不同状态培养基下pH对香菇、滑菇及金针菇漆酶活性的影响

考察不同物理状态培养基条件下pH对香菇、滑菇、金针菇漆酶活性的影响,为香菇、滑菇、金针菇的栽培提供重要参考。固化培养基以及液体培养基以NaOH作为碱化剂,固体培养基以壳灰作为碱化剂,考察不同pH对3种食用菌漆酶活性的影响。结果表明：微碱化培养可提高3种不同食用菌的漆酶活力,并与培养基的物理状态有关。香菇在固化、液体、固体培养基中,pH分别为6.5、6.5以及6.0时漆酶活性最高,比对照提高5.3%~14.0%;金针菇适宜的pH分别为7.0、6.0和6.5,与对照相比提高35.9%~343.0%;滑菇适宜的pH均为6.0,与对照相比提高3.1%~94.9%。     

γ-纳米Al2O3补强耐磨橡胶衬板的性能研究

以γ型纳米Al2O3补强[天然橡胶（NR）/顺丁橡胶（BR）/炭黑]耐磨橡胶衬板,研究纳米Al2O3对橡胶衬板混炼胶的硫化特性和加工性能以及硫化胶的力学性能、耐磨耗性能和耐热分解性能的影响。结果表明,纳米Al2O3适宜的添加质量分数为3％,此时,橡胶衬板混炼胶的焦烧时间和正硫化时间延长、加工安全性改善但不会影响胶料的硫化程度,并具有较好的加工流动性;纳米Al2O3增强的橡胶衬板硫化胶具有更优异的综合力学性能,且其磨耗量降低了46.2％,初始降解温度提高了58 ℃以上,从而使橡胶衬板硫化胶具有良好的耐磨耗性能和热稳定性能。     

茶叶水溶性膳食纤维的制备及其理化特性的研究

对酶法提物茶叶水溶性膳食纤维(SDF)的工艺及其理化性能进行研究,探讨了料液比、pH值、酶添加量、温度及时间对SDF提取率的影响。在单因素试验基础上,通过L16(45)正交试验确定最佳提取工艺。结果表明:pH值对茶叶SDF提取的影响最大,其次依次为温度、酶添加量、时间、料液比;茶叶SDF提取的最佳工艺为:温度60℃、酶添加量0.08g/g、pH值9.0、时间2.0h、料液比1∶20,提取率达53.72%,所得SDF具有较好持水力、膨胀力和持油力,对胆固醇、胆酸钠也有一定吸附作用,为一种优质膳食纤维。     

基肥配施和拔节期追氮对鲜食糯玉米子粒热力学特性的影响

以苏玉糯5号和渝糯7号为材料,研究基肥配施和拔节期追氮对鲜食糯玉米子粒热力学特性的影响.研究表明,热焓值和胶凝温度受基肥配施影响较小,回生热焓值和回生值受拔节期追氮影响较小.热力学特征参数中,以回生热焓值和回生值变异系数较高.基肥配施处理中,氮磷钾肥均衡配施时各参数较高.随着拔节期追氮量增加,胶凝温度(起始温度、峰值温度和终值温度)先升后降;热焓值、回生值在不追氮或追氮150 kg/hm²时无显著差异,在过量追氮(300 kg/hm²)时前者较低,后者较高.相关分析表明,胶凝温度3个指标两两极显著正相关,且回生值和回生热焓值极显著正相关.6个热力学特征参数可转换为3个独立的主成分,累计方差贡献率为97.2%.氮磷钾均衡基施并拔节期适量追氮时子粒热稳定性较好,回生值适中.     

茶多糖对氟离子的吸附特性研究

为研究茶多糖对氟的吸附特性,分析了不同温度、不同加氟量条件下,多糖吸附氟的能力,并对多糖吸附氟的等温吸附模型进行了拟合,分析了多糖结构和组成可能对吸附氟的影响。结果表明:温度对多糖结合氟的影响较大,40℃下多糖表面空松,吸附氟的能力最强,随着温度的升高,多糖表面逐渐变得致密,结合氟的能力下降,温度高于70℃后,多糖吸附氟量又会有所增加;40℃下,随着氟添加量的增加,多糖吸附氟量增加,当添加量达到多糖量1.8倍后,多糖吸附氟量不再增加。多糖吸附氟符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,分配因子RL均大于0小于1,属于有利的吸附。粗多糖脱蛋白脱色后,结构和组成发生较大变化,表面变得光滑平整,F~-、Al~(3+)、Mn~(2+)和Fe~(3+)的含量都急剧下降,吸附氟的能力也下降。说明多糖吸附氟的能力与多糖的组成、结构有关,蛋白质及Mn~(2+)、Fe~(3+)、Al~(3+)在多糖结合氟中起到较重要作用。     

金柑多糖酶法脱蛋白工艺的研究

蛋白酶法结合Sevag法对金柑粗多糖进行脱蛋白,研究不同酶添加量、温度、pH值、时间等因素对金柑粗多糖脱蛋白效果的影响。结果表明,金柑粗多糖酶法脱蛋白最佳工艺条件是：木瓜蛋白酶添加量120 U/mL、酶解时间80 min和酶解温度40　℃;在此条件下,蛋白质脱除率为75.88％,多糖的损失率为5.45％;再用Sevag试剂处理3次,蛋白质脱除率和多糖损失率分别为85.18％和14.16％。     

施磷量对超级稻南粳44产量和品质的影响

 以超级稻南粳44为材料,研究施磷量对水稻产量和品质的影响。结果表明,大田基施磷肥(P2O5)  0.0~225.0  kg/hm2,单位面积穗数、每穗粒数随着施磷量的增加而降低,结实率、千粒重则先升后降。各品质指标值与施磷量的相关均未达到显著水平,但施磷能提高糙米率、整精米率、垩白面积、垩白度,降低峰值黏度、热浆黏度、崩解值、冷胶黏度和回复值,而精米率、垩白米率、蛋白质含量、直链淀粉含量、起始糊化温度、消减值和到达峰值黏度时间对磷素的反应不明显。施磷主要是增加垩白面积从而增加垩白度,对垩白面积、垩白度、消减值影响较大,而糙米率、到达峰值黏度时间和起始糊化温度基本不受影响。综合产量和品质性状,水稻生产中应适量施磷(在土壤营养中等或偏上土壤上施85.7 kg/hm2为宜),过量施用不仅低产低效,还会加重生态污染。     

海南岛橡胶园土壤粘土矿物组成与土壤电荷量

对海南岛14个胶园土壤中粘土矿物组成及土壤表面电荷量进行了研究.结果表明:①供试胶园土壤粘土矿物以高岭石为主,部分土壤中还含有水云母、1.4 nm矿物及三水铝石.各粘土矿物组分含量因气候生态区、发育母质及地形而异;②胶园土壤表面以负电荷为主,负电荷量随土壤pH值的升高而增加,表明其为可变负电荷:③橡胶园土壤正电荷量少,且随pH值升高而减少;④低pH值时,不同母质发育的土壤正电荷量大小顺序为:玄武岩>浅海沉积物>花岗岩和砂页岩.     

缺失不同Wx蛋白对小麦籽粒直链淀粉合成及淀粉特性的影响

以缺失不同Wx蛋白小麦为试验材料,研究缺失不同Wx蛋白对小麦籽粒直链淀粉合成及淀粉特性的影响。试验结果表明,缺失不同Wx蛋白对小麦籽粒直链淀粉含量、积累量和积累速率、束缚态淀粉合成酶基因（GBSSI）基因相对表达量以及束缚态淀粉合成酶（GBSS）活性的影响顺序表现为：缺ABD型>缺AB型>缺B型>缺D型>缺A型>正常型;对淀粉最终粘度、反弹值以及糊化温度影响的表现顺序与其一致;对淀粉峰值粘度、低谷粘度、稀懈值以及膨胀势影响的表现顺序与此相反。相关分析表明,直链淀粉积累速率峰值、GBSSI相对表达量最大值以及GBSS活性峰值三者之间相互呈极显著正相关。说明GBSSI基因可能通过编码GBSS酶,从而控制小麦籽粒中直链淀粉的合成。     

基于Nerlove模型的中国棉花供给反应实证分析

依托国家进一步深化西部大开发的时代背景,搭载国家建设丝绸之路经济带的经济"高铁",实现中国棉花产业长足发展对新疆棉花产业的带动作用。本文基于中国棉花产量、价格指数和生产成本等相关问题的研究基础,利用1999―2013年时间序列数据,运用Nerlove模型对中国棉花价格弹性进行测度。研究结果表明:中国棉花前1期的棉花产量、棉花价格指数对当期的棉花产量均具有正相关影响,系数为0.4848;前1期的棉花生产成本对当期的棉花产量具有负相关影响,系数为-0.2882。中国棉花的短期价格供给弹性值为0.4848,长期供给弹性值为0.9409,说明这一时期的中国棉花的供给是缺乏弹性的。     

Foliar solanidine glycoside levels inSolanum tuberosum populations selected for potato leafhopper resistance

Solanum tuberosum L. Gp. Tuberosum populations that had been recurrently selected for resistance to potato leafhopper,Empoascafabae (Harris), were tested for levels of foliar solanidine glycosides. Leafhopper infestation level was 57% lower than for the unselected population after seven generations of selection. The mean concentrations of foliar solanidine glycosides significantly (P<05) increased from 40 mg/100 g fresh weight (fw) in the unselected population to 65 mg/100 g fw in the population developed from seven generations of selection for leafhopper resistance. The linear relationship between the level of leafhopper infestation and the concentration of foliar solanidine glycosides among population means was significant (P<01) and negative (r=?0.85).     

Mechanical behaviour of composites filled by agro-waste materials

The present paper is concerned with the effect of cork and rice husk ash micro particles fillers on the mechanical properties (flexural resistance, fracture toughness, impact absorbed energy, elastic and viscous moduli) of polyester based composite. Composite sheets were hand molded using weight filler fractions of 1, 2.5, and 5 %. Flexural strength of filled materials was much lower than the polyester matrix, with more pronounced effect for cork powder, decreasing significantly with filler content increases. Fracture toughness decreases also on the filled composites. Using cork powder fracture toughness decreases significantly when filler content increases, while for rice husk ash filler a slight increase was observed. Both fillers improve absorbed impact energy, peaking at about 2.5 % of filler content. Best improvements were obtained using rice husk ash powder, reaching about 30 %. Both fillers increase glass transition temperature and the maximum use temperature and also the elastic modulus compared with polyester. It can be concluded from this study that the used agro-waste materials are attractive reinforcements from the standpoint of their mechanical properties.     

The cellular structure of cork from Quercus cerris var. cerris bark in a materials’ perspective

Cork in the outer bark of trees is among the valuable raw materials of biological origin due to properties that result mainly from its cellular structure. Large scale commercial utilization of cork has been only achieved with cork from Quercus suber. Another oak species, Quercus cerris, also contains substantial, albeit not continuous, regions of cork that are clearly visible to the naked eye but are so far considered as a waste material.Bark samples of Q. cerris var. cerris trees were collected from the And?r?n province, Turkey. Cork portions were separated and their cellular structure was investigated with optical and electron scanning microscopy observations. The results were compared with Q. suber cork.Q. cerris cork has the typical features of cork tissues with a regular and radially aligned structure of suberized cells without intercellular voids, showing a ring structure and a distinction of earlycork and latecork cells. Solid volume fraction was estimated at 25% (22% in earlycork, 36% in latecork).In Q. cerris cork cells are smaller, cell wall thickness and solid volume fraction are higher, and the tissue is less homogeneous with a higher content of lignified inclusions than in Q. suber cork. These factors will negatively influence quality in regard to density and mechanical properties associated to elasticity. However, this does not impair its use for production of granulates and agglomerates, e.g. for insulation and energy absorption. Separation of the cork fraction from the bark is a step required before further processing and use.     

Glycoalkaloid contents in tubers fromSolanum tuberosum populations selected for potato leafhopper resistance

Solanum tuberosum L. Gp. Tuberosum populations that had been improved for resistance to potato leafhopper,Empoasca fabae (Harris), by recurrent selection, were analyzed for tuber contents of the glycoalkaloids α-solanine and α-chaconine. The mean content of both glycoalkaloids was significantly higher in the more resistant populations compared with the unselected population. In a population generated from seven cycles of selection for resistance, the mean content of solanine + chaconine was 9.5 mg/100 g fresh weight compared with 4.0 mg/100 g in the original, unselected population; a 137% increase. Kennebec, in the same experiment, averaged 10.9 mg/100 g; Katahdin averaged 4.6 mg/100 g.     

3份木薯新种质抗细菌性萎蔫病机理初探

木薯细菌性萎蔫病（cassava bacterial blight, CBB）是当前国内木薯生产上最为严重的病害。为了明确抗细菌性萎蔫病木薯种质的抗病机理,本研究比较木薯抗感种质叶片的自身组织结构,与木薯细菌性萎蔫病菌（Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis, Xam）互作过程中组织结构和生理生化物质变化的差异。结果发现,在叶片自身组织结构上,抗病种质叶片单位面积气孔开口总面积、表面蜡质含量及角质层厚度显著高于感病种质;受Xam侵染后,抗病种质叶片病/健处产生木栓质积累和形成部分侵填体结构,且产生的胼胝质比感病种质多,过氧化物酶（POD）、苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）和多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性及H₂O₂含量显著高于感病种质。表明3份抗病新种质的抗病性与叶片单位面积气孔开口总面积、表面蜡质含量、角质层厚度以及Xam侵染所诱导的木栓质、侵填体、胼胝质、防御酶活性、H₂O₂含量有关。     

EM包衣对玉米苗期防治丝黑穗病效果研究

采用砂培试验研究了有效微生物菌群(EM)包衣处理对玉米种子萌发、幼苗生长的影响及对不同温湿度处理的EM包衣和未包衣的玉米种子在大田生产环境下的发病率进行比较。结果表明：EM包衣能明显提高玉米种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数及活力指数,减少了玉米种子在土壤中的感病率。在有病菌存在的条件下,包衣处理的玉米幼苗的苗高、根长、叶面积、苗干重均明显高于未包衣的玉米幼苗,促进了幼苗根系生长和地上部分的生长。在病菌环境下,经EM包衣处理的玉米种子,其抗坏血酸含量、可溶性总糖含量及丙二醛含量均低于未包衣的玉米种子;而超氧化物歧化酶活性明显高于未包衣的玉米种子。说明EM包衣处理可增强玉米种子的抗病性,提高对玉米丝黑穗病的防治效果。     

辣木叶提取物对百香果生根的影响

[目的]研究辣木叶不同提取物对百香果扦插苗成活率及生根的影响,获得较好的促进百香果生根的提取物。[方法]通过水培法,以百香果插条为供试对象,研究辣木提取物的促生根活性。[结果]不同浓度提取物处理的百香果插条表现出不同的活性,培养至40 d时,均无萎蔫现象。0.5000和1.0000 g/L乙醇提取物、1.0000 g/L石油醚提取物处理的插条生根率达到100%。1.0000 g/L石油醚提取物处理插条生根数最大,达到4.45条/株;0.0625 g/L乙酸乙酯提取物处理的插条表现为最大的生根根长。[结论]为获得较高品质扦插成活苗,建议选用1.0000 g/L石油醚提取物处理插条,既可获得100%的生根率,也可获得较多的生根根数。     

胡椒叶抗氧化物质提取条件初探

采用系统溶剂提取法处理胡椒叶,确定了胡椒叶的乙醇提取相和水提取相具有较强的DPPH自由基清除能力和较高的多酚含量;通过对胡椒嫩叶、完全稳定叶和老叶的乙醇和水提取液的DPPH自由基清除能力和多酚含量的测量,得出胡椒嫩叶的多酚含量较高,抗氧化活性较高,老叶次之;采用不同浓度的乙醇水溶液常温搅拌浸提胡椒老叶,得出50%左右的乙醇水溶液提取液具有较强的清除自由基能力,较高的多酚含量(5.4 g/100g)和黄酮类化合物含量(0.8 g/100g)。     

30%旱立停(ASA)提高大豆抗旱能力及安全性效果初报

田间试验结果表明,30%ASA是一种高效保水抗旱剂,30%ASA拌种用量为40 g/12 kg,叶喷用量为30～40 g/667m2.在特别干旱的情况下,种植拌种后的种子,并在两片子叶展开后再叶喷一次.此用量及用法对大豆安全,且对大豆生长具有非常明显的促进作用,从而提高了大豆的抗旱、抗逆性,有效时间可达30 d左右,对作物产量有显著的提高作用.     

Chemical composition and functional properties of blends of maize and bambara groundnut flours for cookie production

Chemical composition and functional properties of flour blends containing various levels of maize (100–0%) and bambara groundnut (0–100%) were studied. The resultant blends were high in protein, carbohydrate and caloric value. The blends contained fair amounts of Ca, P and K but were low in Na and Fe. The oil and water absorption capacities of the blends were fairly high ranging from 3.65 to 3.81 g oil/g sample and 3.40 to 3.80 g water/g sample, respectively. The gelation concentration of the blends tended to increase with increase in amount of maize flour in the blend. On the other hand, increasing the level of maize flour in the blends considerably reduced the foaming capacities of the blends. The flour blends had good emulsifying properties. Cookies prepared from the blends contained proteins ranging from 10.9 to 21.65% The cookies had good spread and were significantly lighter than the wheat control cookies. Sensory evaluation scores for cookies showed that the best level of combination was 75% maize flour and 25% bambara groundnut flour.