南宁市野生种子植物区系研究

为了解南宁市野生种子植物区系特征，给该区域生物多样性的保护与合理开发利用提供科学基础，笔者调查和分析其植物资源，采用文献收集、线路调查和样方调查的统计方法编制出南宁市野生种子植物名录，运用聚类分析法和主成分分析法判断其与15个临近地区的亲缘关系，分析其区系特征。结果表明：南宁市野生种子植物共197科1114属3576种，裸子植物8科14属24种，被子植物189科1100属3552种，占广西种子植物科数、属数、种数比值分别为77.87%、60.02%、42.90%，说明南宁市野生种子植物丰富多样。大科占比为27.41%，所含种数占78.44%，为区系中的主要成分。单种属和寡种属占总属数的85.28%，但中等属和多种属所含种数占总种数51.65%，表明科属种类丰富但分化程度较低。该区系有14个属级分布区类型，地理成分丰富复杂，其中热带成分占总属数69.55%，温带成分占22.16%，呈现明显热带属性，兼具部分温带属性。区域内珍稀濒危植物223种，种类丰富，其中兰科（Orchidaceae）、金花茶（Camellia petelotii）等特有植物种类多，广西植物区域特征明显，保护价值高。该...     

福建兰科植物地理成分与区系特点

福建兰科植物共有61属134种(包括中国特有种29种),其中地生兰37属79种,附生兰22属50种,腐生兰4属5种,兰属和羊耳蒜属存在有地生和附生2种生活型。区系地理分析表明,本区61属兰科植物可分为11个分布区型和4个变型,其中热带亚洲(印度-马来西亚)分布型及其变型属最多,共22属,占总属数的36.0%;本区134种兰科植物则可分为11个分布区型和3个变型,其中热带亚洲(印度-马来西亚)分布型最多,共有30种,占总种数的22.4%;其次为中国特有分布型,共有27种,占总种数的20.1%。虽然属、种的区系地理成分复杂多样,但区系整体与热带亚洲区系关系密切,热带成分占绝对优势,并受到北温带植物区系影响,而与温带亚洲、地中海、西亚和中亚植物区系几乎没有联系;区系发生年代较为年轻,区系过渡带特征明显;区域分布不均,单种属、寡种属占优势,种内变异大。     

海南岛海岸禾草植物区系初探

海南海岸禾草植物区系有野生植物140种(含变种、亚种)、82属。本区系热带性质明显,热带分布属占总属数(除去世界属和外来属)的94.6%,以泛热带分布、古热带分布、热带亚洲至热带非洲分布为主,分别占总属数的47.30%、16.22%、13.51%;热带分布种占总种数(除去广布种和外来种)的78.9%,又以热带亚洲分布、古热带分布、热带亚洲至热带大洋洲分布及泛热带分布为主,分别占总种数的35.16%、14.84%、12.50%、11.72%;该区系拥有较多的海岸植物群落优势种;探讨了本区系与周边地区、各大洲热带地区植物区系的联系;简要评价本区禾草植物资源。     

福建连江县5个无居民海岛种子植物区系及地理分布研究

本研究采取样线法和样方法调查相结合的技术路线,对连江5个无居民海岛的植物资源现状进行详细踏勘,根据所获得的实地调研数据以及对文献资料的查阅,运用植物区系地理学,对研究地的种子植物区系物种组成、科-属的分布区类型、分布生境类型等进行统计整理,与不同地区无居民海岛种子植物属的相似性系数和属的地理成分进行对比,并探讨5个无居民海岛之间维管束植物物种相似度以及与岛屿空间特征参数的关系。结果表明：（1）连江5个无居民海岛共有野生种子植物190种,隶属于64科165属;该种子植物区系的数量优势科为菊科、禾本科,大科、较大科、属种优势明显,寡种科、仅含1种的科数量多。生活型以草本（55.94%）和灌木（23.27%）居多,乔木和藤本数量不占优势,分别仅占13.86%和6.93%。（2）区系组成繁杂多样,在科、属水平上均以热带分布类型为首要,分别为90.24%、68.03%,其中泛热带分布分别占科、属的75.62%、36.05%,科级的温带类型只有9.76%,属级占31.97%,热带类型科-属与温带类型科-属的R/T值分别为9.25和2.13,表明连江5个无居民海岛种子植物区系主体为热带、亚热带成分,...     

海南本地野生维管植物区系研究

为全面了解海南本地野生维管植物区系基本特征,以《海南植物物种多样性编目》、《海南植物图志》等文献为基础,并通过野外考查、标本考证,从野生维管植物区系组成、成分等方面开展海南本地野生维管植物区系研究。结果表明:(1)海南维管植物共243科1 895属6 036种,其中本地野生维管植物有4 579种,隶属于225科1 429属,具有较高的物种多样性,但特有种占总种数的10.55%,仅483种;(2)在海南本地野生维管植物种类组成中,重要科有樟科(Lauraceae)、楝科(Meliaceae)、壳斗科(Fagaceae)、棕榈科(Palmae)、龙脑香科(Dipterocarpaceae)、五加科(Araliaceae)、漆树科(Anacardiaceae)等;(3)海南本地野生维管植物区系主要由以热带分布为主的科(占科数82.63%)和属(占属数84.40%)组成,其中,科以泛热带分布及其变型为主(57.49%),属以热带亚洲分布及其变型为主(27.09%),属马来西亚亚区的一部分,不仅呈现出热带性,而且呈现出与中国华南大陆的共源性,带有明显的热带边缘性质,为中国华南植物区系与亚洲热带雨林的过渡类型。     

琼东北农村地区森林植物区系研究

农村地区植被不同程度上都受人类生产活动影响。为了揭示琼东北农村地区森林植物区系特征,在搜集文献资料和样方调查基础上,对文昌、琼海的23个村庄周边森林植物资源进行分析。结果表明,琼东北农村地区森林植被主要有维管植物967种,其中蕨类植物39种,裸子植物4种,被子植物924种。科的分布区类型中单种科与寡种科占多数,特别是单种科比例较高,与尖峰岭的较为接近,比五指山高8个百分点,地理成分以热带—亚热带分布型为主。属的分布区类型中小属和单种属占绝大多数,占海南1 210属的45.62%,地理成分以泛热带植物分布为主。     

华侨大学校园种子植物调查与分析

为提供校园植物学教学和绿化的理论依据,丰富城市绿地规划研究内容,对华侨大学种子植物进行了持续调查,并统计分析了种子植物的特点,结果表明：（1）华侨大学种子植物共有568种,来源于118科和375属。其中,裸子植物9科,15属,21种,被子植物109科,360属,547种。原生植物有398种,外来植物有170种。种子植物以原生种类为主,外来植物为辅,不仅具有观赏特点,同时还具有药用价值,乔木和草本植物占优势。（2）优势科、属不明显,单种科和少种科有101科,占总科数的85.60%;少种属和单种属有366属,共占总属数的97.50%,单种科（属）和少种科（属）占重要地位。（3）种子植物地理成分多样,以热带分布为主,热带成分的科共计66科,占校园总科数的77.65%;热带成分的属共计266属,占校园总属数的76.66%。原生植物在科和属的分布类型上较外来植物更丰富,但外来植物在华侨大学分布较广,在绿化建设中仍占有重要地位。     

广东山区芳香植物资源区系分析及其园林应用

广东山区野生芳香植物资源丰富,初步统计共有111科311属763种(含变种),包含乔木、灌木、草本和藤本4种生活型。区系成分分析显示：该地区芳香植物科的气候带分布类型以热带至亚热带分布(主产热带)和热带至温带分布(主产热带亚热带)成分为主,分别有29科(占26.1%)和38科(占34.2%),主要集中于木兰科、樟科和芸香科等10个科;属的地理分布区类型多样,以热带成分为主(187属,占60.1%),同时兼有大量的温带成分(99属,占31.8%)。研究发现,本区具有较高观赏价值和园林开发前景的特色芳香植物有     

福建平潭岛滨海砂生种子植物植被资源及其区系特征分析

平潭岛位于中国东南沿海,是福建省第一大岛,通过样线法和样方法对平潭岛的滨海砂生种子植物进行调查,发现平潭岛共有滨海砂生种子植物71种,隶属64属31科。种数最多的6个科依次为禾本科、菊科、苋科、豆科、莎草科和旋花科。平潭岛砂生种子植物区系以世界分布为主,共有16科13属,分别占总科数和总属数的51.61%和20.31%。热带性质明显,与各大洲热带地区植物联系广泛,热带成分有11科（占除世界分布科的73.33%）38属（占除世界分布属的74.51%）,科和属均以泛热带成分为主;温带成分仅有4科（占除世界分布科的26.67%）13属（占除世界分布属的25.49%）;在种级水平上,热带性质成分依旧占绝大部分,多达36种,占除世界分布种的56.25%,温带性质则有27种,占除世界分布种的42.19%,世界分布型有7种,占总种数的9.86%。比较平潭岛与中国由北到南5个区域滨海砂地种子植物区系地理成分,发现平潭岛的滨海砂生种子植物区系与厦门岛的联系紧密,其次是浙江海岛的和山东海岸,而与海南岛的较为疏远。其中平潭岛与厦门岛种间的相似性系数达到55.34,而与海南岛的种间相似性系数仅有13.68。因纬度因素影响,平潭岛砂生植物属的R/T值（2.92）明显高于浙江海岛（1.18）和山东海岸（0.43）,而与海南岛属的R/T值（13.75）相差最大,这与可能与岛屿面积存在一定关系。平潭岛滨海砂地种子植物具有一定的纬向性分布规律,随着纬度的递增,属级别中温带成分所占的比重也逐渐增加;而热带成分则相反,与岛屿所处纬度的水分和热量分布特点有相似性。滨海砂生种子植物作为隐域植被,也受非气候因子的影响,非地带因素对海岸砂生植被中的植物分布具支配作用,在沙滩前缘的植物群落中表现尤为明显。这些滨海砂生植物大多是耐盐、耐旱、抗风的物种,距离海越近,非气候因子的作用越显著。     

福建省豆科药用植物资源多样性分析

经分析表明,福建省共有豆科药用植物56属、104种,分别占福建省豆科植物总属数的70.89%、总种数的49.06%,其中这些种的生活型以草本类为主;药用部位以全草(株)类入药的最多,其次是根,种子位居第三;药用功能主要有解表药、清热药、补益药、化痰止咳药和涌吐药等.属、种的地理成分分析表明,属、种的地理成分都以热带成分为主.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.     

Applied Biotechnology to Combat Late Blight in Potato Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora Infestans</Emphasis>

Potato is an important crop, grown worldwide. It suffers from many pests and diseases among which late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is the worst. The disease is still causing major damage in many potato production areas and control is only possible by applying fungicides frequently. The knowledge on the molecular biology and genetics of the interaction between the plant and the oomycete is developing rapidly. These are relevant fields of study, currently dominated by the discovery of many resistance genes and numerous effector proteins and the analysis of their specific mode of action. These studies may yield essential information needed for the development of durable resistance. The long-term and worldwide effort to breed for resistance so far has had little effect. A novel breeding approach may change this. It is based on cisgenic modification (CM) consisting of marker-free pyramiding of several resistance genes and their spatial and temporal deployment yielding dynamic varieties that contain potato genes only. It is envisioned that this CM approach with potato’s own genes will not only prove societally acceptable but may also result in simplifications in the legislation on use of the CM approach. Various parties in the potato research arena intend to cooperate in this novel approach in a number of developing countries where potato substantially contributes to food security. The use of resources such as land, water and energy improves when the effect of late blight is markedly reduced.     

Resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potato virus Y</Emphasis> in a Multitrait Potato Breeding Scheme without Direct Selection in Each Generation

In an experimental breeding scheme to improve late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and white potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) resistance of tetraploid potato over three generations of crossing and selection, 15 clones survived the final selection, and these were derived from 15 great-grandparents. There was no direct selection for resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), but 14 out of the 15 great-grandparents were resistant to PVY and three had extreme resistance. Thirteen of the 15 descendants had PVY resistance and one extreme resistance. This was within the range expected for a random (unselected) sample from the genotypes of the great-grandparents. Hence, we found no evidence for any positive or negative association between PVY resistance and the attributes selected. The conclusion is that laborious selection is not required in every generation when many parents have PVY resistance, including some with more than one copy of a PVY resistance gene or resistance at more than one locus. However, in the future, determining the major virus resistance genes present in potential parents in each generation using diagnostic molecular markers would prevent susceptible × susceptible crosses being made and maximise the number of resistant × resistant ones.