DREB转录因子在植物抗逆胁迫中的作用机理及应用研究进展

干旱、高盐和低温等非生物胁迫严重影响植物的生长发育和作物产量。转录因子在调节植物生长发育以及对外界环境胁迫的响应方面起着重要作用。DREB转录因子含有一个保守的AP2/EREBP结构域,参与外界环境胁迫的应答响应,通过结合DRE(Dehydration responsive element)顺式作用元件,调控下游胁迫相关基因的转录表达,改良植物的抗性。本文在前人研究的基础上,综述了DREB转录因子的结构特征、介导的信号传递途径、对非生物胁迫的响应以及转基因的研究进展,旨在为作物的抗逆育种提供理论依据。     

高等植物WRKY转录因子家族的演化及功能研究进展

WRKY转录因子是植物转录调节因子的最大家族之一,并且是调节植物许多生物过程的信号网络的组成部分。WRKY转录因子通过其保守结构域与靶基因启动子区域的W-box特异性结合,调节靶基因的表达,进而调控植物的叶片衰老、种子萌发与休眠、开花等生长发育过程外,还参与调控植物生物和非生物胁迫的响应过程。本文用代表性植物基因组数据,对WRKY的基因演化作了归纳,综述了近二十年来国内外WRKY转录因子的相要研究进展,并介绍了该转录因子在植物生物胁迫和非生物胁迫应答及生长发育过程中的调控作用。      

植物非生物胁迫应答的分子机制

非生物胁迫因子是制约植物生长发育、影响作物产量和质量的关键因子。这些非生物胁迫的共同点是它们都会导致植物细胞缺水，使细胞的水分平衡紊乱，还可以引起蛋白质等大分子变性，破坏植物细胞内的膜结构等。为了生存，植物在遇到非生物胁迫时不得不在形态和生理生化代谢上进行一些调整，以适应或忍耐环境胁迫。揭示植物胁迫应答分子机理是人们长期以来探索的重大课题。非生物胁迫引起的应答非常复杂并且常常相互关联，干旱、高盐、低温等胁迫可以引起相似的应答反映，如积累大量的渗透调节剂、重建细胞内离子动态平衡、修复被破坏的膜系统、清除活性氧自由基等等。近年来，胁迫应答的分子机理研究成果颇丰，结合笔者等的研究，本文简要进行了综述。     

小麦TaPP2C59基因的克隆及表达分析

2C型蛋白磷酸酶(PP2C)是ABA信号途径的关键组分,在ABA信号转导及植物对非生物逆境胁迫的应答过程中发挥着重要作用。为给TaPP2C59基因功能的研究奠定基础,同时为小麦对非生物胁迫应答的信号转导机理研究提供参考,本研究从小麦中克隆了第一个PP2C基因TaPP2C59,并对其在逆境胁迫以及多种信号分子处理下的表达模式进行研究。序列分析表明,该基因开放阅读框(ORF)为855bp,编码284个氨基酸。进化树分析表明,该基因编码的蛋白与水稻OsPP2C45蛋白和拟南芥AtPP2C59蛋白的亲缘关系最近。多序列比对分析表明,TaPP2C59具有PP2C家族蛋白的保守结构特征。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,该基因的表达显著受ABA、低温和高盐胁迫抑制。因此,可以推测TaPP2C59可能作为负调控因子参与ABA信号及非生物逆境胁迫应答。     

植物BTB/POZ蛋白及其抗病性研究进展

为了适应各种生物胁迫和非生物胁迫,植物在长期进化过程中形成了完整的调节机制,感受外界刺激,调整基因的表达,调节代谢途径。植物BTB/POZ蛋白在一系列生物过程中发挥重要作用。文中介绍了植物中的BTB/POZ蛋白的分子特征和抗病功能。此外,也就BTB/POZ蛋白在抗病应答途径、抗病反应中的作用机理等进行综述,为作物抗病的分子机理研究提供参考。     

糖料作物抗氧化酶基因应答非生物胁迫的研究进展

糖料作物是重要的经济作物,和其他作物一样会受到各种环境胁迫,恶劣的环境会造成作物产量和品质的下降,利用分子生物学手段可有效地增强作物的抗逆性,因此研究糖料作物应答非生物胁迫的分子机制在理论和实际生产上具有重大意义。本文总结了国内外文献,对非生物胁迫对植物生长发育的影响、诱发活性氧(ROS)的积累和清除途径、非生物胁迫对糖料作物及抗氧化酶基因应答非生物胁迫等方面的研究进行了全面深入细致的概述,以期为糖料作物抗非生物胁迫育种提供理论指导,同时也对糖料作物抗氧化酶基因应答非生物胁迫未来的相关研究内容提出了建议。     

生物与非生物逆境胁迫下植物脂质调控机制及其研究进展

病虫害等生物逆境胁迫与温度、水分等非生物胁迫是影响植物生长发育与产量的关键因素。脂质参与到植物响应胁迫的各通路中，形成一套独特的反馈应答机制，如不饱和脂肪酸对生物胁迫中的抗病虫功能等。另外，非生物胁迫中脂肪酸衍生物还能够增加细胞内渗透调节，减少膜脂过氧化程度，提高植物的抗逆性。因此，脂质的含量与植物生长发育过程中的生物胁迫与非生物胁迫有密切联系。本文综合了国内外生物与非生物胁迫下植物脂质的调控机制及其研究进展，简要介绍了胁迫类型，重点总结了植物在各胁迫下脂质的变化及调控作用，意在加深对逆境下植物生理活动的了解，为进一步研究植物抗逆过程中脂质的调控提供参考。     

植物响应逆境胁迫的比较蛋白质组学研究进展

绿色植物在生长过程中遭遇的环境胁迫包括非生物胁迫(如干旱、高温、低温、高盐、营养)和生物胁迫(如病虫害)两大类。本文对植物响应上述逆境胁迫的比较蛋白质组学研究进展进行概述,并展望植物抗逆蛋白质组学的研究前景。     

大豆干旱响应GRAS基因筛选及GmGRAS27的生物信息学和逆境表达分析

GRAS转录因子在植物抵抗非生物胁迫过程中发挥了重要作用,为了研究大豆GRAS基因在干旱胁迫中的响应,以挖掘大豆GRAS转录因子在干旱等非生物胁迫响应中的功能和分子机制提供分子基础,本研究利用基因表达综合数据库(Gene Expression Omnibus,GEO)筛选响应干旱胁迫的大豆GRAS基因,利用PlantC...     

抑制消减杂交技术在植物基因克隆研究中的应用

综述了抑制消减杂交技术的原理、方法、优缺点及其在植物生长发育过程基因调控、植物抗病育种研究、非生物逆境胁迫基因表达、转基因植物和突变体基因表达以及辐射胁迫研究中的应用,并展望了SSH技术的研究前景。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.     

Applied Biotechnology to Combat Late Blight in Potato Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora Infestans</Emphasis>

Potato is an important crop, grown worldwide. It suffers from many pests and diseases among which late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is the worst. The disease is still causing major damage in many potato production areas and control is only possible by applying fungicides frequently. The knowledge on the molecular biology and genetics of the interaction between the plant and the oomycete is developing rapidly. These are relevant fields of study, currently dominated by the discovery of many resistance genes and numerous effector proteins and the analysis of their specific mode of action. These studies may yield essential information needed for the development of durable resistance. The long-term and worldwide effort to breed for resistance so far has had little effect. A novel breeding approach may change this. It is based on cisgenic modification (CM) consisting of marker-free pyramiding of several resistance genes and their spatial and temporal deployment yielding dynamic varieties that contain potato genes only. It is envisioned that this CM approach with potato’s own genes will not only prove societally acceptable but may also result in simplifications in the legislation on use of the CM approach. Various parties in the potato research arena intend to cooperate in this novel approach in a number of developing countries where potato substantially contributes to food security. The use of resources such as land, water and energy improves when the effect of late blight is markedly reduced.     

Resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potato virus Y</Emphasis> in a Multitrait Potato Breeding Scheme without Direct Selection in Each Generation

In an experimental breeding scheme to improve late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and white potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) resistance of tetraploid potato over three generations of crossing and selection, 15 clones survived the final selection, and these were derived from 15 great-grandparents. There was no direct selection for resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), but 14 out of the 15 great-grandparents were resistant to PVY and three had extreme resistance. Thirteen of the 15 descendants had PVY resistance and one extreme resistance. This was within the range expected for a random (unselected) sample from the genotypes of the great-grandparents. Hence, we found no evidence for any positive or negative association between PVY resistance and the attributes selected. The conclusion is that laborious selection is not required in every generation when many parents have PVY resistance, including some with more than one copy of a PVY resistance gene or resistance at more than one locus. However, in the future, determining the major virus resistance genes present in potential parents in each generation using diagnostic molecular markers would prevent susceptible × susceptible crosses being made and maximise the number of resistant × resistant ones.