不同盐浓度对马铃薯实生苗的影响

三个不同组合的马铃薯实生种子分别播在含有０（ＣＫ），０．２％，０．４％和０．６％ＮａＣｌ处理的土壤和ＭＳ培养基中，以调查ＮａＣｌ对实生种子发芽以及生长发育的影响。结果表明：随着基质中盐浓度的增加，实生种子生长受到抑制就越厉害，土壤中盐浓度达到０．４％时，幼苗的存活率仅为１４．３％～２７．８％，达到０．６％时幼苗全部死亡；ＭＳ培养基中盐分达致电０．４％时，幼苗的存活率为４０％～４６．７％，达到０．６％时为１０％～２３．３％。笔者认为从实生种子中筛选抗（耐）盐品种（系）应先从培养基中开始，做初步淘汰工作，为最终的田间筛选节约大量的时间和工作．     

不同盐浓度对马铃薯实生苗的影响

三个不同组合的马铃薯实生种子分别播在含有０，０．２％ ，０．４％和０．６％ＮａＣｌ处理的土壤和ＭＳ培养基中，以调查ＮａＣｌ对实生种子发芽以及生长发育的影响。结果表明；随着基质中盐浓度的增加，实生种子生长受到抑制就越厉害，土壤中盐浓度达到０．４％时，幼苗的存活率仅为１４．３％－２７．８％，达到０．６％时幼苗全部死亡；ＭＳ培养基中盐分达到０．４％时，幼苗的存活率为４０％－４６．７％，应先从培养基中开始     

无毒化学去雄剂PCZ在小麦上的应用

采用无毒化学到雄剂ＰＣＺ的两种剂型ＰＣＺ－２和ＰＣＺ－４，于小麦主茎旗叶抽出１／２时以４个不同浓度叶面喷施。小麦自交结实率低于１０％、异交结实率高于５０％的深度和剂量：ＰＣＺ－２的浓度为０．５％，每有效穗用量为０．４、０．６和０．８ｍｌ以及浓度为０．６％。用量０．４ｍｌ；ＰＣＺ－４的浓度为０．５％，用量０．６ｍｌ。２品种３个施用时期的试验表明，两剂型的最佳施药时期皆为主茎旗叶抽出１／２时，不同品种     

浅谈植棉防盐碱技术

浅谈植棉防盐碱技术刘新华，褚丁印，王海珍，粱锡祥山东省聊城地区农科所２５２０５８聊城西部地区为黄河冲积平原，盐碱地大量分布。该地区地下水深２０～２５ｍ，含盐量０．３４％，为灌溉用水；土壤含盐０．４％～０．８％，ｐＨ值７．５～８．５，有机质含量０．５％...     

四川部分高亲和性普通小麦地方品种品质特性分析

本文分析了２６份四川高亲和性普通小麦（Ｔ．ａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ）地方品种的品质特性。结果表明,籽粒粗蛋白质含量平均值为１１．０％（变幅８．６０％～１２．０４％）,赖氨酸含量平均值为０．３６％（变幅０．３３％～０．４７％）,沉淀值平均值为１６．１０ｍｌ（变幅１３．０～２１．９ｍｌ）,硬度平均值为３５．１４ｓ（变幅１５．８０～６８．４０ｓ）。２６份高亲和性材料的粗蛋白质含量、赖氨酸含量和沉淀值都低;据硬度指标,都为软质小麦。     

无毒化学去雄剂PCZ在小麦上的应用

采用无毒化学去雄剂ＰＣＺ的两种剂型ＰＣＺ—２和ＰＣＺ—４．于小麦主茎旗叶抽出时以４个不同浓度叶面喷施．小麦自交结实率低于１０％、异交结实率高于５０％的浓度和剂量为：ＰＣＺ—２的浓度为０．５％．每有效穗用量为０．４、０．６和０．８ｍｌ以及浓度为０．６％．用量０．４ｍｌ；ＰＣＺ—４的浓度为０．５％．用量０．６ｍｌ１．２品种３个施用时期的试验表明．两剂型的最佳施药时期皆为主茎旗叶抽出时，不同品种对ＰＣＺ的敏感性有差异．ＰＣＺ比２０００ｍｇ／ｋｇ乙烯利处理效果更理想．     

胡椒矿质营养诊断指导施肥技术的研究

研究结果表明：胡椒嫩叶出鞘后３０￣３５ｄ完全稳定，以带花穗、位于植株中部、阳面、短枝上的叶片作为采样叶；１ｄ中除１２：００￣１４：００外，其它时间均可采样：１ａ中以４月和１０月作为采样时间。拟定４月和１０月的营养指标，４月份适宜范围为：Ｎ２．７％￣３．１％、Ｐ０．１７％￣０．２１％、Ｋ１．６％￣２．０％、Ｃａ１．１％￣１．３％、Ｍｇ０．２３％￣０．３０％；１０月份为：Ｎ２．９％￣３．５％、Ｐ０．１     

硼钼配合施用对花生生长和产量的影响

选用广东省花生主产区的３ 种代表性土壤,采用盆栽试验,探讨硼钼施用对花生生长发育和产量的影响。结果表明：分别采用硼砂０．１％ ～０．２％ 喷施和钼酸铵０．１％ ～０．２％ 喷施,钼酸铵１～２ｇ／ｋｇ 拌种和Ｂ０．５～０．７５ｍ ｇ／ｋｇ基施等施肥方式均能显著或极显著促进花生长长发育并增加产量,其增幅为４．２４％ ～４４．５７％ 。硼基施明显优于喷施,钼拌种明显优于喷施,硼钼配合施用的效果较优,其最佳组合为硼酸按Ｂ０．５ｍ ｇ／ｋｇ 量基施,钼酸按２ｇ／ｋｇ 拌种,并于花生苗期和花期分别用０．１％ 硼砂和０．１％ 钼酸铵喷施     

不同盐浓度对马铃薯试管苗的胁迫效应

用含０％、０．１％、０．２％、０．３％、０．４％五种Ｎａｃｌ浓度的修改ＭＳ培养基胁迫马铃薯脱毒试管苗的办法,鉴定马铃薯品种的抗盐性。结果表明,随着盐浓度的升高,试管苗受影响的程序加重,其试管苗株高、根长、干物质及生物产量间差异显,最后确定０．３％Ｎａｃｌ胁迫为临界浓度。     

香草兰营养诊断方法的研究

通过多年多点的调查分析,初步确定高产香草兰营养诊断适宜的采样时间１０－１１月;采样部位为自茎蔓顶叶向下数第７－８片叶;香草兰营养诊断指标包括养分含量适宜范围和重要养分平衡比值。养分含量适宜范围为：Ｎ２．１５％－２．４０％,Ｐ０．４３％－０．５０％〉Ｋ２．７０％－３．２０％,Ｃａ３．６０％－４．２０％,Ｍｇ０．３５－０．７０％。重要养分平衡比值适宜范围为：Ｎ／Ｐ４．００－５．３３,Ｐ／Ｃａ０．０１８     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.     

Applied Biotechnology to Combat Late Blight in Potato Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora Infestans</Emphasis>

Potato is an important crop, grown worldwide. It suffers from many pests and diseases among which late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is the worst. The disease is still causing major damage in many potato production areas and control is only possible by applying fungicides frequently. The knowledge on the molecular biology and genetics of the interaction between the plant and the oomycete is developing rapidly. These are relevant fields of study, currently dominated by the discovery of many resistance genes and numerous effector proteins and the analysis of their specific mode of action. These studies may yield essential information needed for the development of durable resistance. The long-term and worldwide effort to breed for resistance so far has had little effect. A novel breeding approach may change this. It is based on cisgenic modification (CM) consisting of marker-free pyramiding of several resistance genes and their spatial and temporal deployment yielding dynamic varieties that contain potato genes only. It is envisioned that this CM approach with potato’s own genes will not only prove societally acceptable but may also result in simplifications in the legislation on use of the CM approach. Various parties in the potato research arena intend to cooperate in this novel approach in a number of developing countries where potato substantially contributes to food security. The use of resources such as land, water and energy improves when the effect of late blight is markedly reduced.     

Resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potato virus Y</Emphasis> in a Multitrait Potato Breeding Scheme without Direct Selection in Each Generation

In an experimental breeding scheme to improve late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and white potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) resistance of tetraploid potato over three generations of crossing and selection, 15 clones survived the final selection, and these were derived from 15 great-grandparents. There was no direct selection for resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), but 14 out of the 15 great-grandparents were resistant to PVY and three had extreme resistance. Thirteen of the 15 descendants had PVY resistance and one extreme resistance. This was within the range expected for a random (unselected) sample from the genotypes of the great-grandparents. Hence, we found no evidence for any positive or negative association between PVY resistance and the attributes selected. The conclusion is that laborious selection is not required in every generation when many parents have PVY resistance, including some with more than one copy of a PVY resistance gene or resistance at more than one locus. However, in the future, determining the major virus resistance genes present in potential parents in each generation using diagnostic molecular markers would prevent susceptible × susceptible crosses being made and maximise the number of resistant × resistant ones.