小麦醇溶蛋白的遗传与品质改良

醇溶蛋白是小麦胚乳中的重要贮藏蛋白,由它在组成上的高度异质性以及品质的重要作用长期以一直上受到广泛关注,本文综述了近年来国内外在醇溶蛋白基因定位,后代遗传规律,等位基因变异及其与品质和农艺性状的关系进行了研究进展,并讨论了通过醇溶蛋白组成的电泳筛选改良小麦品质的可行性及前景。     

施磷量对不同类型专用小麦产量和品质的调控效应

为给优质小麦合理施肥提供依据，以强筋小麦中优9507、中筋小麦扬麦12号、弱筋小麦扬麦9号为材料，在缺磷土壤（速效磷含量4．10mg／kg）上研究了施磷量对小麦籽粒产量、蛋白质、淀粉及其组分含量的影响。结果表明，强筋小麦中优9507在施磷量（P2O5）0～144kg／ha，中筋小麦扬麦12号和弱筋小麦扬麦9号在施磷量（P2O5）0～108kg／ha范围内，籽粒产量随施磷量增加而增加，继续增加施磷量，籽粒产量则呈下降趋势。中优9507与扬麦12号清蛋白含量施磷处理均高于不施磷处理，扬麦9号施磷则降低了清蛋白含量；增施磷肥后中优9507球蛋白含量下降，扬麦12号先下降后上升，而扬麦9号球蛋白含量有所上升；在上述施磷量范围内，醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白和总蛋白含量随施磷量增加而增加，直链淀粉、支链淀粉、总淀粉含量均随施磷量增加而下降，继续增加施磷量，醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白和总蛋白含量下降，直链淀粉、支链淀粉、总淀粉含量有所上升。     

大麦醇溶蛋白与麦芽品质关系的研究进展

综述了近年来有关大麦醇溶蛋白和麦芽品质之间关系的研究进展,分析了醇溶蛋白电泳条带模型与麦芽品质之间的关系。多数研究结果表明,二者之间没有关系,但是采用聚类分析发现,醇溶蛋白电泳模型以麦芽品质为依据进行分类是有效的;有关D醇溶蛋白与麦芽品质之间关系的研究结论也不一致,有研究认为D醇溶蛋白与麦芽浸出率之间呈显著负相关,并且这种关系不受品种和年份的影响。但有人利用Hor3缺失的近等基因系进行的研究结果则并不支持这一观点。另据研究,由D醇溶蛋白和B醇溶蛋白组成的凝胶组分含量与麦芽品质呈负相关。     

小麦品质性状与蛋白组份含量关系的研究

通过对黑龙江省大面积主栽小麦品种不同品质类型进行蛋白组份含量以及麦谷蛋白亚基组合的份析表明 ,小麦品质性状与麦谷蛋白 /醇溶蛋白比值显著相关 ,随麦谷蛋白含量的增加 ,面筋、沉降值、稳定时间都有明显增大 ,醇溶蛋白高于麦谷蛋白含量 ,其面团筋性弱、稳定时间短。     

小麦醇溶蛋白的遗传与品质改良

醇溶蛋白是小麦胚乳中的重要贮藏蛋白,由于它在组成上的高度异质性以及对品质的重要作用,长期以来一直受到广泛关注。本文综述了近年来国内外在醇溶蛋白基因定位、后代遗传规律、等位基因变异及其与品质和农艺性状的关系等方面的研究进展,并讨论了通过醇溶蛋白组成的电泳筛选改良小麦品质的可行性及前景。     

CHA杂种小麦品质优势的多代利用研究

以6个优质材料和7个丰产材料为亲本,按优/优、优/丰和丰/丰三种类型组配23个杂交组合,分析了F1、F2的品质性状杂种优势和亲子关系,研究了小麦HMW-GS的遗传及其与杂种小麦品质的关系,探讨了CHA杂种F1、F2优势利用的可行性及培育优质杂种小麦的选配规律。结果表明:同一组合F1、F2的品质优势没有规律性变化,其值大多介于双亲之间,各组合品质指标与亲本呈正相关,选择高值双亲可获得较高的F1、F2组合,亲本基因型对杂种小麦的品质起决定作用,选择时应着重考虑优/丰和优/优类型。F1、F2代品质优势显著,杂种小麦F1及F2代在生产中具有利用可行性。小麦HMW-GS的分离符合孟德尔基因分离规律,选择优质亚基多的亲本杂交,可提高其在杂交后代中的出现频率,进而提高杂种小麦的品质。     

热处理对小麦籽粒蛋白质组分的影响

根据小麦籽粒蛋白质的溶解性不同，将3个不同面筋强度的小麦品种在不同温度下处理，分析了其籽粒中球清蛋白，醇溶蛋白，乙酸可溶性麦谷蛋白和乙酸不溶性谷蛋白的含量和比例。结果表明，高温（90℃和110℃）处理强筋和中强筋小麦，球清蛋白和乙酸可溶性麦谷蛋白的含量下降，醇溶蛋白的含量不变，乙酸不溶性蛋白的含量上升，高温处理弱筋小麦，球清蛋白，醇溶蛋白和乙酸可溶性麦谷蛋白的含量下降，乙酸不溶性蛋白的含量上升，讨论了高温处理使强面筋和中强面筋小麦品质劣化，使弱面筋小麦的品质改善的原因。     

小麦品质性状与蛋白组份含量关系的研究

通过对黑龙江省大面积主栽小麦品种不同品质类型进行蛋白组份进行含量以及麦谷蛋白 基组合的份析表明,小麦品质性状与麦谷蛋白／醇溶蛋白比值显著相关,随麦谷蛋白含量的增加,面筋、沉降值、稳定时间都有明显增大,醇溶蛋白高于麦谷蛋白含量,其面团筋性弱,稳定时间短。     

小麦和黑麦品种醇溶蛋白的比较分析

为了分析普通小麦醇溶蛋白和黑麦醇溶蛋白的异同,运用酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法和反相高效液相色谱法对4个普通小麦品种和4个黑麦品种的醇溶蛋白进行了比较分析。在酸性电泳分析方法中,4个普通小麦品种共分离出16条迁移率不同的谱带,而4个黑麦品种共分离出10条谱带,每个品种在α、β、γ、ω四个区的分布频率也不相同。从谱带出现的频率和染色的深浅可明显看出普通小麦的醇溶蛋白含量远远大于黑麦品种。在反相高效液相色谱分析方法中,普通小麦分离出12～18个组分,黑麦品种分离出6～12个组分;普通小麦不同类型的醇溶蛋白出峰时间比较紧凑,而黑麦的出峰时间差异较大。反相高效液相色谱分析方法能很好地分离醇溶蛋白,且其更快速、简便、所需样品量少。     

波兰小麦对普通小麦醇溶蛋白的改良作用

为研究波兰小麦对普通小麦醇溶蛋白的改良作用,利用酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶(A-PAGE)电泳技术对60个波兰小麦×普通小麦中13后代株系的醇溶蛋白位点进行了检测.结果表明,波兰小麦与普通小麦杂交后代醇溶蛋白存在丰富的变异类型,共产生了34条迁移率不同的醇溶蛋白谱带,其中,α区2条,β区24条,γ区4条,ω区4条.每个株系具有7～21条带,多数株系为12～19条,平均15.68条.醇溶蛋白遗传多样性指数(H')及多态性信息含量(PIC)分析结果显示,β区醇溶蛋白组成最为丰富,而α区最低.供试材料间存在较大的遗传变异,在GD值0.38水平上可聚为4类.波兰小麦醇溶蛋白谱带在BC<,1F<,2中出现的频率比BC<,2中更高,变异更为丰富.杂交后代中出现了4条双亲不具有的新谱带.分析表明,波兰小麦对普通小麦醇溶蛋白的改良有十分明显的作用.     

优质面包专用小麦新品种中优9507配粉特性研究

用优质面包小麦中优 95 0 7与普通小麦京冬 8号和京 4 11进行配粉 ,测定粉质仪参数和面包、面条、馒头加工品质 ,结果表明 ,在中优 95 0 7中搭配 2 0 %的京冬 8号或 10 %的京 4 11,其湿面筋含量、粉质仪参数等仍然达到强筋粉的标准 ;中优 95 0 7为优质面包、面条和馒头兼用型品种 ,京冬 8号不适合制做上述三种食品 ,京 4 11的馒头加工品质较好 ;用 5 0 %的京冬 8号或 4 0 %的京 4 11与中优 95 0 7搭配 ,面包评分仍然超过 85分 ;用 5 0 %～ 6 0 %的京冬 8号或 80 %的京 4 11与中优 95 0 7配粉 ,可显著改善二者的馒头品质 ;用 90 %的京冬 8号或 5 0 %的京 4 11与中优 95 0 7搭配 ,可显著改善二者的面条加工品质     

叶考拉F70及其后代在中国小麦品质改良中的应用

品质和产量同步改良是小麦育种的重要目标.自20世纪70年代开始,本研究利用来自CIM-MYT的优质小麦叶考拉F70(Yecora F70)进行品质育种,先后育成优质面包小麦品系京771和中作8131-1、中优9507、中优206等三个优质强筋小麦新品种,产量水平得到逐步提高.中优206较好地实现了优质和高产的结合.中作8131-1及其衍生系已成为中国小麦品质育种的重要优质源之一.本文系统介绍了Yecora F70及其后代在品质育种中应用的最新进展,目的是为中国小麦品质育种提供方法和经验.     

冬小麦冠层氮素及硝酸还原酶活性的垂直分布

为了探讨冬小麦冠层不同层次氮素及NRA分布规律，解释冠层氮素垂直分布差异的内在原因，对两个籽粒蛋白质含量不同的冬小麦品种进行了研究。结果表明，冬小麦叶片含氮量沿冠层垂直分布呈明显的梯度，自冠层顶部向下逯层降低。不同品种间存在差异，籽粒蛋白含量高的中优9507上部层次梯度大于籽粒蛋白含量低的京冬8号，下部层次则反之，后期中优9507与京冬8号下部层次的差异更为明显。硝酸还原酶活性(NRA)也自冠层顶部逐层降低，但其梯度变化趋势与含氮量变化趋势并不完全一致。中优9507NRA高于京冬8号，其垂直梯度值也高于京冬8号相应梯度。京冬8号上部叶片NRA与叶片含氮量具有较高的相关性，能较好地反映植株的氮素状况，而中优9507上、中部叶片NRA均可以反映其植株氮素状况。二者下层叶片NRA都表现出与叶片氮素消长的不同步性。     

Prediction of grain protein content in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using plant pigment ratio (PPR)

The applicability of the hyperspectral data from the canopy to the prediction of wheat grain quality was assessed for winter wheat. A training experiment and a validation experiment with contrasting nitrogen (N) levels and different cultivars were conducted, respectively, at different locations in Beijing, China. The wheat canopy spectral reflectance over 350–2500 nm, leaf N concentration and chlorophyll (Chl) concentration were measured at different growth stages, and the grain protein content was also determined after harvest. Eight vegetation indices (VIs) were compared relating to leaf N concentration, and the result indicated that the plant pigment ratio (PPR, (R550−R450)/(R550+R450)), a Chl-based index, was most applicable to predict wheat grain protein due to its significant correlation with leaf N concentration at the post-anthesis stage. Based on the relationships among PPR, leaf Chl concentration, leaf N concentration, and grain protein content, the statistical prediction models of grain protein content for Zhongyou9507 (a hard winter wheat) and Jingdong8 (a semi-hard winter wheat) were developed. The root mean square error (RMSE) of the 18 DAA (days after anthesis) model of Zhongyou9507 was 0.175; those of the anthesis model and the 11 DAA model of Jingdong8 were 0.238 and 0.982, respectively. Taking both the precision and accuracy into account, the 18 DAA model of Zhongyou9507 and the anthesis model of Jingdong8 were recommended to predict grain protein content for each cultivar. The result demonstrated that PPR could be used to assess grain quality of winter wheat.     

穗发芽率和发芽指数及STS标记Vp1B3在小麦抗穗发芽基因型鉴定中的应用

为了筛选抗穗发芽品种(系)并了解其抗性机制,应用整穗发芽法和发芽指数鉴定了33份小麦新品系的穗发芽抗性,以红粒品种京冬8号和京9428作为抗穗发芽对照,以白粒品种京411和中优9507作为感穗发芽对照,并结合共显性STS标记Vp1B3对其基因型进行检测.结果表明,穗发芽率(SGR)低于抗性对照京冬8号和京9428平均值(12.7%)的品系有7份,其中2份为白粒,5份为红粒.只有一份红粒品系CA0489的发芽指数(GI)低于抗性对照平均值(13.2%).应用STS标记Vp1B3共扩增出849 bp、569 bp和652 bp三种片段,分别属于抗穗发芽基因型Vp1Bb和Vp1Bc及感穗发芽基因型Vp1Ba,其频率分别为3%、18%和79%.红粒抗穗发芽品系CA0489属于Vp1Bb基因型和红色种皮休眠型,CA0481属于Vp1Bc抗穗发芽基因型,另外三份红粒抗穗发芽品系的抗性机理还需要进一步研究;白粒抗穗发芽品系CA0509和CA0459的抗性为非Vp1B3类型,其抗性可能与穗部性状和颖壳抑制物有关.     

The use of genetics in understanding protein composition and grain quality in wheat

As each of the classes of wheat-grain protein has been implicated in some aspect of man's interest in wheat utilization, we are motivated to learn more about the genetic control of their synthesis so that breeders may better tailor wheats to specific requirements. The gliadins have particularly merited study because they appear to be responsible for coeliac condition and for depressed lysine content, and as they are proving valuable for varietal identification and grain-quality prediction. Genetic aspects of gliadin synthesis have been studied using aneuploids, by examining F₁ and F₂ segregation after crossing, and by computer comparison of the gliadin composition of many genotypes in conjunction with systematic pedigree comparisons. These studies indicate gliadin synthesis to be controlled by blocks of tightly linked genes on the short arms of the chromosomes of groups 1 and 6. The high molecular weight subunits of glutenin are genetically distinct from the gliadins, being coded by genes on the long arms of chromosomes 1A, 1B and 1D. A better understanding of the relationship between grain quality and specific endosperm proteins is now developing. It is likely to provide simpler means of selecting for quality type in both breeding and harvest segregation.     

On-the-spot identification of grain variety and wheat-quality type by Lab-on-a-chip capillary electrophoresis

Lab-on-a-chip capillary electrophoresis has been used for identification of wheat variety and quality type. Analysis of each chip takes 30 minutes for 10 samples, and distinction can be made between members of a set of 40 commonly grown Australian wheat varieties. Quality type could be predicted by analysis of the HMW and LMW glutenin subunits. The technique has also been applied to the separation of proteins from other grains and legumes, and may also be useful for identifying variety and/or quality type in these crops.     

优质抗稻瘟病水稻恢复系成恢177的选育与利用

成恢177系四川省农科院作物研究所用籼型恢复系绵恢502与美国光身稻Lemont杂交，后代通过花药培养和病圃稻瘟病抗性鉴定选育而成的优质、抗稻瘟病、高配合力、强恢复力水稻恢复系。成恢177已配组出川香优2号、冈优177、中优177和D优177等4个组合通过国家或省级品种审定，也作为稻瘟病抗性资源在杂交水稻育种中应用。     

Silencing of puroindoline a alters the kernel texture in transgenic bread wheat

Grain hardness is an important end-use quality parameter of bread wheat, and one of the most important characters for quality improvement. The objective of this study was to further understand the function of puroindolines and the underlying mechanism in the formation of kernel texture. The highly efficient expression vector pUBPa harboring puroindoline a (Pina) was introduced into the bread wheat cultivar Zhongyou 9507-60 via biolistic transformation and transgenic plants were obtained. The integration of the foreign Pina gene was confirmed by PCR and genomic DNA Southern blot analysis. The levels of friabilin on the surface of water-washed starch granules varied among the transgenic lines. SDS-PAGE analysis of Triton X-114 extracted protein showed that the PINA protein was absent in three transgenic lines, indicating that the endogenous Pina gene most likely had been co-suppressed by the over-expression of the Pina transgene. SKCS kernel hardness and scanning electron microscopy analysis further confirmed the changes of kernel texture in these lines.