciprocal sets. When there were significant differences the higher yield usually occurred when ssp.tuberosum was the pistillate parent, but in some progenies when ssp.tuberosum was the pistillate parent the yield was significantly lower than in the reciprocals. It is suggested that differences between reciprocals resulted from chromosomally encoded gene action, resulting from maternal and/or paternal effects, rather than cytoplasmic factors. Authorized for publication as paper No. 7494 in the Journal Series of The Pennsylvania Agriculture Experiment Station.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.