大豆四向重组自交系群体全生育期QTL的单标记分析

以含有160个株系的四向重组自交系为试验材料,通过188个SSR标记鉴定个体基因型,利用单标记分析方法,分析了2年4点试验获得全生育期表型数据,对该群体的全生育期进行了QTL定位分析。结果表明:在2013和2014年哈尔滨、克山3个环境下定位了控制大豆全生育期的14个QTL,分别定位在大豆20个连锁群中的A2、B2、C1、C2、D1b、E、F、G、K、L、N共11个连锁群上,遗传率为1.34%~9.19%。可延长全生育期的优异等位基因型有BARCSOYSSR_08_0966(Q3Q3)、Sat_177(Q2Q2)、Sct_186(Q3Q3)、Satt307(Q3Q3)、Satt557(Q1Q1)、Satt577(Q2Q2)、Sat_351(Q1Q1)、Satt268(Q1Q1)、Sct_199(Q1Q1)、Satt273(Q3Q3)、Satt229(Q1Q1)、Satt664(Q1Q1)、Satt125(Q4Q4),能够缩短全生育期的优异等位基因型有BARCSOYSSR_08_0966(Q2Q2)、Sat_177(Q1Q1)、Sct_186(Q1Q1)、Satt307(Q2Q2)、Satt557(Q2Q2)、Satt577(Q4Q4)、Sat_351(Q2Q2)、Satt268(Q3Q3)、Sct_199(Q3Q3)、Satt273(Q2Q2)、Satt229(Q3Q3)、Satt664(Q3Q3)、Satt125(Q3Q3)。Satt307、Satt199和Satt125这3个QTL在2个环境重复检测到,其中Satt199在两个环境中的遗传率和等位基因的遗传效应差异较小,受环境条件的影响较小,可用于分子设计育种。     

利用选择回交导入群体定位大豆蛋白质含量QTL

大豆是重要的植物蛋白来源,定位大豆蛋白质含量QTL,可为分子标记辅助育种和基因挖掘提供依据。本研究以我国综合性状优良的黄淮海主栽品种中黄13为轮回亲本,日本品种东山69为供体亲本,构建了BC2F2回交导入系群体;利用性状–标记间的单向方差分析和卡方测验检测BC2F2随机群体(RP)及选择回交导入群体(BSP、PSP和NSP)中影响大豆蛋白质含量的QTL。2种方法在4个群体中定位到蛋白质含量相关的QTL 42个,5个位点在随机群体和极端选择群体中被多次重复检测到,分别为Sat_202、Satt170、Satt282、Sat_074、和Satt146;单向方差分析在随机群体和双向选择群体中同时检测到Sat_077、Sat_202、Satt282、Satt146和Satt712等5个效应值较大(10%)的蛋白质含量QTL,分别位于C1、C2、D1b、F和J连锁群上,位于D1b和J连锁群上的Satt282和Satt712效应最大,F值达到8.77、7.80和9.01、11.61,与其连锁的QTL能解释的表型变异分别达13.55%、21.40%和13.85%、28.82%;卡方测验在极端选择群体中检测到的8个QTL与单向方差分析在随机群体中检测到的位点一致,其中双向选择群体检测到4个(Sat_202、Satt301、Sat_074和Satt146)、正向选择群体检测到2个(Satt250和Satt485)、负向选择群体检测到5个(Sat_202、Satt170、Satt282、Sat_074和Satt146)。定位到42个蛋白质相关QTL,结果表明单向方差分析对双向选择群体有一定的应用价值,卡方测验更适合单向选择群体的QTL检测。     

不同世代间大豆粒形相关QTL的稳定性分析

以东农46和L-100构建的重组自交系群体(RILs)为试验材料,利用2013和2014年分别在哈尔滨、呼兰、阿城3个地点共6个环境的数据对不同世代的遗传群体粒形进行单环境QTL分析及多环境联合检测。结果表明:单环境QTL分析中,检测到13个与粒形相关的QTL,位于第5、9、12、15及18连锁群上,其中粒长QTL 2个,表型变异贡献率为21.61%~26.81%;粒宽QTL 5个,表型变异贡献率为7.28%~18.38%;粒厚QTL 6个,表型变异贡献率为10.19%~18.44%。位于Sat_122~Satt052标记区间的QTL位点在粒长及粒厚中都被检测到,位于Sat_119~Satt588、Satt192~Satt568及Sat_401~Satt192标记区间QTL位点在粒宽及粒厚中同时被检测到,存在一因多效性。多环境联合分析中,共检测到15个与粒形相关的QTL。并且有9个QTL位点在单环境及多环境联合检测中均被检测到,表明这些QTL表达较为稳定。因此,本研究获得1个粒长QTL(Sat_122~Satt052)、1个粒宽QTL(Satt192~Satt568)及2个粒厚QTL(Satt192~Satt568,Sat_401~Satt192)为表现较好的稳定QTL。     

东北地区大豆主栽品种油份蛋白含量的关联分析

为探寻与大豆油份含量、蛋白含量相关的关键位点,本研究选取中国东北地区92份大豆主栽品种及常用种质资源品种群体基于蛋白含量和油份含量的Meta分析,进行基于数学模型的类群划分评价,估测样本群体的结构,应用简单线性模型分析与大豆油份含量、蛋白含量相关的的位点。结果表明,通过多次迭代测试,当K=5时,即该资源群体可以分为5个亚群时,为最稳定的分类结果,并在显著水平下（p<0.05）,贡献率大于1%的标记中,得到与大豆油份含量相关标记有Sat_412,Sat_195,Satt317,Sat_187,Sat_195,Satt255,Satt713,Satt468,Satt267,Satt686,Sat_294和AZ302047,对油分含量的总贡献率为39.54%。蛋白质含量相关标记有Satt683,Sat_311,Satt578,Satt181,Satt317,Satt700,Satt713,Satt255,Sat_242和Satt720对蛋白质含量总贡献率为48.39%。这些重要的标记位点为大豆油份含量和蛋白含量的分子辅助育种提供重要基础。     

大豆定向选择群体耐旱性位点基因型分析及QTL定位

利用Clark导入到红丰11为背景的回交导入系进行萌芽期和苗期的连续性耐旱鉴定,经萌芽期鉴定,获得36个耐旱定向选择导入系。对耐旱选择导入系进行全基因组SSR标记扫描,并以随机群体作为对照,计算供体基因型的导入频率,利用卡方测验检测显著偏分离的SSR标记位点,并结合GGT图示基因型软件对各染色体连锁群进行分析。其中在L连锁群的Satt398和Satt156两个位点有显著的供体片段“超导入”现象,供体基因型导入频率为0.9167和0.9583,卡方值高达182和201.5。另外,在F连锁群的Satt423,K连锁群的Satt167以及N连锁群的Sat_084等位点也出现供体导入片段的偏分离现象。同时,对萌芽期耐旱鉴定中相对发芽率表现超亲的35个株系采用性状－标记间的单向方差分析(P<0.01)和QTL定位, 共检测到14个控制相对发芽率的QTL,分布在4个连锁群上,其中与卡方测验检测的结果相比较,在Satt156,Satt423,Sattt167等位点具有一致性,说明这些位点是与大豆耐旱性紧密相关的QTL位点。以上结果为进一步开展大豆耐旱性有利基因的精细定位、克隆和分子设计育种奠定了基础。     

基于野生大豆导入系的大豆粒长和粒宽的QTL分析

以野生大豆ZYD00006(父本)和绥农14(母本)为亲本构建的导入系为定位群体,群体含有102个株系,遗传图谱使用了329个SSR标记位点,针对粒长和粒宽2个籽粒性状进行定位分析。结果表明:有18个位点存在不同性状间被同时检测到的情况,其中与QTL连锁的位点Sat_227、Satt338和Satt568被2个性状同时检测到。通过比较分析也发现3个位点也同时影响着百粒重的大小,进一步通过加性效应分析表明,定位区段对粒长的影响为-10%~15.4%,定位区段对粒宽的影响为-26.72%~2.76%。明确导入位点对粒长和粒宽的影响,可以作为进一步大豆粒长和粒宽相关基因挖掘。     

应用关联分析挖掘大豆对灰斑病12号生理小种的抗性位点

利用126份SSR标记对320份对大豆灰斑病12号生理小种具有不同抗性的大豆材料进行基因组扫描、群体结构和连锁不平衡分析,并用STRUCTURE软件、TASSEL软件中的GLM分析方法对大豆抗性进行关联分析。结果表明:320份大豆品种中有23个表现高抗,53个表现抗病,178个表现中抗,56个感病,10个高感。找到与大豆抗灰斑病12号生理小种的相关位点共7个:H连锁群上的Satt052、F连锁群上的Satt335、C2连锁群上的Satt557、A1连锁群上的Sat_368、D1a连锁群上的Sat_346、O连锁群上的Satt243、J连锁群上的Sat_151。     

甘蓝型油菜RIL群体株高性状的全基因组关联分析

为提高甘蓝型油菜株高的分子标记辅助育种效率,挖掘与株高相关的功能基因以构建理想株型,利用单个重组自交系(RIL)群体在3个环境下的株高表型数据及7 877个SNP标记的基因型分型数据进行全基因组关联分析。在2个或2个以上环境下同时检测到5个与株高显著相关的SNP(Bn-scaff_15794_3-p62430、Bn-A02-p9599263、Bn-A02-p9409799、Bn-A02-p9993945和Bn-A02-p9636219),均位于A02染色体上。比较利用连锁分析方法的QTL定位结果,发现标记Bn-A02-p9599263和Bn-scaff_15794_3-p62430分别位于QTL(q PH2-2和q PH2-4)峰值处,标记Bn-A02-p9636219和Bn-A02-p9993945分别落在QTL(q PH2-3和q PH2-4)2-LOD的置信区间内,标记Bn-A02-p9409799距离QTL(q PH2-2)的置信区间0.3c M。利用关联分析定位的区间(69.5~80.7c M)比利用连锁方法定位的QTL区间(60.7~95.9c M)缩小了24c M。依据参考基因组信息,在标记Bn-scaff_15794_3-p62430附近2kb处找到1个与株高性状相关的候选基因(GSBRNA2T00090973001)。结果表明,单个RIL群体进行全基因组关联分析可以对连锁QTL分析结果进行补充,缩小QTL置信区间。     

大豆株高QTL定位研究

株高是大豆产量的一个影响因子,该性状的基因定位对于大豆育种具有重要的理论和应用价值.以绥农14×绥农20的F2代154个单株为材料,对各单株及亲本的株高性状进行调杳和SSR分析.构建一张包含65个SSR标记的遗传图谱,用QTL软件分析,在F2代共检测出2个与株高相关的QTL位点,命名为Plht-1和Plht-2位点,均分布在G连锁群.     

大豆波状卷叶新种质NWL1特性鉴定与基因定位

为给大豆叶发育研究及株型改良提供新的基因资源及相关信息,通过对大豆波状卷叶新材料NWL1的性状评价与基因定位,比较NWL1与野生型之间形态农艺性状、光合生理特性的差异,并对波状卷叶控制基因进行基因定位。结果表明:突变体NWL1植株自第3片复叶起叶缘呈波浪状,切片观测发现其叶脉表皮细胞排列不规则;农艺性状调查发现杂交后代波状卷叶植株的株高及产量构成因子性状值均低于野生型,但也存在单株荚、粒数较多的波状卷叶单株可供选择。2个杂交组合后代的遗传分析表明该波状卷叶性状受两对隐性基因wl1、wl2控制,还发现所有波状卷叶植株均为灰毛,表明茸毛色与波状卷叶基因紧密连锁或共分离。利用W82×NWL1群体F2群体77个隐性单株,将wl1基因定位在第6号染色体上SSR标记BARCSOYSSR_06_0971和BARCSOYSSR_06_1008之间约1. 0 Mb区间。从定位区间的56个候选基因中选出调控黄酮醇苷表达的茸毛色基因Glyma. 06G202300,测序发现NWL1等突变材料中该基因第三个外显子中第79个碱基A缺失,致其后氨基酸序列改变。wl2被定位在第7号染色体SSR标记AF186183和BARCSOYSSR_07_1143之间,二者遗传距离为25. 1 c M。     

In vitro reproduction in the annual pasture legumes subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.)

Pasture legumes are important components of both mixed farming rotations and permanent pastures in temperate climates. Breeding of two widely sown pasture legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), is constrained by the long generation cycle, typically enabling only one generation per year. We hypothesized manipulation of culture medium and conditions would enable the development of a laboratory‐based protocol for in vitro reproduction in subterranean clover and French serradella. In vitro flowering and viable seed set was induced from both species. For subterranean clover, the most effective treatment was culturing on modified MS medium with 1 μm kinetin and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and continuous photoperiod. For French serradella, culture on a hormone‐free B5 medium with 5 mm NH₄Cl and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and 20 h photoperiod was optimum. It is expected this technique will have application in accelerating generation turnover within breeding programs, for the study of factors influencing flowering in pasture legumes, and for the propagation of valuable yet enfeebled plants such as embryo‐rescued hybrids.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Estimation of lucerne yield stability for enabling effective cultivar selection under rainfed conditions

Evaluation of crop and forage yield stability is of increasing relevance in the context of current and recent environmental changes but, in contrast to other field crops, there are no published systematic analyses among forage crops in Europe. A study of stability performance was conducted with 13 Czech cultivars of lucerne at four locations over a 2‐year period with the following aims: (a) to evaluate yield stability of varieties across different environments and (b) to calculate measurable benefits of variety selection in relation to the specific environment. The cultivar Vlasta was identified as the highest yielding cultivar (annual yield 16.0 t DM/ha), whereas the lowest yielding cv. Magda, Tereza and Oslava averaged around 14.9 t DM/ha. Effect of genotype × environment interaction (G × E) was two times higher than for genotype alone. Additive main effects and the multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model showed that the highest yielding cultivars may not be stable across environments. This study demonstrated further that significant yield improvement could be detected, even among a relatively homogenous group of domestic cultivars, and this was driven mainly by site productivity: the improvement was +10% in low‐yielding sites, compared with +3% in high‐yielding sites. Results highlight that advanced agronomy should also consider stability parameters such as AMMI stability value or superiority measures for forage crops in response to the challenges associated with climate change.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

稻文化的再思考3:稻与社稷——印度、泰国等东南亚、南亚主要国家

东南亚、南亚地区是世界上重要的稻米产区,稻米在民众饮食生活和国家社会政治中占有重要地位,民众生活中也保存了非常悠久和丰富的稻作文化习俗及稻谷起源神话传说。本文分析了水稻在东南亚、南亚主要国家印度、印度尼西亚、泰国、越南、菲律宾、孟加拉国、缅甸的作用、地位、生产、消费、文化等情况,并指出了印度、印度尼西亚稻文化的主要标志。     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Model of wheat yield response to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum)

A general model of crop yield response to herbicide application is proposed. The model includes three components: the effect of herbicide dosage on weed density, the effect of surviving weed density on crop yield and the effect of herbicide directly on the crop. The model is used to estimate the response of wheat yield to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in Australia. It is found that the competitiveness of ryegrass plants surviving treatment is reduced by the treatment and that the proportion of yield loss at a given ryegrass density is not independent of the absolute weed-free yield. The response function is used to calculate economic thresholds and optimal herbicide dosages.