水稻灌浆过程中籽粒淀粉合成关键酶活性与蒸煮食味品质

选用稻米蒸煮食味品质有显著差异的4个粳稻品种,对水稻籽粒灌浆过程中淀粉合成关键酶的活性变化及其与蒸煮食味品质关系进行了研究。 不同品质类型的品种间籽粒直链淀粉和支链淀粉含量在灌浆前、中后期表现出差异,这种差异主要表现在灌浆不同时期淀粉积累速率上。籽粒灌浆过程中,不同品质类型的品种中ADPG焦磷酸化酶和可溶性淀粉合成酶活性出现峰值的时间无差异,但淀粉分支酶活性出现峰值的时间,劣质品种明显早于优质品种,而且优质品种灌浆中、后期仍然保持较高水平的酶活性。ADPG焦磷酸化酶、可溶性淀粉合成酶、淀粉分支酶的活性与直链淀粉含量、支链淀粉含量、味度值、RVA谱特性间的相关性和程度因灌浆时期不同而发生变化。在整个灌浆过程中,可溶性淀粉合成酶活性与味度值间的相关均不显著,但灌浆前期和中、后期的ADPG焦磷酸化酶和淀粉分支酶的活性与味度值间呈显著或极显著相关。选择灌浆前期酶活性低或灌浆后期酶活性高的材料,将有利于提高稻米蒸煮食味品质。     

不同品质类型水稻子粒淀粉合成关键酶动态分析

选用直链淀粉含量不同的3个粳稻品种,研究灌浆过程中淀粉合成关键酶活性变化及其与稻米直链淀粉含量及食味品质的关系。结果表明：不同品质类型品种酶活性变化趋势基本一致,牡08-1404的ADPG焦磷酸化酶和淀粉分支酶峰值出现早,灌浆中、后期衰减速度快,而且优质品种灌浆中、后期仍然保持较高水平的酶活性。灌浆前期3种酶活性与直链淀粉含量呈正相关,灌浆后期呈负相关,其中抽穗后30d的ADPG焦磷酸化酶和可溶性淀粉合成酶活性与直链淀粉含量呈板显著的负相关。通过淀粉合成关键酶活性与稻米食味值相关分析表明,前期食味值与3种酶活性主要呈负相关,但在25-35d酶活性与食味值呈正相关,在35d可溶性淀粉合成酶和淀粉分支酶分别达到显著和极显著正相关。     

水稻杂交后代灌浆成熟期籽粒淀粉合成关键酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性变化的初步研究

 以东农423和藤系180为试材,籽粒直链淀粉和蛋白质含量为选择指标,通过逐代的定向选择形成了遗传背景相近且直链淀粉和蛋白质含量有显著差异的杂种后代,并对水稻灌浆成熟过程中籽粒ADPG焦磷酸化酶、可溶性淀粉合酶、淀粉分支酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶活性变化进行了初步研究。高直链淀粉含量杂交后代的籽粒ADPG焦磷酸化酶、可溶性淀粉合酶、淀粉分支酶活性峰值显著或极显著高于低直链淀粉含量后代,而且在籽粒灌浆前期蛋白质含量高的后代籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶活性显著或极显著高于蛋白质含量低的后代。因此,通过直链淀粉和蛋白质含量的连续定向选择可以显著提高或降低灌浆过程中的籽粒碳氮代谢关键酶活性。     

灌浆结实期弱光对水稻籽粒淀粉积累及相关酶活性的影响

 选用IR72（籼稻）和日本晴（粳稻）为材料，在开花后进行遮光处理，对弱光条件下籽粒淀粉和直链淀粉含量的动态变化及相关酶的活性进行了研究。在弱光条件下，两品种籽粒的淀粉含量减少，直链淀粉含量下降，蔗糖含量降低，ADPG焦磷酸化酶活性的变化较小，可溶性淀粉合成酶和颗粒结合型淀粉合成酶活性减弱，可溶性淀粉分支酶Q酶和颗粒结合型淀粉分支酶活性增强，淀粉去分支酶活性因品种而异，IR72表现为减弱，日本晴则为增强。相关分析表明，遮光下蔗糖输入量的减少量和淀粉合成量的下降量呈显著正相关；ADPG焦磷酸化酶和淀粉分支酶活性与淀粉积累速率呈显著正相关。分析指出，遮光下淀粉合成酶活性的降低与淀粉合成量的下降有关，淀粉分支酶活性的升高是直链淀粉占淀粉总量的比率减少的重要原因。     

水稻灌浆成熟期籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶活性变化及其与稻米品质关系的初步研究

 选用稻米蒸煮食味品质有显著差异的4个粳稻品种，通过盆栽试验对水稻灌浆成熟期籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶活性变化及其与稻米蒸煮食味品质关系进行了初步研究。结果表明，水稻灌浆过程中籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶活性随灌浆进程逐渐增加，达到峰值后又逐渐下降，呈单峰曲线变化；抽穗15 d以前蛋白质含量高的品种谷氨酰胺合成酶活性大于蛋白质含量低的品种，而以后与之相反；灌浆前期，籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶活性与味度值、最高黏度、崩解值间呈负相关，灌浆中、后期呈正相关，而与籽粒最终蛋白质含量和黏滞峰消减值在灌浆前期呈正相关，灌浆中、后期呈负相关，而且相关程度随灌浆时段而发生变化；抽穗后15~20 d是籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶活性与味度值、RVA谱特性间的相关性质发生变化的转折时期。     

钾素用量对春玉米淀粉合成酶活性及产量的影响

在不同施钾肥条件下对春玉米子粒淀粉合成酶活性进行研究。结果表明,ADPG焦磷酸化酶、淀粉合成酶的活性在春玉米子粒灌浆过程中均呈单峰曲线变化,在一定的施钾肥用量范围内,增加钾肥用量,提高了ADPG焦磷酸化酶、淀粉合成酶活性,使ADPG焦磷酸化酶活性峰值出现日期提前。施钾肥能显著提高春玉米产量,四单19在施钾肥100kg/hm2时产量最高;丰禾10在施钾肥150kg/hm2时产量最高。淀粉合成酶活性与产量的相关性分析表明,在玉米吐丝后的21～35d,ADPG焦磷酸化酶活性与产量呈显著正相关;在吐丝后42d,可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)活性与产量呈极显著正相关;在吐丝后14～28d,束缚态淀粉合成酶(GBSS)活性与产量呈显著正相关。     

6-苄氨基嘌呤对水稻灌浆成熟期籽粒氮代谢及蒸煮食味品质的影响

选用两个品质不同的粳稻品种,研究在抽穗期喷洒6 苄氨基嘌呤（6 BA）对灌浆成熟期籽粒氮代谢及蒸煮食味品质的影响。 抽穗后随灌浆进程籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶活性逐渐增加,达到峰值后又逐渐下降,呈单峰曲线变化,且抽穗后20 d 的酶活性最高;蛋白质含量高的品种灌浆前期籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶活性高于蛋白质含量低的品种;与未喷6 BA对照相比,抽穗期喷洒6 BA供试品种的味度值、最高黏度、崩解值、可溶性蛋白含量等均有不同程度的提高,籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶活性和消减值降低,但蛋白质和直链淀粉含量变化很小。     

灌浆期高温对冬小麦淀粉粒发育的影响

为探讨灌浆期高温对小麦籽粒中淀粉粒发育的影响,选用新疆主栽的冬小麦品种新冬20号和新冬23号为试验材料,在籽粒灌浆期设2个昼夜温度水平(24/17℃,37/28℃),研究高温对小麦籽粒发育、淀粉粒表观特性、淀粉合成关键酶活性以及淀粉降解酶活性的影响。结果表明,花后灌浆期高温胁迫使两个参试小麦品种籽粒灌浆进程缩短、籽粒瘦瘪,粒重明显下降。高温胁迫影响了A-和B-型淀粉粒的发育进程,从花后14 d开始淀粉粒表面出现孔洞,成熟期B-型淀粉粒数量明显减少。两个参试小麦品种籽粒中淀粉合成关键酶活性对高温的耐受性不同,新冬23号受影响较大。高温处理下两个小麦品种的AGPase和SSS酶活性峰值出现时间提前,SS酶活性明显降低;灌浆后期籽粒α-淀粉酶活性明显增强。花后高温胁迫打破了小麦籽粒灌浆过程中淀粉合成酶和降解酶之间的平衡,α-淀粉酶活性增强导致淀粉粒表面出现孔洞,最终影响淀粉的品质。     

灌浆前期高温对小黑麦籽粒淀粉积累及其合成相关酶活性的影响

为探讨灌浆前期高温对六倍体小黑麦籽粒淀粉积累及其相关合成酶活性的影响,以4个春性小黑麦品种（系）为材料,在开花后5~14 d于田间搭建温棚进行高温胁迫,对其籽粒淀粉积累动态、淀粉合成相关酶活性进行了研究。结果表明,开花后5~14 d高温胁迫导致小黑麦千粒重和容重均显著下降,其中,千粒重下降5.95%~20.47%,容重下降3.33%~9.49%;籽粒中的总淀粉、支链淀粉与直链淀粉含量均显著降低,依次下降6.84%~17.97%、7.70%~24.60%及2.27%~7.17%,直/支链淀粉比有所升高,但差异不显著。在高温胁迫期间,小黑麦籽粒中与淀粉合成相关的腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（AGPP）、可溶性淀粉合成酶（SSS）、淀粉分支酶（SBE）及淀粉去分支酶（DBE）活性均较对照有所上升,高温胁迫结束后,AGPP、SSS、DBE的活性均较对照有所下降。推测灌浆前期高温胁迫导致灌浆中后期小黑麦籽粒中淀粉合成相关酶活性的下降是籽粒中淀粉含量降低以及千粒重、容重下降的主要原因。     

灌浆期高温对冬小麦叶源与粒库生理特征的影响

为研究灌浆期高温对冬小麦灌浆和产量的影响,以耐热型品种淮麦33和高温敏感型品种华成3366为材料,于灌浆期（花后14~20 d）进行高温处理,以田间自然温度生长的小麦为对照,研究高温对旗叶叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性、丙二醛（MDA）含量和糖含量以及籽粒淀粉含量和淀粉合成关键酶活性的影响,并对小麦粒重、产量等指标进行测定。结果表明,高温处理显著降低了淮麦33和华成3366旗叶的叶绿素含量,降幅分别为5.88%和9.86%;降低了两品种旗叶的抗氧化酶活性,提高了旗叶MDA、可溶性糖和蔗糖含量;高温处理也显著降低了两品种籽粒的腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（AGPase）、结合态淀粉合成酶（GBSS）、可溶性淀粉合成酶（SSS）和淀粉分支酶（SBE）活性,并减少了支链淀粉和总淀粉含量,其中淮麦33和华成3366的籽粒总淀粉含量分别下降了5.63%和8.77%;高温处理主要降低了淮麦33小穗第3粒位的粒重及华成3366小穗第1、2和3粒位的粒重,2018-2019、2019-2020年度淮麦33和华成3366的产量分别下降了5.07%和16.33%、6.23%和8.90%。与高温敏感型品种华成3366相比,耐热型品种淮麦33受高温影响较小。综上所述,灌浆期高温处理显著降低旗叶叶绿素含量和抗氧化酶活性,影响叶片中碳水化合物的转运,导致淀粉合成关键酶活性、淀粉含量和产量降低。     

Effect of Temperature at Grain Filling Stage on Activities of Key Enzymes Related to Starch Synthesis and Grain Quality of Rice

Three japonica rice varieties with different cooking and eating quality were grown at high temperature in the greenhouse and natural field. Effects of temperature at the grain filling stage on these varieties were investigated in terms of the activities of key enzymes related to starch synthesis and cooking and eating quality of rice grain. The high temperature at the grain filling stage increased protein content, and decreased amylose content and taste meter value of rice; inferior grain quality varieties showed a greater magnitude of the increase or decrease than the superior ones. Reaction of rapid visco analyser profiles to the temperature varied with rice varieties. The activities of adenosine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphoryiase （AGPP）, soluble starch synthase （SSS） and starch branching enzyme （SBE） gradually increased to a peak value, and thereafter declined as grain filling progressed. Enzyme activities in different varieties differed in a same filling stage, and also in the time when the enzyme activity reached a maximum. AGPP and SSS were insensitive to the environmental temperature, but SBE was comparatively sensitive to the temperature, and its activity declined when temperature was too high or too low.     

Relationship Between Variation in Activities of Key Enzymes Related to Starch Synthesis During Grain Filling Period and Quality of Eating and Cooking in Rice

Eating or cooking quality is one of the important quality of rice. Amylose content, RVA properties and taste meter value are three important indexes for evaluating cooking and eating quality of rice, which are determined by the chemical and physical com- …     

Effects of Weak Light on Starch Accumulation and Starch Synthesis Enzyme Activities in Rice at the Grain Filling Stage

Photosynthetic product in rice plant is transported to grains mainly in the form of sucrose. Sucrose in the grains eventually becomes starch through a series of enzymatic reactions [1-2]. The starch weight accounts for 90% of the brown rice [3-4], so the course of the rice grain filling is the biochemical process in which starch is mainly formed, and the factor of light is indispensable at the course. Much research has been conducted to study the influence of the light on the grain starch synt…     

Changes in Activities of Key Enzymes for Starch Synthesis and Glutamine Synthetase in Grains of Progenies from a Rice Cross During Grain Filling

The progenies differed in amylose and protein contents in grains, which derived from a rice cross, Dongnong 423×Toukei 180, were used to study changes in the activities of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPP), soluble starch synthetase (SSS), starch branching enzyme (SBE) and glutamine synthetase (GS) in rice grains during grain filling. The activities of AGPP, SSS and SBE gradually increased and then declined as a single-peak curve with the process of grain filling in the progenies with high and low amylose contents in grains. The progenies with high amylose content peaked earlier in the AGPP, SSS and SBE activities and had higher AGPP, SSS and SBE activities at the early grain filling stage than those with low amylose content. The GS activity peaked earlier and was higher at the late stage of grain filling in the progenies with high protein content than in those with low protein content. It is suggested that the activities of key enzymes for starch synthesis and glutamine synthetase could be changed in oriented breeding for amylose and protein contents in grains.     

Effects of Early- and Late-Sowing on Starch Accumulation and Associated Enzyme Activities During Grain Filling Stage in Rice

The environmental temperature occurring during the grain filling stage is an important factoraffecting starch synthesis and accumulation in rice. We investigated starch accumulation, amylaseactivity and starch granule size distribution in two low-amylose japonica rice varieties, Nanjing 9108 andFujing 1606, grown in the field at different filling temperatures by manipulating sowing date. The two ricevarieties exhibited similar performances between two sowing dates. Total starch, amylose andamylopectin contents were lower at the early-filling stage of T1 treatment (Early-sowing) compared withthose at the same stage in T2 treatment (Late-sowing). In contrast, at the late-filling stage, when fieldtemperatures were generally decreasing, total starch and amylopectin contents in T1 were highercompared to those in T2. The ideal temperature for strong activity of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylaseand soluble starch synthase was about 22℃. A higher temperature from the heading to maturity stagesin T1 increased the activities of starch branching enzyme and suppressed the activities of granule boundstarch synthetase and starch debranching enzyme. We found that rice produced larger-sized starchgranules under the T1 treatment. These results suggested that due to the early-sowing date, the hightemperature (30℃) occurring at the early-filling stage hindered starch synthesis and accumulation,however, the lower temperatures (22 ℃) at the late-filling stage allowed starch synthesis and accumulationto return to normal levels.     

结实期低温胁迫对水稻强、弱势粒淀粉形成与积累的影响

【目的】研究结实期低温胁迫对水稻强、弱势粒淀粉组分含量、积累速率及关键酶活性的影响，明确淀粉合成关键酶活性变化对淀粉积累速率的调控效应，探究强、弱势粒淀粉形成积累差异对水稻产量的影响。【方法】以耐冷型品种东农428和冷敏型品种松粳10为试验材料，设置1个常温处理(白天温度28℃，14h/夜间温度22℃，10 h，7 d)和4个低温处理(17℃，低温处理时间分别为1、3、5、7 d)，分析了结实期低温胁迫对强、弱势粒淀粉组分积累、合成关键酶活性、水稻产量及构成因素的影响，并探讨了灌浆期各阶段淀粉积累差异与酶活性变化的关系。【结果】与对照相比，结实期低温胁迫降低了两个品种水稻强、弱势粒中腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)、淀粉分支酶(SBE)的峰值活性以及支链淀粉和总淀粉含量，提高了齐穗后28~38 d 低温处理3、5、7 d的颗粒结合型淀粉合成酶(GBSS)活性和直链淀粉含量。与对照相比，各低温处理酶活性最高和淀粉积累最快的时间均有不同程度的推迟，低温处理7 d的影响最大，强、弱势粒低温处理7 d的支链淀粉和总淀粉含量分别在齐穗后13、18 d降幅最大，直链淀粉含量在28 d增幅最大。相关分析表明，强、弱势粒直链淀粉含量及强势粒支链淀粉、总淀粉含量与其最大积累速率呈极显著正相关，弱势粒支链淀粉、总淀粉含量还受到其最大积累速率出现时间的影响。AGPase、GBSS、SSS、SBE活性变化与淀粉积累速率和积累时间早晚密切相关，对淀粉及淀粉组分含量的变化有着明显的影响。同时，结实期低温胁迫显著降低了水稻的千粒重、结实率和产量，且随低温处理天数的增加降幅逐渐增大。结实期低温胁迫对弱势粒中淀粉合成关键酶活性变化影响大于强势粒，弱势粒淀粉合成积累减慢，含量降低，导致水稻千粒重显著下降，产量降低。【结论】就品种而言，耐冷型东农428具有较高的淀粉合成关键酶活性，淀粉及其组分含量较高，在低温胁迫下产量能维持在较高的水平。因此，强、弱势粒淀粉合成关键酶活性对淀粉合成起着非常关键的调控作用，淀粉组分和含量及其变化对产量有着十分重要的影响。