60份大豆种质资源苗期耐盐性鉴定评价

为挖掘大豆种质资源中的耐盐种质资源，筛选出耐盐性较强的种质资源，为大豆耐盐性品种的选育提供优异亲本，本研究选用来源于黑龙江、吉林、日本等地的大豆种质资源60份，采用1.500%NaCl溶液模拟盐胁迫环境进行苗期耐盐性鉴定评价，测定叶长、叶宽、叶柄长度、株高、茎秆直径、茎节数、分枝数、植株鲜重、植株干重等9个性状指标，应用隶属函数、主成分分析、聚类分析等方法对大豆苗期耐盐性进行综合评价。结果表明：盐胁迫下各指标测量值与对照相比较均明显下降，且各指标之间呈现极显著或显著相关关系。利用隶属函数法进行耐盐性综合评价，发现不同大豆品种间的耐盐性表现出较大的差异，60份大豆中包括耐盐品种12份，中等耐盐品种24份，盐敏感品种16份，不耐盐品种8份。9个性状可综合为3个主成分，可解释67.430%的表型变异，分别代表叶片因子、伸长因子和生物量因子；60份材料按耐盐性强弱可分为4类，第一类为耐盐品种(12份),第二类为中等耐盐品种(24份),第三类为敏感品种(16份),第四类为不耐盐品种(8份)。东农56、佳试D、黑农63耐盐性较强，叶长、分枝数、地上部分干重均可作为大豆耐盐筛选与评价的重要指标。     

部分CIMMYT小麦种质的耐盐性鉴定与评价

为了筛选耐盐小麦新种质,以耐盐小麦品种青麦6号为对照,分别在小麦苗期以相对盐害指数、芽期以根系盐害易感指数和相对苗长为鉴定和评价指标,对选自国际玉米小麦改良中心（CIMMYT）的417份小麦材料进行耐盐性筛选与鉴定。结果显示,有39份小麦种质的耐盐性优于对照,经相关分析和主成分分析发现,总根长SSI值可作为根系耐盐指标用于耐盐性综合评价;结合总根长SSI值、盐害指数和相对苗长的隶属函数综合值进行聚类分析发现,cm58、cm163、cm439和cm440 四份小麦种质的耐盐性优于对照青麦6号,是研究小麦耐盐性和培育耐盐小麦新品种的优异材料。     

大豆芽期和苗期耐盐性评价指标筛选

大豆耐盐性是决定盐碱地大豆产量的关键因素之一。为探究不同盐浓度对大豆芽期、苗期生长发育的影响,评价不同大豆品种对不同盐浓度的耐受能力,以合豆3号、徐豆14、中黄55和临豆10号大豆品种为材料,在芽期,设置50,75和100 mmol·L~(-1)的盐溶液处理,苗期设置100,200和250 mmol·L~(-1)盐浓度处理。记录大豆芽期生长指标和苗期形态生理指标,并以各指标耐盐指数隶属函数值、总隶属函数值为依据,对4个大豆品种芽期和苗期耐盐性进行比较及聚类分析。结果表明:芽期主根长、下胚轴长、根干重、含水量、鲜重、根鲜重、活力指数耐盐指数的隶属函数值与总耐盐指数隶属函数值的相关性均达到极显著水平,苗期根干重、根鲜重、MDA含量、株高的耐盐指数与总耐盐指数隶属函数值的相关性均达到显著水平。在不同时期和不同品种的盐耐受分析中,不同生育时期的大豆耐受性表现不同;芽期4个大豆品种耐盐程度大致相同。苗期徐豆14、临豆10号耐盐性较强,中黄55耐盐性中等,合豆3号耐盐性较弱。在耐盐指标筛选分析中,下胚轴长、根干重、含水量、鲜生物量、根鲜重和主根长的耐盐指数可作为大豆芽期耐盐鉴定指标,而MDA含量和株高的耐盐指数则可以作为大豆苗期耐盐鉴定指标。     

粳稻种质资源芽期耐盐性综合评价与筛选

【目的】土壤盐渍化是危害水稻生产的重要非生物胁迫之一。鉴定水稻种质资源发芽期耐盐性,筛选耐盐指标,培育耐盐品种,对水稻生产的发展具有重要意义。【方法】利用125 mmol/L Na Cl溶液对64份粳稻种质资源进行盐胁迫,于胁迫后3 d测定发芽数;胁迫5 d、10 d后,测定发芽数、芽长和根长,并计算相对芽长、根长、发芽势、发芽率、盐害率,发芽指数和活力指数。运用多种统计学方法对各种质资源的芽期耐盐性进行综合评价,分析典型耐盐和盐敏感种质盐胁迫条件下的发芽特征。【结果】相对盐害率与相对根长、相对发芽势、相对发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数均极显著负相关;除相对芽长外各指标间的相关性均达到极显著水平。通过聚类分析将64份粳稻种质资源划分成4个类群。第Ⅰ、Ⅰ类群分别为典型的盐敏感和耐盐类群,第Ⅱ类群为弱耐盐种质为主的混合类群,第Ⅲ类群主要由耐盐种质组成。通过主成分分析将7个评价指标转换为3个主成分,应用隶属函数和权重,获得了客观评价粳稻种质资源耐盐性的综合评价值D。分别选取D值最高和最低的5份种质资源进行芽期耐盐指标的差异显著性分析,结果表明,两组种质资源盐胁迫5 d的各评价指标差异均达到极显著水平,10 d的评价指标除相对芽长外,均达到了显著差异水平。【结论】水稻芽期对盐胁迫较为敏感,且耐盐性不同的种质间差异显著。利用逐步回归和主成分分析获得发芽指数、相对根长和相对盐害率3个指标,可作为快速鉴定粳稻种质资源芽期耐盐性的重要指标,若采用多元统计方法评价可靠性更高。     

不同花生品种(系)萌发期耐盐性的鉴定与评价

为筛选耐盐品种以及开展花生耐盐相关研究,本文以相对发芽势、相对发芽率和相对发芽指数为指标对41个花生品种（系）萌发期的耐盐性进行鉴定。结果表明,盐胁迫对花生种子萌发有显著的抑制作用,这种抑制效应随着胁迫浓度的增加而增强,0.5%NaCl浓度胁迫能较好反映品种萌发期的耐盐性差异,可用于花生品种资源的耐盐性鉴定。聚类分析表明,在欧氏距离D=15水平上可以细分为A、B、C、D、E共5个类群,其中A类群耐盐性较强,E类群表现为盐敏感。不同地区品种对不同NaCl浓度的耐性差异明显,河南品种的耐盐性较强;不同类型花生品种中以高世代品系的耐盐性较强。本研究筛选到3份耐盐品种和2份盐敏感品种,可用于花生耐盐的相关研究。     

玉米芽期和苗期耐盐性鉴定方法的比较分析

以9份不同耐盐级别的玉米自交系为试材,在芽期和苗期分别采用4种不同盐浓度进行处理,5种评价方法进行玉米耐盐性鉴定,依据各种方法的鉴定结果与试材实际耐盐级别的符合程度,筛选出最佳的鉴定方法和评价指标。结果表明,芽期相对盐害率和盐害指数鉴定法的鉴定结果与已知自交系耐盐性级别的相关系数分别为0.27和0.45;苗期盆栽鉴定法的两种评价方法鉴定结果与供试材料耐盐性级别的相关系数分别为0.90和0.85,苗期水培鉴定法的相关系数为0.67。采用苗情、株高变化率和干重变化率为指标的苗期盆栽耐盐性鉴定方法最适宜大量玉米种质资源的耐盐性筛选。     

盐胁迫对杂交稻隆两优华占及其亲本种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

以杂交稻组合隆两优华占及其2个亲本隆科638S和华占为试验材料,萌发期设置6个NaCl质量分数梯度(0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%、1.0%和1.2%)和苗期设置3个NaCl质量分数梯度(0.4%、0.8%和1.2%)来模拟盐胁迫试验,以清水为对照,分析盐胁迫对杂交稻及其亲本种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,在各质量分数的盐胁迫处理下,萌发期各项指标均不同程度地受到盐胁迫影响,多数指标值均随盐质量分数升高而下降,且质量分数0.6%是隆两优华占及其亲本的耐盐临界值。在0.2%~0.6%NaCl胁迫下3个品种发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、胚芽长的盐胁迫抑制率在品种间存在显著差异,进一步通过隶属函数值综合评价,得出3个品种萌发期耐盐性由强到弱分别为隆两优华占、华占和隆科638S;苗期盐胁迫下3个品种中隆两优华占地上部分K^+/Na^+比值最大,表明其耐盐性最强。综合萌发期隶属函数值和苗期K^+/Na^+比值可以得出,杂交组合隆两优华占与其亲本比较,耐盐性更强,说明水稻的耐盐性具有一定的杂种优势。     

花生品种资源耐盐性鉴定初报

对山东省２９０份花生种质资源在芽期和苗期进行了耐盐性筛选鉴定。以ｌ％ＮａＣｌ溶液作发芽试验和苗期试验，芽期按盐害百分率分级，１级９份，２级６份；苗期用耐盐１级的９份材料进行试验，仅有１份材料表现良好。     

青稞苗期耐低磷能力评价

为从52个西藏青稞地方品种中筛选出耐低磷材料,通过苗期水培试验,设置缺磷(0.5μmol·L~(-1))和对照(0.5 mmol·L~(-1))两种处理,测定不同磷营养条件下青稞材料的生物量、根冠比、磷利用效率和酸性磷酸酶活性等指标,并利用主成分分析和隶属函数加权平均和聚类分析法对青稞的耐低磷能力进行综合评价。结果表明,52份青稞材料的综合评价值(D)范围为0.263～0.815,平均值为0.508。经聚类分析,将这些地方品种分为四大类。其中,第一类共11个品种(长芒白青稞、鄂嘎宗、扎仁、穷结黄六棱、满都、白青稞4、白青稞5、短芒青稞、分枝青稞、乃木、白青稞6),D值范围为0.263～0.372,平均值为0.325,磷利用效率最低,耐低磷能力差;第二类共23个品种,D值范围为0.406～0.556,平均值为0.525,磷利用效率和耐低磷能力稍好;第三类共16个品种,D值范围为0.586～0.719,平均值为0.597,磷利用效率较高,较耐低磷;第四类共2个品种(阿曼都、拉萨紫青稞),D值范围为0.781～0.815,平均值为0.798,磷利用效率最高,耐低磷能力强,可以用于青稞磷高效和耐低磷育种。     

几个陆地棉品种萌发出苗期耐盐性差异比较

采用耐盐性不同的两个品种对棉花萌发出苗期的耐盐性进行研究,结果表明:在盐土浓度为0.3%时,耐盐品种中9806与盐敏感品种Tamcot CAB-CS的出苗率达差异极显著。所以,盐土浓度为0.3%的出苗率可以用来鉴定棉花萌发出苗期的耐盐性。14个品种(系)萌发期耐盐性筛选表明,不同基因型的棉花品种萌发期耐盐性存在显著差异。萌发期耐盐性较强的品种有3个,分别为豫棉21、中棉所35、鲁棉研16;萌发期耐盐水平中等的品种(系)有2个,分别为东保0617和鲁棉研21。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.     

Cytoplasmic substitution inSolanum. II. Tuber characteristics of reciprocal backcross progeny

Summary Recurrent backcrosses (BC) were used to introduce nuclear factors ofS. tuberosum L. ssp.tuberosum into the cytoplasm of Andean potatoesS. tuberosum ssp.andigena (Juz. and Buk.) Hawkes andS. phureja Juz. and Buk. Each generation BC was produced in reciprocal directions to test the effect of cytoplasmic substitution on yield. This report analyses tuber number, tuber weight, and tuber length of BC₂ and BC₃ substitution into ssp.andigena cytoplasm and BC₂ and BC₂ substitutions intoS. phureja cytoplasm. Direction of cross had no consistent significant effect on yield components of ssp.andigena substitution lines. InS. phureja reciprocal progenies direction of cross was responsible for significant differences of some reciprocal sets. When there were significant differences the higher yield usually occurred when ssp.tuberosum was the pistillate parent, but in some progenies when ssp.tuberosum was the pistillate parent the yield was significantly lower than in the reciprocals. It is suggested that differences between reciprocals resulted from chromosomally encoded gene action, resulting from maternal and/or paternal effects, rather than cytoplasmic factors. Authorized for publication as paper No. 7494 in the Journal Series of The Pennsylvania Agriculture Experiment Station.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.