油棕脂肪酸外运蛋白基因FAX1的克隆及表达分析

油棕(Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)原产非洲,是重要的热带木本油料作物,产油效率极高.目前油棕广泛种植在东南亚、非洲、中南美洲和我国的海南、云南、广东、广西等省(区),油棕果实压榨的棕榈油是重要的食用油和工业原料.脂肪酸在植物质体中合成,然后转运到内质网上进行加工和修饰.为了研究油棕脂肪酸的转运机制,...     

广东不同地区油棕叶片解剖结构观察与评价

为了评价早期引种到广东深圳、东莞、茂名、化州、湛江和雷州 6 个地区（居群）油棕大树的解剖学结构特 征，以其中 38 株油棕树的叶片为材料，对其解剖结构进行观察和比较分析。结果表明：油棕叶片上表皮细胞下方的中 脉与侧脉之间以及侧脉与侧脉之间均存在 2~3 层泡状细胞，叶片中脉维管束数量达 4~12 个且排列形式多样，其中较大 的维管束内含多个独立的韧皮部；油棕叶片解剖结构特征存在显著的株间差异和居群间差异（中脉维管束长度和细胞 结构疏松度除外）；引种到广东不同地区的油棕没有明显的地区性聚类差异，同源性高。研究结果旨在为我国热带北缘 地区油棕抗逆种质资源的进一步鉴定与挖掘利用提供参考。     

6YL-180型油棕果榨油机的设计与试验

针对目前我国油棕产业刚起步而缺少小型油棕榨油设备的现状,自行设计了6YL-180型油棕果榨油机。该机具有结构简单,拆卸方便,易于加工制造及后续改进等特点。本文主要介绍了6YL-180型油棕果榨油机的工作原理、结构特点、主要技术参数、性能试验和试验结果等。     

中国油棕产业概况

中国引种油棕已有80多年的历史。1926年归国华侨从马来西亚携带油棕种子回国，在海南的儋州、琼山、万宁和琼中等地始试种。1941年以后又引种到云南河口、广东雷州半岛和广西北流等地试种。1960年以后，海南岛在全省范围内进行了大规模种植，1962年，海南油棕的民营种植面积有28.57万亩。     

不同驯化移栽因素对油棕组培苗成活的影响

油棕（Elaeis guineensis Jacq.）为棕榈科多年生乔木,是热带重要油料作物之一。其果实生产的油脂可作为食用油脂、工业原料、生物能源等,用途广泛,市场需求逐年增加,而用于种植的土地有限,因此通过提高单位面积产油量成为油棕产业发展的迫切需求。以优良油棕母树叶片为外植体的组培苗既保存亲本优良的遗传性状,遗传性状又均一,可明显提高油棕单位面积产油量。因此油棕组培苗繁育是短期内满足产业技术需求的有效途径。移栽驯化是油棕组培苗繁育的关键环节之一,但该环节存在组培苗较难移栽成活、长势弱等问题,为选择适合驯化移栽的油棕组培苗的关键因素,建立系统高效的油棕组培苗驯化移栽技术,本研究对油棕组培苗开展了根系状况、基质、遮荫条件、湿度调控措施、不同月份的对比实验,观察其成活及生长情况,统计成活率和平均每株新增叶片量。结果表明,高6~ 8 cm,具3张叶,有侧根的油棕组培苗适宜出瓶移栽;椰糠+砂壤土表土（体积比2∶1）适宜用于移栽基质;驯化移栽时期宜选在高温季节（如儋州市3—11月）;移栽后宜置于具遮光度为75%的遮阳网双层遮荫;组培苗栽植于穴盘后宜置于可自动调控湿度的育苗箱中,移栽0~15 d设置湿度下限值95%,15~30 d设置湿度下限值75%,30 d后打开育苗箱,停止湿度调控装置运转,置于自然湿度条件下培养,其移栽驯化成活率达98.67%,新增叶片量1.20片/株。综上,根系状况、基质、遮荫条件、湿度调控措施、不同月份是油棕组培苗移栽成活的重要影响因素,本研究结果可为油棕组培苗规模化驯化移栽提供技术支撑,也可为其他棕榈科植物的组培苗驯化移栽提供参考。     

热带南亚热带作物生产贸易情况分析

热带、南亚热带作物是我国农业产值的重要组成部分,对满足国内生活需求和保障国家重要战略资源供给具有重要意义。本文通过分析全国、各省主要热带作物及2012年我国进口最大的2个热带作物的生产、贸易情况,为热作产业的发展提供参考。2011年,我国热作面积排前三的是广西、广东和云南;热作总产值排前三的是广东、广西和云南;热作进出口占农产品进出口的比重偏高,特别是进口比重偏高,容易导致我国物资安全,特别是战略物资安全。2012年,国内天然橡胶市场量增价跌;我国积极推动油棕生产技术研发,努力挖掘油料生产潜力。     

油棕体细胞胚的诱导和次生胚的增殖研究

油棕体细胞胚的诱导是油棕体胚发生技术体系中最关键的培养过程，通过建立油棕次生胚增殖培养方法可有效地实现油棕组培苗快速的增殖繁育。本研究通过系统的对油棕体细胞胚发生及次生胚再生途径中若干影响因子的比较研究，建立油棕体细胞胚和次生胚再生体系。结果表明：油棕体细胞胚再生体系在不同基因型的油棕品种内诱导率存在较大差别，其中植物外源激素二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)对油棕胚诱导效果较好；油棕次生胚增殖在不同基因型的油棕品种内差异不显著，木本植物培养基(WPM)在油棕次生胚增殖中培养效果最好。     

油棕的综合利用

叙述了油棕的主要产品棕榈油在餐饮业、食品制造业和工业上的应用,以及油棕副产品、油棕树的树叶、树干等的利用状态,并对油棕的综合利用进行了展望。     

油棕抗寒性研究进展

低温是限制油棕生长发育和分布的重要因素。本文综述油棕在低温胁迫下生长特性、酶活性、渗透调节物质等生理生化方面的适应性变化和解剖结构的变化,油棕抗寒分子生物学方面的研究进展;提出在油棕抗寒性研究中存在的问题,并对未来的研究工作进行展望,旨在为油棕抗寒品种的选育及鉴定提供参考。     

基于SCI收录论文的世界油棕研究格局

油棕是热带地区主要的油料作物之一，基于SCI收录的研究论文分析世界油棕的研究格局，对我国油棕产业布局及科研管理具有重要意义。分析结果发现，马来西亚是世界上研究油棕最多的国家，其次是美国和法国，而我国在油棕领域的研究亟需加强。     

Determination of oil palm fresh fruit bunch ripeness—Based on flavonoids and anthocyanin content

Non-destructive and real-time oil palm fresh fruit bunch (FFB) grading systems are of major exploratory concern for researchers in the oil palm industry. The objective is to reduce time, labour, costs, and most importantly, to increase the oil extraction rate, in order to achieve a good quality of palm oil at a more acceptable price. This research investigates the potential of flavonoids and anthocyanins as a predictor to classify the degree of oil palm FFB ripeness. This paper also discusses the relationship between these predictors and the ripeness categories period. One hundred and eighty oil palm FFB samples were collected from a private plantation in Malaysia, according to three maturity categories i.e., ripe, under-ripe, and over-ripe. Each sample was randomly scanned 10 times, both front and back using a hand-held Multiplex^®3 multi-parameter fluorescence sensor. The results show that flavonoid and anthocyanin content decreased from immature to over mature oil palm FFBs. Overall, the relationship using Pearson's correlation between flavonoids and anthocyanins was r² = 0.84 and the most outstanding relationship accuracy was at the over-ripe stage, at 90%. Statistical analysis using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and pair-wise testing proved that both predictors gave significance difference between under-ripe, ripe, and over-ripe maturity categories. This shows that both predictors can be good indicators to classify oil palm FFB. Classification analysis was performed by using both predictors together and separately through several methods. The highest overall classification accuracy was 87.7% using a Stochastic Gradient Boosting Trees model and with both predictors. The other classification methods used either independent or both predictors together and gave various results ranging from 50 to 85% accuracy. This research proves that flavonoids and anthocyanins can be used as predictors of oil palm maturity classification.     

棕榈油生物柴油加工技术研究进展

棕榈油是世界上最经济的植物油,与其他油料作物相比,油棕果及油的产量均最高,棕榈油作为生物质能源的原料越来越被重视,成为生产生物柴油最有竞争力的原料.目前.世界各国对棕榈油生物柴油的高效加工技术均展开了广泛的研究.本文介绍了国内外棕榈油生物柴油的加工技术,包括化学法、酶法、多相固体催化法及其他一些方法.     

Oil Palm — Achievements and Potential

Abstract

Cultivation of the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) has expanded tremendously in recent years such that it is now second only to soybean as a major source of the world supply of oils and fats. Presently, Southeast Asia is the dominant region of production with Malaysia being the leading producer and exporter of palm oil. This paper reviews the various factors that have led to oil palm occupying its present position, including biological, technical, managerial, environmental, and socio-political aspects. Biological features recognised as critical to the high productivity of the crop are examined. These include its perennial and evergreen nature (giving a continuous year-round canopy cover intercepting a high proportion of incoming radiation), the year-round production of fruit bunches and the high partition of total assimilates into harvested product. Scientific and managerial aspects contributing to the success of the crop include the significant genetic improvements and production of high quality planting materials, the development and application of finely-tuned agronomic practices, the appropriate scale and efficient organisation of oil palm plantations and the continuous R&D and good infra-structural support provided in the main producing countries. The programmes of crop improvement through the utilisation of traditional breeding and selection methods, the development and benefits of vegetative propagation techniques using tissue culture and ongoing efforts to apply molecular and genetic engineering techniques to improve and modify oil composition, are reviewed. Finally, the nutritional qualities of palm oil as a healthy component of diet are briefly described.     

Pulp from oil palm fronds by chemical processes

To enhance the use of the abundant biomass generated by the palm oil industry in Malaysia a study was conducted in view of exploring the papermaking potential of this industrial byproduct. Fiber strands from the frond of oil palm trees were examined relative to their physical and chemical characteristics and their response to chemical pulping such as sulfite, soda-sulfite and soda processes. Morphologically, the frond fibers are comparable to those of hardwood. They contain high content of holocellulose but low in lignin. Chemical pulps of 45–50% yield produced either by soda-sulfite or soda process exhibit acceptable papermaking properties comparable to those of hardwood kraft pulps. The study showed that frond pulp might be used as a reinforcement component in newsprint production using softwood thermomechanical fibers.     

6个引进油棕品种农艺性状评价

油棕（Elaeis guineensis Jacq.）是世界上产油效率最高的热带木本油料作物之一,享有“世界油王”之称。缺少自主选育的优良品种是限制我国油棕产业发展的主要因素之一,为选育适应我国栽培的油棕品种并对优良育种材料提供参考,对6个引自哥斯达黎加的油棕品种的植株生长、果穗、果实、产油量等性状进行观测与综合分析。结果表明：种植4年后,6个品种植株的自然高度为3.45~4.78 m,冠幅为5.28~6.11 m,茎高为81.50~105.00 cm,叶片总数为32.50~41.50片/株,叶片长度为332.25~391.75 cm,新增叶数为18.00~22.50片/（株·年）,其中2号和5号品种的植株相对较矮小;6个品种均属于中小果且为薄壳类型,其中1号品种的幼果为绿色,且成熟果穗中有30%~75%的果实没有核果（无籽）,3号品种的幼果有绿色和黑色,其他品种的幼果均为黑色;6个品种的果穗数为8.48~13.31串/（株·年）,果肉/果实比重为73.65%~83.50%,果实/果穗比重为53.45%~59.21%、果肉出油率为47.92%~54.10%、果穗出油率为20.83%~24.93%,具有高产的潜力。主成分分析结果表明,6个品种间在第一主成分无明显分离,层次聚类和热图可视化了6个品种植株农艺性状指标的聚类情况。6个品种综合相关性分析表明,单株产油量与果穗性状、果实性状和果穗出油率呈极显著正相关,这些指标可作为产油量鉴定指标,为未来油棕高产选育提供基础。     

油棕人工授粉与风媒授粉比较研究

中国目前没有专门的油棕授粉昆虫,油棕园主要靠风媒和人工授粉。为研究人工授粉对油棕产量的影响,分别在12个油棕品种上进行了试验,并与风媒授粉作了比较。结果表明,人工授粉:(1)显著提高了座果率,平均由62.25%提高至89.18%;(2)显著改善了产量性状指标,其中:平均果串重由6.18kg增加至12.40kg,增幅100.64%;果实占果穗平均比重由52.53%增加至66.02%,增幅13.49%;果穗含油率平均由21.71%增加至28.76%,增幅7.05%;核仁占鲜果串比重平均由7.70%增加至8.62%,增幅0.92%;(3)显著提高了鲜果产量,平均增加了61.1%,毛棕油产量提高了113.4%,经济收益增幅达103.23%。     

小RNA测序揭示miRNAs在油棕合子胚发育中的作用

油棕是世界上产油效率最高的热带木本油料作物,其棕榈油产量与合子胚发育密切相关.油棕的合子胚发育是一个系统且复杂的生物过程,其中涉及许多基因的精确调控.MicroRNAs(miRNAs)是重要的信号分子,调节植物的各种发育过程.一些miRNAs已经被整合到基因调控网络中协调植物胚发育的可塑性,但对于其在油棕合子胚发育过程...