波兰小麦对普通小麦部分品质指标的改良作用

为了探讨波兰小麦对普通小麦品质指标的改良作用,测定了波兰小麦×中13杂交后代41个株系的蛋白质含量、沉降值及面筋含量.结果表明,杂交后代株系平均蛋白质含量、沉降值、干面筋含量和湿面筋含量都显著高于普通小麦亲本中13.杂交后代株系的蛋白质含量平均值与优质对照品种小偃6号间没有显著差异,而且有5个株系还高于对照,但杂交后代株系的平均沉降值和平均湿面筋舍量没有达到小偃6号的水平.BC1自交后代株系与BC2自交后代株系间的平均蛋白质含量和平均干、湿面筋含量没有显著性差异.这些结果表明,波兰小麦对普通小麦蛋白质含量、沉降值和面筋含量具有显著改良作用.     

水稻高无机磷突变体的筛选和培育技术研究

 摘要: 以3份水稻诱变群体为材料，详细研究了M2~M5代高无机磷(high inorganic phosphorus, HIP)种子出现的频率和传递特征。这些材料来自含水量约13.5%的水稻干种子用300 Gy 60Co伽玛射线 （剂量率0.8 Gy/min）处理，或经250 Gy 处理后再对其萌动种子用1×10-3 mol/L的 NaN3 溶液常温下处理2 h所得M1的后代。在96 孔V型酶标板上， 设置5个用KH2PO4配制的标准P溶液，浓度相当于种子磷含量0.00、 0.15、 0.46、 0.93和1.39 mg/g。分析时每个单株分析8粒种子，无机P（iP）高于0.46 mg/g的籽粒称为高无机磷（HIP）种子，出现至少1粒HIP M3种子的M2单株称为HIP M2单株，M3及高代由此类推。研究发现，从HIP M2单株衍生的M3株系中，HIP株系数要少于HIP M2单株数。但是多数M3 HIP株系后代都获得了更高代的HIP株系。根据M3和M4 HIP株系数推算，水稻HIP突变的实际频率可达0.1%左右。已从籼稻协青早B和粳稻秀水110中各选得一个HIP纯合突变系HIPi1和HIPj1。对HIPi1糙米中各种磷素定量分析表明，突变体中植酸磷含量较对照下降约35%，无机磷含量上升约3.5倍，而总磷基本不变。最后提出了水稻HIP突变体诱发、筛选和选择的基本方法和程序。     

不同玉米品种子粒植酸磷及其他形态磷含量的相关性研究

以50个自交系和24个杂交种为材料,测定其总磷、植酸磷、无机磷含量,分析不同基因型玉米子粒中植酸磷及其他形态磷含量的差异性和相关性。结果表明：不同自交系和杂交种间3种磷形态的含量均存在显著差异,植酸磷与总磷间呈正相关,与无机磷间呈弱度正相关。在低植酸玉米选育时,应该同时采用植酸磷和无机磷两个指标作为选择标准。自交系丹黄02是选育较低植酸磷、高无机磷含量杂交种的优良亲本材料。     

甘蓝型油菜种子无机磷含量变异的初步分析

以微量比色法对100个甘蓝型油菜品种的种子无机磷含量进行初步检测，发现不同甘蓝型油菜品种之间种子无机磷含量存在一定差异。大部分品种的成熟种子中无机磷含量为0.2-0.4μg/g，有2个品种的无机磷含量达到0.7μg/g,1个品种超过1.1μg/g。     

铁皮石斛与霍山石斛杂交后代性状分析

为选择杂交后代优良株系,对铁皮石斛（Dendrobium officinale）、霍山石斛（Dendrobium huoshanense）及其杂交F₁代株系的组培苗及栽培苗生长量、表型性状及多糖含量进行测定和分析。结果表明：各株系的组培生长量差异显著,变幅为0.15~0.69 g,超亲株系占75.00%,移栽生长量变幅为0.03~0.44 g,超亲株系占75.00%;组培苗8个表型性状表现为超亲,占总考察性状的88.89%;栽培苗4个表型性状表现为超亲,占总考察性状的44.44%,各株系多糖含量与亲本差异显著,7个株系的多糖含量表现为超亲,占总考察株系的87.50%。可见,利用铁皮石斛与霍山石斛杂交是改良石斛产量与品质的有效途径之一。     

微量面粉乳酸溶剂保持率在小麦育种后代选择中的应用

面粉乳酸溶剂保持率(solvent retention capacity SRC)是小麦品质检测的重要方法,为阐明其在小麦杂交后代分离群体中的遗传规律,以8个小麦杂交组合不同世代单株为材料,测定微量面粉乳酸溶剂保持率并进行分析。结果表明,亲本与后代的微量乳酸SRC值相关联,且后代单株微量乳酸SRC具有超亲优势;不同小麦杂交组合间微量乳酸SRC值均达到极显著差异;在8个杂交组合中同一株系微量乳酸SRC由第二代向第三代、由第三代向第四代传递不稳定且分离幅度大,而由第四代向第五、六代传递稳定,可见微量乳酸SRC值在系谱法后代处理中适合在第五代进行选择。这些研究结果可为优质小麦品种选育中杂交组合的配制及后代品质性状的选择提供参考依据。     

大豆不同亲本组合对后代品系油分含量的影响

设置"高油×高油"、"中油×高油"和"中油×低油"3种组合类型,对各组合类型后代品系油分含量进行分析测定,研究了大豆不同亲本组合对后代品系油分含量的影响。结果表明,大豆杂交组合亲本油分含量通过杂交后代群体对后代品系有显著影响,亲本油分含量与组合后代品系油分含量呈正相关。不同油分含量的大豆杂交亲本组合类型对后代品系油分含量有显著影响,同时受人为选择方式的影响。试验明确了大豆杂交后代群体油分含量的遗传过程及选择作用对后代品系油分含量的影响,为大豆品质育种实践提供参考。     

转Bt基因杂种后代的稻米直链淀粉含量与粘滞性淀粉谱分析

以克螟稻TS5为亲本与5个感虫亲本作正反杂交配组．分析了各组合后代抗虫株系和非抗虫株系及其双亲的直链淀粉含量（AAC）和粘滞性淀粉谱（RVA谱）。结果表明．杂种后代的AAC基本介于双亲之间，且偏向于高值亲本。AAC与最粘时间（PT）呈极显著正相关（0．7929）．与消减值（SBV）、最高粘度（PKV）、热浆粘度（HPV）、冷胶粘度（CPV）呈显著或极显著正相关，与崩解值呈负相关；杂种后代的RVA谱特征值与其双亲相比．无明显变化．但部分性状有所改善。这为抗虫杂交水稻的育种提供了参考依据。     

17个小麦F2群体中单株籽粒GMP含量的分布

为给GMP性状在后代中的选择提供依据,以17个小麦杂交组合的F2群体为材料,分析了单株籽粒GMP含量在不同组合F2群体中的分布状况.结果表明,不同组合的F2代单株籽粒GMP含量的分布是连续的,呈正态或偏态分布,符合数量性状遗传特点.在不同亲本的组合后代中,F2代单株籽粒GMP表现出不同的分布倾向,70.6%的组合以超高亲和倾高亲分布为主,出现23.5%近中亲和5.9%倾低亲分布,无超低亲分离现象.因此,在具有不同GMP含量亲本的杂交组合后代分离群体中,能够筛选出高GMP含量的育种材料.     

~(60)Co-γ辐照高产低植酸小麦新品系的鉴定筛选

通过辐射诱变手段获得种子低植酸(low phytic acid)突变系,进而选育低植酸作物品系,是可行的技术路径。本研究利用60Co-γ辐照小麦种子,从其后代中筛选到熟期与辐射亲本相仿或早熟、高产且籽粒植酸含量明显低于辐射亲本的小麦新品系10份,为小麦育种提供新的种质资源。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

In vitro reproduction in the annual pasture legumes subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.)

Pasture legumes are important components of both mixed farming rotations and permanent pastures in temperate climates. Breeding of two widely sown pasture legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), is constrained by the long generation cycle, typically enabling only one generation per year. We hypothesized manipulation of culture medium and conditions would enable the development of a laboratory‐based protocol for in vitro reproduction in subterranean clover and French serradella. In vitro flowering and viable seed set was induced from both species. For subterranean clover, the most effective treatment was culturing on modified MS medium with 1 μm kinetin and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and continuous photoperiod. For French serradella, culture on a hormone‐free B5 medium with 5 mm NH₄Cl and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and 20 h photoperiod was optimum. It is expected this technique will have application in accelerating generation turnover within breeding programs, for the study of factors influencing flowering in pasture legumes, and for the propagation of valuable yet enfeebled plants such as embryo‐rescued hybrids.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Estimation of lucerne yield stability for enabling effective cultivar selection under rainfed conditions

Evaluation of crop and forage yield stability is of increasing relevance in the context of current and recent environmental changes but, in contrast to other field crops, there are no published systematic analyses among forage crops in Europe. A study of stability performance was conducted with 13 Czech cultivars of lucerne at four locations over a 2‐year period with the following aims: (a) to evaluate yield stability of varieties across different environments and (b) to calculate measurable benefits of variety selection in relation to the specific environment. The cultivar Vlasta was identified as the highest yielding cultivar (annual yield 16.0 t DM/ha), whereas the lowest yielding cv. Magda, Tereza and Oslava averaged around 14.9 t DM/ha. Effect of genotype × environment interaction (G × E) was two times higher than for genotype alone. Additive main effects and the multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model showed that the highest yielding cultivars may not be stable across environments. This study demonstrated further that significant yield improvement could be detected, even among a relatively homogenous group of domestic cultivars, and this was driven mainly by site productivity: the improvement was +10% in low‐yielding sites, compared with +3% in high‐yielding sites. Results highlight that advanced agronomy should also consider stability parameters such as AMMI stability value or superiority measures for forage crops in response to the challenges associated with climate change.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.