长期定位施肥对不同筋力型小麦品质的影响

为了解长期施肥对小麦品质的作用,在33年长期定位施肥试验的基础上,分析了不同施肥条件下强筋小麦品种徐麦32和弱筋小麦品种宁麦13蛋白及淀粉相关品质特性。结果表明,有机肥、无机肥以及有机肥与品种的互作对小麦大部分蛋白和淀粉特性参数有显著或极显著影响。施肥对徐麦32和宁麦13蛋白质含量、干面筋含量、湿面筋含量、SDS沉淀值及面粉糊化特性参数影响基本一致。单施氮肥处理的蛋白质含量显著高于其他处理,单施有机肥处理显著低于其他处理,其他处理间无显著差异。干、湿面筋含量、SDS沉淀值与蛋白质含量呈较明显的正相关。施有机肥处理的峰值黏度、低谷黏度、最终黏度及峰值时间均显著高于不施有机肥处理,说明有机肥能显著改善小麦面粉的糊化特性;而无论施有机肥与否,施用无机肥不能显著改善面粉糊化特性。综上所述,长期有机、无机肥配合施用有利于弱筋小麦品质的改善,而对强筋小麦品质的改善不利。大田生产中应根据不同专用品种对品质的不同要求施用不同种类的肥料。     

生态条件和施磷量对四川不同筋力型小麦籽粒产量与蛋白质品质的影响

为探索四川小麦主产区中强筋小麦产量与品质协同的技术途径,以四川省育成的6个代表性小麦品种（中强筋：蜀麦482、玉脉1号、蜀麦969;中筋：内麦9号,川麦55、绵麦37）为材料,于2013-2014年在眉山市仁寿县（川中丘陵麦区）和成都市温江区（川西平原麦区）2个生态点,研究了不同施磷量（0、75、150 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2）对小麦籽粒产量及蛋白质品质的影响。结果表明,生态点、施磷量、基因型显著影响籽粒产量、蛋白质含量和湿面筋含量,其中,小麦籽粒产量、穗数、蛋白质含量、沉淀值和湿面筋含量受生态条件的影响最大,面筋指数受基因型的影响最大。仁寿点的穗数及产量均显著低于温江点,但蛋白质含量、沉淀值及湿面筋含量显著高于温江点。仁寿点整体适合中强筋小麦生产,其中,蜀麦482蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉淀值达到强筋小麦标准,玉脉1号达到中筋小麦标准。温江点除玉脉1号沉淀值、湿面筋含量偏高外,其余品种均属于弱筋小麦范畴。增磷可提高丘陵旱地小麦产量,显著提高蛋白质含量,促进川中丘陵旱地小麦的优质高产。研究认为,川西平原地区适宜于发展弱筋小麦生产,川中丘陵适宜发展中强筋小麦生产,适宜的品种为蜀麦482、玉脉1号,配合施用75 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2可促进丘陵旱地小麦产量与品质的协同。     

树脂膜控释尿素及普通尿素配施对强筋小麦产量、品质和氮肥利用率的影响

为给小麦高产优质栽培中控释尿素的合理应用提供理论依据,以控释期90 d的树脂膜控释尿素为材料,通过田间小区试验,研究了树脂膜控释尿素及普通尿素配施对强筋小麦产量、品质及氮肥利用率的影响.结果表明,与普通尿素(PU)全部底施相比,树脂膜控释尿素及普通尿素配施抑制剂处理均能显著提高小麦产量和氮肥利用率,增幅分别达5.6％～12.6％和32.4％～137.3％.与分次施用普通尿素相比,树脂膜控释尿素及普通尿素配施抑制剂处理使籽粒产量增加1.5％～8.2％;等氮量施用树脂膜控释尿素处理显著提高了籽粒蛋白质含量、沉降值及湿面筋含量;等氮量施用树脂膜控释尿素及普通尿素配施抑制剂处理显著提高了氮肥利用率,增幅达13.9％～42.6％.小麦籽粒产量、品质、土壤无机氮与氮肥利用率皆以树脂膜控释尿素70％+普通尿素30％处理最高,其中产量和氮肥利用率与其他施氮处理差异显著.     

不同氮、钾水平对弱筋小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响

以弱筋小麦宁麦9号为材料,在江苏南京和安徽泾县两个地点,研究了不同氮、钾施肥水平对小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响及其与开花期叶片氮、钾营养的关系。结果表明,增施氮、钾均极显著提高了籽粒产量、蛋白质和湿面筋含量、沉淀值及面团形成时间;施氮极显著提高了面团稳定时间和评价值,但极显著降低了淀粉含量,而施钾对淀粉含量、面团稳定时间和评价值的影响较小;氮钾互作对籽粒产量、淀粉与蛋白质及湿面筋含量的影响达到显著或极显著水平,但对沉淀值和面团流变学特性的影响不显著。氮、钾肥对籽粒产量和品质的影响在两地点表现出相同的趋势。增施氮、钾提高了开花期叶片氮、钾含量,使氮/钾比在施氮下增加,在施钾下降低。开花期叶片氮/钾比与籽粒产量、蛋白质和湿面筋含量及沉淀值呈二次曲线关系,且均达到极显著水平,表明增加开花期叶片氮、钾含量并保持适宜的氮/钾比有利于弱筋小麦提高产量和改善品质。在本试验条件下,氮、钾施肥水平分别在225和75 kg.ha-1、开花期叶片氮/钾比达1.5时,弱筋小麦可实现高产与优质的协调。     

氮肥运筹对不同茬口强筋小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响

为了探讨不同茬口下施氮对强筋小麦籽粒产量和品质的最佳效应,以强筋小麦品种烟农19号为材料,研究了施氮量和追氮时期对不同茬口小麦籽粒产量及品质的影响.结果表明,施氮量和追氮时期对不同茬口下强筋小麦的籽粒产量和品质均有显著的影响.在0～240 kg/ha施氮量范围内烟农19号单位面积穗数、每穗粒数和产量随施氮量的增加而显著提高,且旱茬麦产量极显著高于稻茬麦,主要是提高了每穗粒数和千粒重.小麦籽粒蛋白质和面筋含量、沉淀值均随施氮量的增加而显著增加,旱茬麦的品质显著优于稻茬麦.在两种茬口下,烟农19号籽粒产量、蛋白质产量与施氮量均成二次曲线关系,稻茬麦在施氮量为251.26～280.24 kg/ha、旱茬麦在施氮量为281.03～303.02 kg/ha范围内籽粒产量和蛋白质产量可达到同步提高.拔节期和孕穗期追施氮肥可有效提高单位面积穗数、每穗粒数和产量,且籽粒蛋白质、湿面筋含量和沉淀值显著提高.本试验条件下,旱茬麦在拔节期至孕穗期、稻茬麦在孕穗期追施氮肥可同步提高强筋小麦籽粒产量和品质.     

氮肥运筹对不同茬口强筋小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响

为了探讨不同茬口下施氮对强筋小麦籽粒产量和品质的最佳效应,以强筋小麦品种烟农19号为材料,研究了施氮量和追氮时期对不同茬口小麦籽粒产量及品质的影响。结果表明,施氮量和追氮时期对不同茬口下强筋小麦的籽粒产量和品质均有显著的影响。在0～240kg／ha施氮量范围内烟农19号单位面积穗数、每穗粒数和产量随施氮量的增加而显著提高,且旱茬麦产量极显著高于稻茬麦,主要是提高了每穗粒数和千粒重。小麦籽粒蛋白质和面筋含量、沉淀值均随施氮量的增加而显著增加,旱茬麦的品质显著优于稻茬麦。在两种茬口下,烟农19号籽粒产量、蛋白质产量与施氮量均成二次曲线关系,稻茬麦在施氮量为251．26～280．24kg／ha、旱茬麦在施氮量为281．03～303．02kg／ha范围内籽粒产量和蛋白质产量可达到同步提高。拔节期和孕穗期追施氮肥可有效提高单位面积穗数、每穗粒数和产量,且籽粒蛋白质、湿面筋含量和沉淀值显著提高。本试验条件下,旱茬麦在拔节期至孕穗期、稻茬麦在孕穗期追施氮肥可同步提高强筋小麦籽粒产量和品质.     

氮磷钾运筹对不同小麦品种产量和品质的调节效应

为给小麦优质高产栽培提供理论依据,以强筋小麦品种济麦20和中筋小麦品种中麦175为试验材料,采用二因素随机区组设计,研究了氮磷钾运筹对小麦植株和产量性状、蛋白质和面筋含量、面团品质和烘焙品质的影响。结果表明,单施氮或氮磷、氮钾、氮磷钾配合施用,比单施磷、单施钾、磷钾配施以及不施肥处理显著增产,并改善了植株性状。施肥处理对籽粒蛋白质含量、面团品质和烘焙品质影响显著。籽粒产量性状和不同品质指标对施肥处理的反应有别,如施肥处理对产量、面团形成时间、稳定时间、拉伸面积影响较大,对容重、吸水率影响较小。不同品种的产量及品质指标对施肥处理的反应亦有差别,如中麦175的籽粒产量、面团拉伸阻力、拉伸比值、最大拉伸阻力、最大拉伸比值、面包体积和面包评分对施肥处理的反应敏感,其变异系数大于济麦20,而济麦20的面团形成时间、稳定时间对施肥处理的反应敏感,其变异系数大于中麦175。施氮对改善籽粒产量及主要品质性状的效果优于单施磷或单施钾处理。     

小麦籽粒性状与产量和品质的数量化关系

为了探索小麦籽粒性状与产量和品质的定量关系,用数量化理论Ⅰ的方法,对四川30个小麦新品系的籽粒性状与产量和品质进行了相关、偏相关和回归分析.结果表明,(1)籽粒颜色和饱满度与产量及品质性状的相关和偏相关均不显著;籽粒质地与湿面筋含量、粗蛋白含量相关极显著,与容重和降落值相关显著,但偏相关均不显著;籽粒重量与降落值相关显著,但偏相关不显著.(2)从回归系数看,红皮小麦有利于产量、粗蛋白含量、湿面筋含量、沉淀值和稳定时间的提高,而白皮小麦可以增加容重、降落值和延展性;与粉质小麦相比,角质和半角质使小麦产量降低,角质小麦有利于提高容重、粗蛋白含量、湿面筋含量、降落值和延展性;籽粒饱满程度较低,将使产量、粗蛋白含量和沉淀值减少;大粒重小麦有利于增加沉淀值,但使湿面筋含量、降落值、稳定时间和延展性降低.(3)根据数量化理论Ⅰ建立的回归方程,用小麦籽粒性状来预测湿面筋含量、粗蛋白含量、容重和降落值的效果较好,但对产量和其他品质性状预测的可靠性很低.在小麦育种中,可以根据小麦籽粒性状来选择粗蛋白含量、湿面筋含量、容重和降落值等品质指标.     

无机与有机肥配施对小麦籽粒产量和淀粉糊化特性的影响

为了阐明天田条件下无机与有机肥配施对小麦籽粒产量和品质的调控效应,以中筋型小麦品种豫麦49-198为供试材料,研究了施用有机肥、无机与有机肥配施以及施用尿素处理对小麦籽粒产量和淀粉糊化特性的影响.结果表明,无杌与有机肥配施不仅可以显著提高小麦籽粒产量、蛋白质含量及蛋白质产量.还可以改善小麦淀粉糊化特性.综合各处理结果,施用有机肥以鸡粪处理、无机与有机肥配施以鸡粪+尿素处理对提高小麦籽粒产量、改善小麦淀粉糊化特性的效果较好.     

贵州小麦品质与生态效应研究

为给小麦优质生产品种的合理布局提供依据,以8个小麦品种为材料,对贵州小麦品质与其生态效应进行了初步研究.结果表明,贵州省生态环境对小麦籽粒的蛋白质含量与湿面筋含量影响较大,而沉淀值与面团稳定时间受小麦基因型的影响较大.贵州属强筋、中筋、弱筋小麦的混作区,东西两端属中筋、弱筋小麦混作区,中部属强筋、中筋小麦混作区,弱筋小麦所占比例最大,其次是中筋小麦,强筋小麦所占比例最小.不同品种在不同地区小麦籽粒的蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉淀值、面团稳定时间差异明显,其中面团稳定时间是影响小麦籽粒品质的限制性指标.弱筋小麦面团稳定时间与小麦拔节至成熟期的日较差、总降雨量呈二次曲线关系,日较差和总降雨量最优取值分别为8.55℃和404.375 mm,与日平均最高温度、日平均温度呈显著正相关,与总日照时数呈显著负相关.     

Characterization of starches of proso,foxtail, barnyard,kodo, and little millets

Scanning electron microscope (SEM) pictures of small millet starch granules showed more large polygonal and few small spherical or polygonal granules. The granules of small millets resembled those of rice starch granules. The size of the starch granules ranged from 0.8–10 m. The size of the granules was larger in barnyard millet and smaller in proso millet. Several granules showed deep indentation caused by protein bodies. SEM of starch isolated from 24 hour-germinated kodo millet showed pitting or pinholes at some points due to the attack of amylases (preferentially on bigger granules). Brabender viscoamylograph studies on small millet starches revealed that the gelatinization temperatures ranged from 75.8 to 84.9 ^° C. Barnyard millet possessed lower amylograph viscosity, minimum breakdown, and relative breakdown values when compared to the other small millets.     

Effects of application of nitrogen fertilizer on concentrations of P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn in perennial ryegrass/white clover pastures in south-western Victoria, Australia

Effects of timing and rate of N fertilizer application on concentrations of P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn in herbage from perennial ryegrass/white clover pastures were studied at two sites in south-western Victoria, Australia. Nitrogen fertilizer (0, 15, 25, 30, 45 and 60 kg ha^–1) was applied as urea in mid-April, early May, mid-May, early June and mid-June 1996 to pastures grazed by dairy cows. At Site 1, N fertilizer resulted in a linear increase in P, K, S, Mg and Cl concentrations in herbage and a linear decrease in Ca concentration. For all times of application, concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg and Cl in herbage increased by 0·0048, 0·08, −0·010, 0·0013 and 0·053 g kg^–1 dry matter (DM) per kg N applied respectively. For S concentration, maximum responses occurred in mid-May (0·012 g kg^–1 DM per kg N applied). At Site 2, N fertilizer resulted in a linear increase in P, S and Na concentrations in herbage, a linear decrease in Ca concentration and a curvilinear increase in K and Cl concentration. The maximum responses for P, S and K concentrations in herbage occurred for the N application in mid-June and were 0·015, 0·008 and 0·47 g kg^–1 DM per kg N applied respectively. For Cl concentration, the maximum response occurred for the N application in early June and was 0·225 g kg^–1 DM per kg N applied. Overall, applications of N fertilizer up to 60 kg ha^–1 did not alter herbage mineral concentration to levels that might affect pasture growth or animal health.     

Evaluation of the enzyme-amplified ELISA for the detection of potato viruses A,M, S,X, Y,and leafroll

Various parameters,e.g. types of microtiter plate for DAS-ELISA (double antibody sandwich-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), use of fresh or frozen amplifier solutions for enzyme-amplified-ELISA, and use of sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (NaDIECA) in sample buffer in cocktail-ELISA were evaluated for the detection of potato viruses A, M, S, X, Y and leafroll from potato foliage. Dynatech Immulon immunoplates provided higher readings for all viruses. Fresh amplifier solution in amplifed-ELISA was superior to frozen solutions. Amplified ELISA gave only marginal improvement in the sensitivity over the standard DAS-ELISA. Addition of NaDIECA in sample buffer did not improve the detection of viruses in DAS-, amplified-, or cocktail-ELISA. Cocktail-ELISA can reduce antigen incubation time to as short as 15 min for PVA, PVM and PVX; 1 hr for PVY and PLRV; and 2–4 hr for PVS using pre-coated plates. Although amplified-ELISA is slightly more sensitive than DAS-ELISA for certain potato viruses, it is not suitable for large-scale indexing of potato viruses in Seed Certification Laboratories, in view of the additional steps needed in carrying out this procedure.     

Chemical fractionation of seven heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in selected paddy soils of Iran

The content and fractionation of seven heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were determined in 28 surface soil samples (0–20 cm) of agricultural topsoil from Isfahan Province in central Iran. The order of abundance of metals in the soils was Fe (1240.4 mg kg^?1) > Mn (95.7 mg kg^?1) > Pb (51.6 mg kg^?1) > Zn (23.8 mg kg^?1) > Ni (13.4 mg kg^?1) > Cu (7.0 mg kg^?1) > Cd (2.8 mg kg^?1). Iron, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn existed in paddy soils mainly in Fe-Mn oxides (53.6 %, 65.2 %, 40.4 %, 40.8 %, 53.3 %, respectively), whereas Cu and Cd occurred essentially as residual mineral phase (41.4 %) and carbonate (36.1 %), respectively. The mobile and bioavailable fractions of Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in paddy soils averaged 48.8, 20.8, 0.79, 29.2, 28.5, 41.1, and 24.8 %, respectively, which suggests that the mobility and bioavailability of the seven metals probably decline in the following order: Cd > Pb > Mn ≥ Ni > Zn > Cu ? Fe, suggesting greater contribution of anthropogenic Cd. As Cd in soil is easily accumulated by plants through the root system, the concentration of Cd in these paddy soils could be a concern to human health.     

Response of permanent and reseeded grassland to fertilizer nitrogen. 2. Effects on concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, Na, S, P, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co and Mo in herbage at a range of sites

The concentration of mineral elements in herbage from permanent swards of mixed species composition (predominantly Agrostis spp., Holcus lanatus, Festuca rubra, Lolium perenne, Poa spp., etc.) was compared with that from sown perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne ) at two fertilizer rates (0 and 300kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, both with P and K) and with L. perennel Trifolium repens (at 0 N with P and K). The investigation was conducted over four years at sixteen contrasting sites in England and Wales. Herbage samples for mineral analysis were taken at first and fourth harvests (May and August) each year from plots under 4-weekly cutting. There was a wide degree of variation between sites, particularly for concentrations of Ca, Mg, Na and all trace elements analysed. Herbage from L. perenne reseeds had significantly higher concentrations of Ca, Mg, Na, Co and S, but K, Mo, Zn, Cu and P were generally lower than in the permanent swards. L. perennel T. repens swards had the highest concentration of major cations, but trace element levels were generally intermediate between those for 0 N permanent and L. perenne swards. Fertilizer N reduced concentrations of Ca, Mn, Mo and S, and increased Mg, Na and Zn, with no consistent effects on K, Co and Cu. Herbage at harvest 4, compared with harvest 1, had higher Ca, Mg, Na, Mn, Zn and S. Permanent and L. perenne swards responded similarly to fertilizer N and between harvest dates. Results are discussed in relation to previous reports of botanical and fertilizer effects on mineral concentrations, and the mineral requirements of livestock. Changes in mineral concentration resulting from reseeding permanent swards are considered unlikely to increase mineral-related livestock disorders, and in many cases could be beneficial, though problems might arise on sites where some elements, e.g. Cu and Mg, are low.     

Structure Elucidation of New Acetylated Saponins,Lessoniosides A,B, C,D, and E,and Non-Acetylated Saponins,Lessoniosides F and G,from the Viscera of the Sea Cucumber Holothuria lessoni

Sea cucumbers produce numerous compounds with a wide range of chemical structural diversity. Among these, saponins are the most diverse and include sulfated, non-sulfated, acetylated and methylated congeners with different aglycone and sugar moieties. In this study, MALDI and ESI tandem mass spectrometry, in the positive ion mode, were used to elucidate the structure of new saponins extracted from the viscera of H. lessoni. Fragmentation of the aglycone provided structural information on the presence of the acetyl group. The presence of the O-acetyl group was confirmed by observing the mass transition of 60 u corresponding to the loss of a molecule of acetic acid. Ion fingerprints from the glycosidic cleavage provided information on the mass of the aglycone (core), and the sequence and type of monosaccharides that constitute the sugar moiety. The tandem mass spectra of the saponin precursor ions [M + Na]⁺ provided a wealth of detailed structural information on the glycosidic bond cleavages. As a result, and in conjunction with existing literature, we characterized the structure of five new acetylated saponins, Lessoniosides A–E, along with two non-acetylated saponins Lessoniosides F and G at m/z 1477.7, which are promising candidates for future drug development. The presented strategy allows a rapid, reliable and complete analysis of native saponins.     

Study of antimicrobial activity of aloevera, chitosan, and curcumin on cotton, wool, and rabbit hair

Aloevera, chitosan, and curcumin were applied in alone and in combination with each others on cotton, wool and rabbit hair by exhaustion method for the assessment of their antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial activity of these natural ingredients was better in peroxide treated cotton, formic acid treated wool/rabbit hair fibrous substrates than their corresponding intact ones. Aloevera shown better antimicrobial activity than chitosan and curcumin when applied alone and its antimicrobial activity was enhanced by addition of both chitosan and curcumin. The application of aloevera+chitosan+curcumin combination on peroxide treated cotton and formic acid treated wool/rabbit hair fibrous substrate was fast up to twenty five washing cycles.