竹节草种质资源抗寒性初步评价研究

以85份竹节草种质资源为材料,利用2014年和2015年观测的叶片电导率、田间枯黄率和形态数据为指标进行抗寒性分析。结果表明:不同竹节草种质资源间抗寒性达极显著相关(p0.01),在一定程度范围内,植株密度越大,叶片宽度越大,坪用质量越高,则电导率越小,抗寒性越强。相关性分析结果表明,竹节草的叶片电导率和田间枯黄率与外部形态指标间存在极显著相关(p0.01),相关系数最高达到0.867。竹节草抗寒性与植株密度、叶宽、坪用质量呈显著相关(p0.05)。本研究为进一步开展竹节草优异种质选育提供理论依据。     

臂形草属种质资源的形态特征变异分析

对45份臂形草种质材料进行20个指标的形态学分析。结果表明：臂形草属材料的形态指标间差异极显著,且主成分分析说明最长茎伸展长度、节间长、叶长、叶宽等植株的数量性状均为第一影响因素,其形态变异明显,遗传表达多样性。聚类分析结果表明：试材料可分为3类,本地材料明显为1类,引进材料分为2类。     

结缕草属植物水分利用效率与地上部形态特征的关系分析

在对结缕草属植物水分利用效率（WUE）评价的基础上，选取其代表种源为试验材料，对其中的11个性状（叶长，叶宽，叶面积，近轴面叶毛密度，远轴面叶毛密度，节间长度，节间直径，生殖枝高度，花序长度，花序柄长度，小穗数）进行了测定，采用简单相关分析、多元线性回归分析、多元逐步回归分析、主成分分析以及通径分析，综合分析了结缕草属植物水分利用效率与其地上部11个形状的关系，为结缕草属植物的高水分利用效率种源筛选提供简单可行的形态标记。结果表明：叶长、叶宽、近轴面叶毛密度和叶面积是与结缕草属植物水分利用效率显著相关的形态指标，而其他形态特征对水分利用效率影响较小。基于统计分析的结果，主成分分析是最适合用于确定水分利用效率与形态特征关系的分析方法。叶片长度、宽度，叶面积和近轴面叶毛密度可以作为高水分利用效率结缕草种源的形态特征。     

不同地理种源麻疯树植物学形态变异研究

针对不同地理种源麻疯树植物学形态变异特征规律,用主成分分析、聚类分析等方法,对60份不同来源地麻疯树的22个数量性状指标进行分析。结果表明,不同地理种源麻疯树在种植3 a的植株主干高度变异范围最大(3.0~37.3 cm),变异系数为55.03%,其次是叶厚、花序柄长、雌雄开花比例、结果数、二级分枝数和雌花数,变异系数都大于27%,变异幅度最小的为果横径(2.02~3.07 cm),变异系数为7.21%;主成分分析结果显示,前7个主成分的累计贡献率为73.77%,其中第1主成分主要由冠幅(东西、南北)、叶宽、叶长、植株高度、叶柄长5个数量性状构成,第2主成分主要由雌花数、雄花数、结果数、花序长4个数量性状构成,第3主成分主要由种子横径、种子纵径、花序柄长3个数量性状构成,第4主成分主要由果横径和果纵径构成,第5主成分主要由一级分枝数和二级分枝数构成,第6主成分主要由雌雄开花比例构成,第7主成分主要由主干高度构成,方差贡献率依次为24.35%、13.89%、9.73%、8.52%、7.52%、5.02%、4.73%;以此19个数量性状为基础的聚类分析将60份麻疯树种质分为6类。     

薹肥施用时期对垄作摆栽油菜群体结构的影响

为探讨合适的薹肥施用时间,研究垄作摆栽油菜主茎节间长和冠层结构,以移栽的宁杂1818为材料,基肥每公顷施375kg复合肥(氮磷钾含量各为16%)、187.5kg尿素和15kg硼砂;薹肥每公顷施225 kg复合肥和150kg尿素。以常规薹肥施用时期,即薹高10cm时施用薹肥为对照(CK),另设2个处理:分别在薹高30cm和50cm时施用薹肥,研究产量、植株主茎长、结角点高度和枝序产量比例等指标。结果发现:(1)薹肥施用越早,主茎越长,主花序越短,植株越高。(2)薹高50cm施用薹肥的植株主茎结角起点低,结角层最厚,结角层的光合生产力最高。(3)3个不同的薹肥施用时期下,薹高50cm施用薹肥的处理得到的油菜角果数和每角粒数最多,千粒重最大,产量也最高。说明宁杂1818在薹高50cm时追施薹肥可以使植株群体结构更合理,产量构成因素更协调,获得高于4 000kg/hm~2以上的产量。     

华南野生蓖麻种质资源的分类与评价

为加强华南地区野生蓖麻种质资源的研究利用,本研究系统地收集了华南野生蓖麻种质资源,并挑选出302份,对其6个质量性状、7个数量性状共13个表型性状进行遗传多样性、聚类分析和主成分分析。结果表明,华南野生蓖麻材料的主要表型特点为叶片中等大小、卵形蒴果、塔形果穗、花序类型较长、密度中等。性状遗传变异较为丰富,其中遗传多样性指数最高的是茎粗,为10.020;其次是主茎节数,为10.896。有效果穗数的变异系数(CV)最大,为75.422%,其次是主茎穗位高(46.656%)。基于各种质之间形态标记的遗传差异,在遗传距离为20时,把302份华南野生蓖麻材料聚类并划分为3大类群。第Ι类群植株高度中等,主茎节数少,穗较长,有效果穗数多,是丰产性状较好的一类野生亲本材料。第Ⅱ类群植株高大,茎秆粗壮,穗长但有效果穗数少,可从中选择大穗亲本材料利用。第Ⅲ类群株型矮小、茎秆较细、有效果穗数中等,是矮化育种的重要亲本资源。7个数量性状的主成分分析结果表明,前3个主成分累计贡献率达84.425%,各荷载较高的性状有主茎穗位高、茎粗、株高、主茎穗长、主茎节数、一级分枝穗长和单株有效穗数7个性状,其中单株有效穗数与前6个性状作用相反,显示出株高、大穗与多穗之间的矛盾。以上结果揭示了华南野生蓖麻资源的主要特点,可为其综合利用和杂交育种提供一定的科学依据。     

双低油菜个体间硫苷含量的差异及选择效果

油菜个体植株间硫苷有较大差异,个体间变异系数为31.43%.个体内不同分枝和不同部位上的角果硫苷含量也有差异,主花序上角果硫苷含量＞分枝上角果硫苷含量,同一分枝上部角果硫苷含量＞下部角果硫苷含量,均达到极显著差异,平均变异系数为12.24%,但各一次分枝之间差异不显著.     

黄秋葵资源的植物学特征特性与生态适应性评价

对10份黄秋葵资源进行18个植物学形态特征、14个植物学特性指标及生态适应性进行评价,结果表明:118个植物学形态特征指标多样性丰富,聚类分析可将资源分为2个形态类型;214个植物学特性指标变异分析表明,果数变异系数最大,变异系数高达61.32%,营养器官变异系数大小顺序为分枝数>叶片宽度>叶柄长>叶片长度,生殖器官变异系数大小顺序为果数>果长>单果重;314个植物学特性指标相关性分析结果表明,提高蒴果产量可选择生育期较长、分枝数较多、叶柄长的资源;4生态适应性评价表明,供试材料均适宜在闽南地区种植,其中平均单株蒴果产量以FJQK-24和FJQK-7较高,分别为1 387.2和1 113.0 g,达极显著或显著差异水平,FJQK-29资源果数最多,且在闽南地区可宿根生长,是选育种较好的亲本材料。     

辽宁水稻新品系产量与米质的关系及高食味品系特征分析

以辽宁省参加联合品比试验的89个水稻新品系为试材,比较不同品系间的产量结构、穗部性状和米质性状的差异,分析性状间的相关性,明确高食味值品系的典型特征。结果表明,新品系平均产量为612.24 kg/667 m²,符合国标2级和3级优质米的新品系分别有10个和17个;稻穗越长的品系,粒型越长,垩白越少,糙米率和精米率越低;一次枝梗结实率越高的品系,整精米率和精米率越高;粒型越长的品系,二次枝梗结实率越高。一次枝梗数和穗粒数越多、着粒越密、籽粒越偏向穗轴下部分布的品系;蛋白质含量越高。产量越高的品系,米饭的外观越好,硬度偏软,食味越好。蛋白质含量越高的品系,米饭外观越差,硬度高、黏度低、平衡度差,食味值下降。直链淀粉含量越高的品系,热浆粘度、最终粘度越大,峰值时间越长,糊化温度越低,崩解值越小。消减值越低的品系,米饭外观越好,食味值越高。高食味值品系的典型特征是粒型较长,蛋白质含量和消减值较低,当消减值为1 005.5 cP时食味表现最好。结果可为培育优质高产高效水稻新品种提供理论依据。     

大豆农艺及产量性状的主成分分析

在大豆高产试验示范与配套技术研究的基础上,分析大豆诸多形态性状与产量的关系,找出对产量影响较大的性状因子,为高产育种、高产栽培提供理论依据.利用生产上运用的3个主栽大豆品种、4种施肥模式与用量、正常生产田密度条件下产生的形态指标及产量差异,分析了大豆植株形态性状指标的主成分,结合产量相关性分析,从中找出产量的主导因子.结果表明,在大豆植株18个农艺和产量性状中,4粒荚数和分枝数变异系数最大,分别为70.15%和68.71%.认为通过更换品种、改善施肥等栽培措施,这些性状具有较大的改进余地,也可以作为育种选择的性状;而百粒重、主茎节数、每荚粒数和经济系数变异较小,其系数仅在3.82%～7.36%之间,改进余地较小;株高、结荚部位、有效荚数等其它性状变异中等,变异系数在11.54%～24.69%之间,也有一定的改进余地.产量与单株粒数、地上干重、有效荚数、3粒荚数、4粒荚数、每荚粒数、百粒重、经济系数都呈极显著的正相关.将大豆植株18个性状指标通过SAS统计软件进行主成分分析,结果表明,这些性状可归纳为产量性状因子、株高性状因子、荚数性状因子和主茎节数性状因子等4个综合指标.这4个主成分累积贡献率达到86.85%,基本可以反映大豆在正常密度条件下,植株的生长和产量状况.育种上需加强生物量大、3粒荚和4粒荚数多、结荚节位低的性状选择;栽培上需注重采取相应的促进生物量增长、降低结荚节位的促控措施.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.     

Applied Biotechnology to Combat Late Blight in Potato Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora Infestans</Emphasis>

Potato is an important crop, grown worldwide. It suffers from many pests and diseases among which late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is the worst. The disease is still causing major damage in many potato production areas and control is only possible by applying fungicides frequently. The knowledge on the molecular biology and genetics of the interaction between the plant and the oomycete is developing rapidly. These are relevant fields of study, currently dominated by the discovery of many resistance genes and numerous effector proteins and the analysis of their specific mode of action. These studies may yield essential information needed for the development of durable resistance. The long-term and worldwide effort to breed for resistance so far has had little effect. A novel breeding approach may change this. It is based on cisgenic modification (CM) consisting of marker-free pyramiding of several resistance genes and their spatial and temporal deployment yielding dynamic varieties that contain potato genes only. It is envisioned that this CM approach with potato’s own genes will not only prove societally acceptable but may also result in simplifications in the legislation on use of the CM approach. Various parties in the potato research arena intend to cooperate in this novel approach in a number of developing countries where potato substantially contributes to food security. The use of resources such as land, water and energy improves when the effect of late blight is markedly reduced.     

Resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potato virus Y</Emphasis> in a Multitrait Potato Breeding Scheme without Direct Selection in Each Generation

In an experimental breeding scheme to improve late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and white potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) resistance of tetraploid potato over three generations of crossing and selection, 15 clones survived the final selection, and these were derived from 15 great-grandparents. There was no direct selection for resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), but 14 out of the 15 great-grandparents were resistant to PVY and three had extreme resistance. Thirteen of the 15 descendants had PVY resistance and one extreme resistance. This was within the range expected for a random (unselected) sample from the genotypes of the great-grandparents. Hence, we found no evidence for any positive or negative association between PVY resistance and the attributes selected. The conclusion is that laborious selection is not required in every generation when many parents have PVY resistance, including some with more than one copy of a PVY resistance gene or resistance at more than one locus. However, in the future, determining the major virus resistance genes present in potential parents in each generation using diagnostic molecular markers would prevent susceptible × susceptible crosses being made and maximise the number of resistant × resistant ones.