13种苯丙烷代谢物对6种炭疽菌的抑菌活性研究

炭疽病是广泛影响热带、亚热带植物的真菌性病害。开发绿色农药是有效防治炭疽病的重要手段。热带牧草柱花草的转录组和代谢组研究表明,苯丙烷代谢通路在响应炭疽菌侵染过程中显著上调。为评价苯丙烷代谢物的抑菌活性,本研究采用体外抑菌试验,测定了13种苯丙烷代谢物对柱花草胶孢炭疽菌、橡胶胶孢炭疽菌、大薯胶孢炭疽菌、芒果胶孢炭疽菌、番木瓜胶孢炭疽菌和橡胶尖孢炭疽菌等6种炭疽菌的菌丝生长抑制作用;进一步测定了活性较好的代谢物及其两两组合对6种炭疽菌菌丝生长和5种炭疽菌孢子萌发的抑制作用。结果表明,13种代谢物对6种炭疽菌的抑制效果不同,在500 μmol/L和1000 μmol/L的浓度下,紫檀芪对6种炭疽菌菌丝生长的抑制效果最好,高浓度时平均抑制率可达47.47%~80.74%;在1000 μmol/L的浓度下,根皮素和香豆素对6种炭疽菌菌丝生长也有一定的抑制效果,而其他9种代谢物对6种炭疽菌抑制作用较弱或者无明显抑制作用。代谢物两两组合时,含紫檀芪的代谢物组合对6种炭疽菌菌丝生长有显著的抑制作用,平均抑制率为31.07%~89.05%;紫檀芪及含紫檀芪的代谢物组合对5种炭疽菌孢子萌发有显著的抑制作用,对柱花草胶孢炭疽菌、橡胶胶孢炭疽菌、橡胶尖孢炭疽菌、芒果胶孢炭疽菌和番木瓜胶孢炭疽菌毒力最强的代谢物或组合分别为紫檀芪+根皮素、紫檀芪+阿魏酸、紫檀芪+阿魏酸、紫檀芪+根皮素、紫檀芪,IC₅₀值分别为293.475、67.660、184.764、108.671、68.417 μmol/L。本文所发掘的代谢物及其组合可为进一步研究防治炭疽病的绿色农药提供理论基础。     

7 种杀菌剂对菌草食用菌 4 种病原真菌的室内毒力测定

为筛选有效防止菌草食用菌病原真菌的药剂,本研究选用 7 种杀菌剂对菌草食用菌 4 种病原真菌进行室内毒力测定。采用菌落直径法对 4 种病原真菌进行室内毒力测定,并计算毒力回归方程。7 种供试杀菌剂对菌草食用菌 4 种病原真菌的作用效果中,百菌清对哈茨木霉的抑制作用最好,EC50 值最小为 0.291 4 mg/L;多菌灵对蜡孔菌和侧耳木霉的抑制作用最好,EC50 值最小分别为 0.257 mg/L 和 1.030 4 mg/L;精甲霜?锰锌对赭曲霉的抑制作用最好,EC50 值最小为 9.233 4 mg/L。百菌清、咪鲜胺、多菌灵和精甲霜?锰锌对 4 种病原真菌均具有较好的抑制作用,建议生产上将这 4 种药剂轮换使用,以有效控制菌草食用菌病害。     

假蒟中胡椒碱的分离鉴定及杀虫活性研究

为进一步探讨假蒟的杀虫活性成分,采用生物活性示踪法从假蒟乙醇提取物中分离纯化出1种活性成分,其化学结构经MS、1H NMR、13C NMR分析鉴定为胡椒碱。以螺旋粉虱为供试对象,采用叶片浸渍法测试胡椒碱及假蒟乙醇提取物对螺旋粉虱成虫和若虫的毒杀活性及杀卵作用,结果表明：胡椒碱及乙醇提取物对螺旋粉虱成虫和若虫均具有很好的杀虫活性,对成虫LC50值分别为28.59、224.31 mg/L,对若虫的LC50值分别为65.91、336.68 mg/L,胡椒碱对成虫的毒力优于若虫,与对照药剂印楝素无显著性差异;其杀虫活性明显高于假蒟乙醇提取物;胡椒碱及乙醇提取物有一定的杀卵作用,但作用方式有所不同,胡椒碱对初孵幼虫有较高的致死率,而假蒟乙醇提取物则明显影响螺旋粉虱卵的孵化。     

假蒟提取物除草活性初探

为了进一步明确假蒟提取物的除草作用,采用室内种子萌发法和盆栽试验测定假蒟提取物的除草活性。结果表明:假蒟提取物对稗草等14种杂草均具有很强的除草活性,其中,对稗草、苋菜和虎尾草除草活性最强,在供试浓度为10 mg/mL时,对杂草的根长抑制率和茎长抑制率分别为92.42%、90.91%、91.41%和81.15%、63.68%、87.94%;进一步的毒力测定结果表明,假蒟提取物对稗草等3种杂草的根长和茎长EC_(50)值分别为0.389、0.516、0.415 mg/mL和0.429、0.611、0.478 mg/mL;盆栽试验显示,假蒟提取物对上述3种杂草具有明显的防治效果,当供试浓度为10 mg/mL时,对稗草和虎尾草的防治效果分别为79.85%和65.48%,与对照药剂癸酸无显著性差异。因此,假蒟在植物源除草剂的开发方面具有广阔的应用前景。     

热带亚热带水果胶孢炭疽菌对多菌灵的抗药性测定

采用生长速率法对来自海南18种热带亚热带水果的893株胶孢炭疽菌(C. gloeosporioides)进行多菌灵抗药性测定。结果表明：在供试菌株中，11.87%的菌株对多菌灵产生了不同程度的抗性，且高抗菌株达9.63%，具有抗多菌灵的C. gloeosporioides菌株主要来自芒果、荔枝和龙眼等14种水果。多菌灵对供试菌株的毒力存在差异，EC50值的最高值与最低值相差4.17×105倍，EC90值的最高值与最低值相差7.49×106倍。建议在热带亚热带水果病害防治中，慎用多菌灵等苯并咪唑类杀菌剂，选择作用机制不同的杀菌剂交替使用，延缓抗药性的产生，提高杀菌剂的防效。     

中国2种橡胶树炭疽病菌对咪鲜胺敏感性比较

炭疽病是橡胶树上一种重要的叶部病害,主要病原有胶孢炭疽菌和尖孢炭疽菌。为了解中国各植胶区炭疽菌对咪鲜胺的敏感性,采用生长速率法室内测定来自海南、云南、广东和广西4省(区)22株橡胶树胶孢炭疽病菌和15株尖孢炭疽菌对咪鲜胺的敏感性。结果表明:供试的37株橡胶炭疽病菌菌株对咪鲜胺的EC_(50)值为0.022 0~0.272 1 mg/L,平均为(0.061 7±0.055 4)mg/L,EC_(50)最大值是最小值的12.5倍。其中89.2%参试菌株的EC_(50)值介于0~0.100 0 mg/L。根据成组t检验分析结果表明,目前中国4个植胶区的2种橡胶炭疽病菌对咪鲜胺敏感性无明显差异。除了来自海南和云南地区的尖孢炭疽菌有显著性差异外,其他来自不同省份的胶孢炭疽菌和尖孢炭疽菌对咪鲜胺敏感性均无明显差异。研究显示中国橡胶炭疽菌对咪鲜胺仍具有较高的敏感性,但菌株间敏感性有一定的差异,存在一定的潜在抗性风险。     

9种杀菌剂对柱花草胶孢炭疽病菌的室内毒力测定

采用菌丝生长速率法测定9种杀菌剂对胶孢炭疽菌的室内毒力。结果表明：咪鲜胺、丙环唑、抑霉唑和苯醚甲环唑4种药剂对柱花草炭疽病菌株CH008的抑菌效果最好,其EC50值在0.032 3～0.735 2 μg/mL,成为最具潜力的替代使用杀菌剂;戊唑醇和吡唑醚菌酯的抑菌效果也较好,其EC50值在1.381 3～3.208 8 μg/mL。     

11种杀菌剂对甘蔗赤腐病菌的毒力测定

由镰孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum falcatum Went.)引起的甘蔗赤腐病是甘蔗上最具毁灭性的病害之一,在病害流行季节能导致严重的产量损失。为了解甘蔗赤腐病原对杀菌剂的敏感性,本研究测定了11种杀菌剂对该病原菌的毒力。结果表明,11种杀菌剂对甘蔗赤腐病菌的毒力存在明显差异。其中,戊唑醇、丙环唑、咪酰胺、苯醚甲环唑、多菌灵等5种药剂对甘蔗赤腐病菌菌丝体生长具有较好的抑制作用,EC50值介于0.227～0.818 μg/mL。其对应EC95值也都小于12 μg/mL,介于1.416～11.339 μg/mL。就敏感性而言,4株赤腐病菌菌株对多菌灵的b值在11种杀菌剂中均为最大。由此表明,甘蔗赤腐病菌对多菌灵的剂量反应变化比其它几种杀菌剂均要敏感。     

内生真菌HND5挥发性物质组分分析及其抑菌作用测定

HND5是从健康的臂形草叶片中分离得到的一株顶孢霉属(Acremonium sp.)内生真菌,可通过产生挥发性物质抑制病原菌生长。采用顶空固相微萃取技术(HS-SPME)提取富集了内生真菌HND5的挥发性有机物(VOCs),利用气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)进行了挥发性物质的组分分析,共分离鉴定得到14个单体化合物。活性分析发现,石竹烯(Caryophyllene)和4-乙烯基-1,2-二甲氧基苯(Benzene,4-ethenyl-1,2-dimethoxy-)具有抑菌活性,对峙试验表明2种物质均对尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、胶胞炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)和多主棒孢菌(Corynespora cassiicola)具良好的抑制作用,其中石竹烯的有效中浓度(EC50)分别为2 916.07、729.54和404.23μL/L,4-乙烯基-1,2二甲氧基苯的有效中浓度(EC50)分别为62.72、27.60和23.54μL/L。     

芒果胶孢炭疽病菌对土槿皮乙酸抗性突变菌株的诱导及其生物适合度分析

土槿皮乙酸（pseudolaric acid B, PAB）是一个结构独特的天然二萜酸,前期发现该化合物对芒果胶孢炭疽菌等多种植物病原真菌具有广谱的抑菌活性,但其杀菌作用机制未知。本研究以芒果胶孢炭疽菌菌株JB-Q为供试对象,采用药剂驯化、紫外照射和钴辐射等方法诱导产生抗PAB的突变体,并分析抗性菌株的生物适合度。结果表明,仅药剂驯化法得到了18株不同抗性水平且可稳定遗传的抗PAB的胶孢炭疽菌,抗性频率为1.69×10^-7。适合度研究表明,所有供试菌株在15~35℃范围内均能生长,且在25℃时菌丝生长速率达到最大值;而不同抗性水平的突变菌株的生长速率存在一定差异,其中低抗菌株>亲本菌株>中抗菌株>高抗菌株;渗透压测试结果表明,亲本菌株对0.02% 十二烷基硫酸钠（sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS）表现更为敏感,其抑制率高达70%;在金属离子（NaCl、KCl和CaCl₂）胁迫下,抗性突变菌株则表现更为敏感。因此,研究认为PAB不易导致胶孢炭疽菌的抗性产生,但诱导产生的抗性突变菌株的生存竞争力与敏感菌株相当。此外,交互抗性结果显示,土槿皮乙酸与吡唑醚菌酯、咪鲜胺和戊唑醇之间不存在交互抗性,但与苯并咪唑类杀菌剂多菌灵存在正交互抗性,其皮尔逊相关系数为0.7729（P<0.01）,这表明PAB可能与微管抑制剂多菌灵有相似的作用机制,但仍需开展进一步的研究验证。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

In vitro reproduction in the annual pasture legumes subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.)

Pasture legumes are important components of both mixed farming rotations and permanent pastures in temperate climates. Breeding of two widely sown pasture legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), is constrained by the long generation cycle, typically enabling only one generation per year. We hypothesized manipulation of culture medium and conditions would enable the development of a laboratory‐based protocol for in vitro reproduction in subterranean clover and French serradella. In vitro flowering and viable seed set was induced from both species. For subterranean clover, the most effective treatment was culturing on modified MS medium with 1 μm kinetin and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and continuous photoperiod. For French serradella, culture on a hormone‐free B5 medium with 5 mm NH₄Cl and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and 20 h photoperiod was optimum. It is expected this technique will have application in accelerating generation turnover within breeding programs, for the study of factors influencing flowering in pasture legumes, and for the propagation of valuable yet enfeebled plants such as embryo‐rescued hybrids.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Estimation of lucerne yield stability for enabling effective cultivar selection under rainfed conditions

Evaluation of crop and forage yield stability is of increasing relevance in the context of current and recent environmental changes but, in contrast to other field crops, there are no published systematic analyses among forage crops in Europe. A study of stability performance was conducted with 13 Czech cultivars of lucerne at four locations over a 2‐year period with the following aims: (a) to evaluate yield stability of varieties across different environments and (b) to calculate measurable benefits of variety selection in relation to the specific environment. The cultivar Vlasta was identified as the highest yielding cultivar (annual yield 16.0 t DM/ha), whereas the lowest yielding cv. Magda, Tereza and Oslava averaged around 14.9 t DM/ha. Effect of genotype × environment interaction (G × E) was two times higher than for genotype alone. Additive main effects and the multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model showed that the highest yielding cultivars may not be stable across environments. This study demonstrated further that significant yield improvement could be detected, even among a relatively homogenous group of domestic cultivars, and this was driven mainly by site productivity: the improvement was +10% in low‐yielding sites, compared with +3% in high‐yielding sites. Results highlight that advanced agronomy should also consider stability parameters such as AMMI stability value or superiority measures for forage crops in response to the challenges associated with climate change.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.