木薯内源ABA含量与块根淀粉积累关系研究

以淀粉含量不同的木薯品种‘辐选01’和‘华南124’为材料,通过测定木薯内源脱落酸(ABA)含量、淀粉积累过程中的关键酶活性以及淀粉积累量,探讨ABA含量与块根淀粉积累的关系。结果表明:不同淀粉含量的木薯品种其内源ABA含量存在差异,尤其在生育后期表现尤为明显;淀粉含量高的品种叶片、茎秆和块根的ABA含量、块根腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPpase)、蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)及淀粉分支酶(SBE)的活性高于淀粉含量低的品种;结果表明,叶片ABA含量与块根的腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)及淀粉分支酶(SBE)活性呈极显著正相关,与蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性呈显著正相关。茎秆ABA与腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPpase)呈显著正相关,与可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)以及淀粉分支酶(SBE)的活性呈极显著正相关;块根ABA含量与块根腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPpase)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)活性呈极显著正相关,与蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性呈现正相关,与块根淀粉分支酶(SBE)活性呈极显著负相关。茎叶、块根ABA含量与块根淀粉积累均呈现极显著正相关。可见,木薯内源ABA在块根淀粉积累中有重要调节作用。本研究为高产、高淀粉木薯品种的选育与栽培提供理论支持和实践指导。      

白粉病对小麦品种西农979籽粒淀粉合成关键酶基因表达的影响

为了揭示白粉病对花后小麦籽粒淀粉合成的影响机制,以小麦品种西农979为材料,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术研究白粉病不同发病程度对小麦籽粒淀粉合成相关酶基因表达的影响。结果表明,随着感病程度的增加,小麦籽粒的腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶基因AGPase、淀粉分支酶基因SBE和可溶性淀粉合成酶基因SSS的表达均被抑制,其酶活性下降;束缚态淀粉合成酶I基因GBSSⅠ的表达量和酶活性均高于对照;去分支酶基因DBE的表达量与对照相比没有明显变化,但其酶活性在病害高峰期高于对照;支链淀粉含量和总淀粉含量显著降低,而直链淀粉含量增加。由此可知,白粉病通过改变籽粒淀粉合成相关酶基因的表达及活性而影响淀粉的积累。     

钾素用量对春玉米淀粉合成酶活性及产量的影响

在不同施钾肥条件下对春玉米子粒淀粉合成酶活性进行研究。结果表明,ADPG焦磷酸化酶、淀粉合成酶的活性在春玉米子粒灌浆过程中均呈单峰曲线变化,在一定的施钾肥用量范围内,增加钾肥用量,提高了ADPG焦磷酸化酶、淀粉合成酶活性,使ADPG焦磷酸化酶活性峰值出现日期提前。施钾肥能显著提高春玉米产量,四单19在施钾肥100kg/hm2时产量最高;丰禾10在施钾肥150kg/hm2时产量最高。淀粉合成酶活性与产量的相关性分析表明,在玉米吐丝后的21～35d,ADPG焦磷酸化酶活性与产量呈显著正相关;在吐丝后42d,可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)活性与产量呈极显著正相关;在吐丝后14～28d,束缚态淀粉合成酶(GBSS)活性与产量呈显著正相关。     

灌浆结实期弱光对水稻籽粒淀粉积累及相关酶活性的影响

 选用IR72（籼稻）和日本晴（粳稻）为材料，在开花后进行遮光处理，对弱光条件下籽粒淀粉和直链淀粉含量的动态变化及相关酶的活性进行了研究。在弱光条件下，两品种籽粒的淀粉含量减少，直链淀粉含量下降，蔗糖含量降低，ADPG焦磷酸化酶活性的变化较小，可溶性淀粉合成酶和颗粒结合型淀粉合成酶活性减弱，可溶性淀粉分支酶Q酶和颗粒结合型淀粉分支酶活性增强，淀粉去分支酶活性因品种而异，IR72表现为减弱，日本晴则为增强。相关分析表明，遮光下蔗糖输入量的减少量和淀粉合成量的下降量呈显著正相关；ADPG焦磷酸化酶和淀粉分支酶活性与淀粉积累速率呈显著正相关。分析指出，遮光下淀粉合成酶活性的降低与淀粉合成量的下降有关，淀粉分支酶活性的升高是直链淀粉占淀粉总量的比率减少的重要原因。     

花后高温胁迫对春小麦籽粒淀粉合成的影响

为揭示高温胁迫对春小麦籽粒淀粉合成的影响机制,以宁春4号小麦为材料,分别于花后5、10、15和20 d进行高温（35 ℃±3 ℃）胁迫,利用实时荧光定量PCR法（qPCR）研究花后不同时期高温胁迫下小麦籽粒淀粉合成相关酶基因表达,并将基因表达量与对应籽粒淀粉合成酶活性进行相关性分析。结果表明,束缚态淀粉合成酶Ⅰ（GBSSⅠ）基因对高温不敏感,而腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（AGPase）基因、淀粉分支酶（SBE）基因、可溶性淀粉合成酶（SSS）基因的表达均被高温胁迫抑制;被测的4种淀粉合成相关酶的活性均被高温协迫抑制。自然生长温度下,除GBSSⅠ酶外,SBE、AGPase和SSS酶活性与其对应基因的表达量极显著或显著正相关;高温胁迫使4种被测的淀粉合成相关酶活性与其对应基因表达量的相关性降低。高温胁迫通过抑制小麦籽粒淀粉合成相关酶基因的表达而影响对应酶活性,使小麦籽粒淀粉的积累发生改变;高温胁迫发生时间越早,对小麦籽粒淀粉积累影响越大。     

结实期干湿交替处理对稻米品质的影响及其生理机制

 以扬稻6号和武育粳3号为材料,研究了结实期干 湿交替处理对稻米品质的影响及其机理。结果表明,结实期轻度干 湿交替处理改善了稻米的加工品质和外观品质,提高了米粉的崩解值,降低了消减值,而重度干 湿交替处理结果则相反。轻度干 湿交替处理还提高了籽粒中蔗糖合酶(SuSase)、ADP葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(ADPGase)、可溶性淀粉合酶(SSSase)和淀粉分支酶(Q酶)的活性。重度干 湿交替处理则降低上述酶类的活性。上述酶类活性与稻米主要品质指标显著相关。根系伤流中1 氨基环丙烷 1 羧酸（ACC,乙烯合成前体）浓度、籽粒中ACC浓度和乙烯释放速率在轻度干 湿交替处理条件下均明显降低,而在重度干 湿交替处理条件下则明显提高。根系伤流中ACC浓度、籽粒中ACC浓度和乙烯释放速率与SuSase、ADPGase、SSSase和Q酶活性呈显著或极显著负相关。灌浆结实期土壤水分处理改变了根系ACC浓度,影响了籽粒乙烯释放速率和ACC浓度,进而影响籽粒蔗糖 淀粉代谢途径关键酶的活性,最终影响了稻米品质的形成。     

马铃薯腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶的调控

腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶是淀粉合成过程中一个限速酶 ,其表达受到转录、温度、底物等多种因素调控。在 2 5℃其活性最强。 3 磷酸甘油和焦磷酸分别是其最有效的激活剂和抑制剂 ,其它物质如BSA、半胱氨酸、 2 巯基乙醇和谷胱甘肽都能使腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶的活性有所提高 ;NADP +、ADP、AMP等轻微地抑制腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶活性。     

作物淀粉合成关键酶及其基因表达的研究进展

ADP-葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase polypetide,AGPase)、颗粒结合淀粉合成酶(Granule-bound starch synthase,GBSS)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(Soluble starch synthase,SSS)、淀粉分支酶(Starch branching enzyme,SBE)、淀粉去分支酶(Starch debranching enzyme,DBE)等是淀粉合成过程中的关键酶.本文主要介绍了前人关于这五种酶各同工型的结构、功能、各同工酶基因在不同组织和不同生育时期的表达特异性,及它们的基因表达与淀粉合成的关系等方面的研究进展,旨在为相关研究提供参考.     

钾素对玉米子粒淀粉形成及产量的影响

2018-2019年在宁夏银川平吉堡开展田间试验，设6个(0、60、120、180、240和300 kg/hm²)钾肥用量，研究钾素用量对玉米子粒中淀粉合成酶活性、淀粉含量及产量的调控机理。结果表明，施钾显著提高玉米子粒淀粉含量及淀粉合成酶活性，降低直链淀粉与支链淀粉的比值，各处理中以施钾量为180 kg/hm²时子粒淀粉含量、酶活性和产量最高。子粒中淀粉酶活性于开花后35 d达最大值，180 kg/hm²钾肥处理比不施钾肥，腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGP)、尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(UGP)、淀粉分支酶(SBE)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)和束缚态淀粉合成酶(GBSS)活性分别提高38.97%、22.63%、27.64%、36.19%和28.23%。成熟期180 kg/hm²处理比不施钾肥处理，总淀粉含量提高29.82%，直链淀粉与支链淀粉的比值降低11.36%，产量增加18.14%。综合考虑玉米淀粉合成酶活性、淀粉含量及淀粉组分和产量等因素，宁夏旱区滴灌条件下的适宜施钾量为180 kg/h...     

不同品质类型水稻子粒淀粉合成关键酶动态分析

选用直链淀粉含量不同的3个粳稻品种,研究灌浆过程中淀粉合成关键酶活性变化及其与稻米直链淀粉含量及食味品质的关系。结果表明：不同品质类型品种酶活性变化趋势基本一致,牡08-1404的ADPG焦磷酸化酶和淀粉分支酶峰值出现早,灌浆中、后期衰减速度快,而且优质品种灌浆中、后期仍然保持较高水平的酶活性。灌浆前期3种酶活性与直链淀粉含量呈正相关,灌浆后期呈负相关,其中抽穗后30d的ADPG焦磷酸化酶和可溶性淀粉合成酶活性与直链淀粉含量呈板显著的负相关。通过淀粉合成关键酶活性与稻米食味值相关分析表明,前期食味值与3种酶活性主要呈负相关,但在25-35d酶活性与食味值呈正相关,在35d可溶性淀粉合成酶和淀粉分支酶分别达到显著和极显著正相关。     

灌浆期高温与干旱对小麦籽粒淀粉合成相关酶基因表达的影响

灌浆期高温与干旱是影响小麦籽粒淀粉合成与积累的重要因素。为探讨灌浆期高温、干旱及其复合胁迫对小麦籽粒淀粉合成及积累的影响机理,以郑麦366为试验材料,采用大田盆栽和人工气候室模拟高温相结合的方法,研究了灌浆期高温、干旱及其复合胁迫对小麦籽粒淀粉合成相关酶基因表达特性及淀粉含量的影响。结果表明,灌浆期高温导致小麦籽粒淀粉合成相关酶基因表达高峰期提前,并不同程度抑制淀粉合成相关酶基因的表达;干旱胁迫不同程度提高了 AGPL1、 AGP1-a、 AGP1-b、GBSSI、SSI、SSIIc、SSIIIb、BEI、BEIIb、 ISA2、PHOH基因的表达量,降低其余被测基因表达量;高温和干旱复合胁迫与单因素胁迫对被测指标的影响不尽相同,表明两者对某些指标存在互作效应。高温与干旱均导致成熟期籽粒直链、支链和总淀粉含量下降。淀粉合成相关酶基因表达特性与淀粉积累密切相关。综上所述,高温与干旱改变了淀粉合成相关酶基因的表达,使淀粉积累受抑,导致小麦籽粒淀粉含量和产量下降。     

Gene Expression of Enzymes for Starch and Sucrose Metabolism and Transport in Leaf Sheaths of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) during the Heading Period in Relation to the Sink to Source Transition

Abstract

Leaf sheaths of rice plants are known to temporarily accumulate starch prior to heading, which is subsequently remobilized and transported into the panicle after heading. We investigated the time course for both carbohydrate content and steady state mRNA levels of enzymes related to starch and sucrose metabolism in the rice leaf sheath (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare). Leaf sheaths from the second leaf below the flag leaf accumulated high levels of starch before heading but they rapidly decreased after heading. In contrast, the flag leaf sheath did not accumulate as much starch. In the second leaf sheath, the mRNA levels of enzymes involved in starch synthesis, ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase (EC 2. 7. 7. 27), soluble starch synthase (EC 2. 4. 1.21) and branching enzyme (EC 2. 4. 1. 18) were high before heading, which coincided with rapid accumulation of starch. The mRNA levels of sucrose synthesis enzymes, cytosolic FBPase (EC 3. 1. 3. 11) and sucrose phosphate synthase (EC 2. 4. 1. 14), and the sucrose transporter (OsSUTI) increased at the time of heading, which was largely coincident with a decrease in the mRNA levels of starch synthesis enzymes. In the flag leaf sheaths, changes in mRNA levels of starch synthesis enzymes were not pronounced, however mRNA levels of sucrose synthesis enzymes and the sucrose transporter showed a clear increase throughout the heading period. The different characteristics observed between the two leaf sheaths will be discussed in relation to the sink to source transition.     

Expression Profiles and Protein Complexes of Starch Biosynthetic Enzymes from White-Core and Waxy Mutants Induced from High Amylose Indica Rice

Physicochemical properties of endosperm starches in milled rice determine its cooking and eating quality. Amylose is synthesized by granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI), whilst amylopectin is synthesized by the synergistic activities of starch synthases (SSs), branching enzymes (BEs) and debranching enzymes (DBEs). However, the complexes formed by starch biosynthetic enzymes are not well characterized. Gene expression profiles and protein complexes were determined in white-core (GM645) and waxy (GM077) mutants derived from a high amylose indica rice Guangluai 4 (GLA4). In GM645, genes including AGPS1, GBSSI, SSIIa, BEI, BEIIa, BEIIb, PUL, ISA1 and SP were significantly downregulated during seed development. In GM077, the expression levels of AGPL2, AGPS1, AGPS2b, SSIIIa, BEI, PUL and ISA1 were significantly upregulated. Co-immunoprecipitation assays revealed interactions of SSs-BEs, SSs-PUL and BEs-PUL in developing seeds. However, weak SSI-SSIIa interaction was detected in GM077, whilst SSI-PUL interaction was absent. Weak interaction signals for SSI-SSIIa, SSIIa-BEI, SSIIa-BEIIb, BEI-BEIIb and SSI-BEI were also observed in GM645. These results suggest that the protein-protein interactions for starch biosynthesis are modified in mutants, which provides insight into the mechanisms of starch biosynthesis, particularly in indica rice.     

玉米根部萜类合酶基因对干旱与激素处理的表达差异分析

选用两个具有抗性差异的玉米自交系B73与Mo17,分别对其根部进行干旱、脱落酸(ABA)、茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)以及茉莉酸甲酯与乙烯利联合(MeJA/EP)处理,定量检测4个与防御相关的萜类合酶基因An2、ZmTPS6、ZmTPS8以及ZmTPS26的表达情况。结果表明,4个基因在B73与Mo17应对干旱和ABA处理时基因表达差异明显。在Mo17中,干旱胁迫以及ABA处理显著诱导4个基因的表达;在B73中,干旱处理导致An2、ZmTPS6和ZmTPS8基因表达下调,在ABA处理下时,只有ZmTPS6被显著上调;MeJA与MeJA/EP处理在B73与Mo17中都能上调4个基因的表达,但在Mo17中的诱导程度更剧烈。B73与Mo17的根部在响应胁迫时存在显著的萜类代谢差异,可能为其抗性差异原因之一。     

水稻可溶性淀粉合成酶基因SSⅡa和SSⅢa的功能、等位变异及其互作研究进展

水稻淀粉合成对稻米品质的影响研究一直备受关注,是水稻基础科学研究的热点和难点之一。淀粉合成途径受众多酶催化调控,可溶性淀粉合成酶(soluble starch synthase, SSS)是其中较重要的一种,极大地影响稻米食味品质的形成。可溶性淀粉合成酶基因SSⅡa和SSⅢa是控制稻米糊化温度和胚乳支链淀粉生物合成途径中的两个关键基因。本文重点回顾并归纳了国内外关于SSⅡa和SSⅢa基因的功能、等位变异及其互作对稻米蒸煮食味品质影响的最新研究进展,同时对SSⅡa和SSⅢa基因的育种利用前景进行了展望,以期为稻米品质分子改良和育种提供参考依据。     

MAPK级联在玉米抗病反应和植保素代谢调控中的作用分析

利用MAPK级联抑制剂U0126和PD98059特异抑制MAPK信号传递途径后,使用禾谷镰刀菌侵染或脱落酸(ABA)处理玉米自交系Mo17幼苗,利用qRT-PCR分析植保素关键基因表达情况,观察MAPK级联对玉米响应禾谷镰刀菌侵染的情况。结果表明,抑制MAPK级联后,玉米叶片对禾谷镰刀菌侵染更加敏感,发病率显著提高,禾谷镰刀菌对植保素相关基因TPS6、An2、CYP71Z18、KSL5和TPS1的诱导受到抑制,且转录因子WRKY79的表达也被抑制,说明在玉米叶片中植保素的产生受MAPK级联的调控。玉米根系在MAPK级联被抑制后,ABA对这些基因表达的诱导同样受到抑制。说明MAPK级联参与植物抗病反应,在玉米叶片和根部MAPK级联可能通过调控转录因子ZmWRKY79参与对植保素代谢的调控,为玉米抗病反应机理研究提供理论依据。     

灌浆前期高温对小黑麦籽粒淀粉积累及其合成相关酶活性的影响

为探讨灌浆前期高温对六倍体小黑麦籽粒淀粉积累及其相关合成酶活性的影响,以4个春性小黑麦品种（系）为材料,在开花后5~14 d于田间搭建温棚进行高温胁迫,对其籽粒淀粉积累动态、淀粉合成相关酶活性进行了研究。结果表明,开花后5~14 d高温胁迫导致小黑麦千粒重和容重均显著下降,其中,千粒重下降5.95%~20.47%,容重下降3.33%~9.49%;籽粒中的总淀粉、支链淀粉与直链淀粉含量均显著降低,依次下降6.84%~17.97%、7.70%~24.60%及2.27%~7.17%,直/支链淀粉比有所升高,但差异不显著。在高温胁迫期间,小黑麦籽粒中与淀粉合成相关的腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（AGPP）、可溶性淀粉合成酶（SSS）、淀粉分支酶（SBE）及淀粉去分支酶（DBE）活性均较对照有所上升,高温胁迫结束后,AGPP、SSS、DBE的活性均较对照有所下降。推测灌浆前期高温胁迫导致灌浆中后期小黑麦籽粒中淀粉合成相关酶活性的下降是籽粒中淀粉含量降低以及千粒重、容重下降的主要原因。     

Characterization of the Difference of Starch Branching Enzyme Activities in Normal and Low-Amylopectin Maize during Kernel Development

In order to determine the reasons for the differences in structure between starch from a normal and a low-amylopectin maize variety the activities of all the enzymes in the committed pathway of starch synthesis were studied throughout kernel development. Levels of ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase and starch synthase activity were found to be broadly similar between the two varieties but the low-amylopectin starch (LAPS) maize variety showed dramatically reduced starch branching enzyme activity, with an almost total absence of the branching enzyme II isoform. Scanning electron microscopy showed a significant alteration in the morphology of the starch granules of the low-amylopectin maize. The results suggest that the increased amylose and the reduction of high molecular weight amylopectin in the LAPS starch results from the absence of the branching enzyme II isoform. This evidence supports the theory that the different branching enzyme isoforms contribute separately to the synthesis and final structure of amylopectin.     

Changes in the phenolic compound content and antioxidant activity in developmental maize kernels and expression profiles of phenolic biosynthesis-related genes

Phenolic compounds have various nutritional and functional properties, especially antioxidant activity. The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between the phenolic compound accumulation, antioxidant property and gene expression during maize kernel development. In this study, we explored the effects of developmental stage on the accumulation of phenolic compounds and their antioxidant activities. The expression levels of genes involved in phenolic biosynthesis were also studied. The results showed that the total phenolic content (TPC) and total anthocyanin content (TAC) were gradually increased from 15 to 48 days after pollination (DAP), whereas the total flavonoid content (TFC) decreased continuously. The antioxidant activity of maize kernels was increased gradually and positively associated with TPC. ZmCHSs in flavonoid biosynthetic pathway played important roles for total flavonoid accumulation at both early and later development stages. The expression pattern of ZmANS corresponded to the accumulation of total anthocyanin during kernel development. These results revealed that developmental stage affected the accumulation of different phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and related gene expression. The antioxidant activity of maize kernels was dependent on the total phenolic accumulation which was related to the expression profiles of the genes participated in phenolic synthesis.