橄榄浓缩汁流变学特性

利用MCR301高级流变仪及NDJ-7型旋转粘度计测定了橄榄浓缩汁流变特性值并绘制其流变曲线。结果表明：橄榄浓缩汁为非牛顿流体,拟合的流变特性方程为y=10.234x0.560 8,流变行为指数n＜1,因此其在测量范围内为假塑性流体。阿累尼乌斯方程能较好地反映橄榄浓缩汁温度对粘度的影响,数学模型η=Bexp（AC）能较好地反映橄榄浓缩汁浓度对粘度的影响,橄榄汁浓缩过程温度和浓度对粘度的综合影响可用数学模型η=K1exp（Ea/RT+K2C+K3C2）来表示。利用这些回归模型可预测和控制橄榄浓缩汁在实际生产中不同条件下的粘度。     

冷榨亚麻籽油的流变特性研究

通过低温压榨亚麻籽获得冷榨亚麻籽油(cold-pressed flaxseed oil, CFO),并分析了其主要理化指标,着重研究CFO的静态流变特性和动态流变特性,同时分别采用Casson、Herschel-Bulkley和Bingham模型对其流体行为进行拟合,并采用Arrhenius方程分析其粘度热动力学参数。研究结果表明：在剪切速率为0.1～200 s-1下,CFO由非牛顿流体逐渐转化为牛顿流体;当剪切速率大于10 s-1时,CFO呈牛顿流体;同时分析得出CFO的粘度活化能为3 095.4 cal/mol;CFO的粘度、剪切应力、损耗模量、塑性稠度系数、高剪切极限粘度和稠度系数随着温度升高而降低,但是温度变化对CFO的贮能模量影响不显著;另外通过比较3个流变模型得出Bingham模型适用于CFO。      

茶浓缩液浓缩方法的研究进展

本文对真空蒸发浓缩、冷冻浓缩技术、反渗透浓缩、以及纳滤浓缩技术在浓缩茶水中的应用进行比较,其结果表明了采用纳滤、反渗透(Ro)膜分离工艺生产的茶浓缩汁品质显著地高于传统的蒸发热浓缩工艺生产的茶浓缩汁,并对茶水浓缩方法的研究进行展望.     

茶浓缩汁加工关键技术与装备的研究

对茶浓缩汁加工参数的研究结果表明,茶汁完成提取后,先行粗滤和细滤,然后应用超滤膜将茶汁中的大分子物质分离和去除,再用反渗透膜进行循环浓缩,可获得优质的茶浓缩汁产品。超滤膜孔径,绿茶、乌龙茶以8～10万分子量为宜,红茶则以10万分子量以上为好,超滤膜的工作压力为0.2～0.3MPa,茶汁温度40℃以下为宜。反渗透膜的工作压力为1.5～3.0 MPa、工作温度控制在50℃以下为好。以此为基础专门设计的茶浓缩汁生产线,生产率可达 100 kg/h(年产500吨),茶浓缩汁浓度可达20％(Brix),并且透光率高,易于溶解,能保持茶叶风味,并可去除中、下档茶苦涩味重等部分不足,品质明显优于传统热浓缩产品。     

金柑多糖酶法脱蛋白工艺的研究

蛋白酶法结合Sevag法对金柑粗多糖进行脱蛋白,研究不同酶添加量、温度、pH值、时间等因素对金柑粗多糖脱蛋白效果的影响。结果表明,金柑粗多糖酶法脱蛋白最佳工艺条件是：木瓜蛋白酶添加量120 U/mL、酶解时间80 min和酶解温度40　℃;在此条件下,蛋白质脱除率为75.88％,多糖的损失率为5.45％;再用Sevag试剂处理3次,蛋白质脱除率和多糖损失率分别为85.18％和14.16％。     

不同温度下烯效唑对烟草成苗素质的影响

为明确温度对烯效唑壮苗效应的影响，采用两因素随机试验设计，研究了不同温度下不同浓度烯效唑处理对烟苗农艺性状的影响。结果表明：温度对烟苗生长有着重要影响，苗期温度越高越有利于烟苗生长和壮苗形成；烯效唑具有一定的壮苗效应，各浓度烯效唑处理除株高表现出随浓度增加抑制作用增强外，其余各项农艺性状指标均表现为促进作用，且都表现为随浓度增加先增加后略微降低。不同温度条件下，不同浓度烯效唑对烟苗的壮苗效应表现不一：当温度为13℃时，以5 mg/L烯效唑处理的烟苗表现较优；当温度为21.5℃时，以10 mg/L烯效唑处理的烟苗表现较优，当温度为30℃时，以20 mg/L烯效唑处理的烟苗表现较优。     

金柑果汁加工中的脱苦工艺研究

以金柑果实为原料,采用β-环状糊精包埋法对金柑果汁的脱苦工艺进行了研究。结果表明:当β-环状糊精用量为0.6%,果汁温度40℃,处理时间60 min,金柑果汁中柚皮苷的脱除率达87.21%,脱苦工艺影响因素从大到小依次为:β-环状糊精用量、果汁温度、处理时间。     

促进剂ZDiBC对硫化天然胶乳性能影响的研究

二异丁基二硫代氨基甲酸锌（ZDiBC）因其分子中二异丁胺的支化结构产生的空间位阻作用,使其与通用的未支化同类超促进剂相比在硫化过程中可显著降低N-亚硝基胺类物质的生成,是一种高效、制得硫化胶力学性能良好的环保型促进剂。而ZDiBC对硫化天然胶乳的胶体性能研究未见有报道。本研究采用硫磺为硫化剂,以ZDiBC为天然胶乳硫化促进剂,并与胶乳工业常用的二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸锌（ZDC）作对比研究,考察促进剂的用量、胶乳硫化温度和贮存时间对硫化天然胶乳粘度、机械稳定度、热稳定度的影响。结果表明：ZDiBC对硫化天然胶乳的粘度和机械稳定度的影响大于ZDC,对热稳定度的影响相差不大;随胶乳硫化温度的增加以ZDiBC和ZDC为促进剂的硫化胶乳粘度升高,而硫化胶乳机械稳定度和热稳定度则降低;随贮存时间的延长硫化胶乳的粘度增加,且ZDiBC为促进剂的硫化胶乳粘度增加幅度大于ZDC,硫化胶乳的机械稳定度略有增加而其热稳定度呈下降的趋势。     

温度对花生出苗、幼苗生长及开花的影响

大田错期播种试验结果表明,温度升高,花生出苗期和幼苗期缩短,干物质积累加快。温度与花生出苗速度的关系可用指数方程y=aebx描述,在14～23℃范围内,日均气温每升高1℃,花生出苗期约缩短1.5 d。温度与花生幼苗期长短的关系可用直线方程y=a+bx来描述,在19～23℃范围内,日均气温每升高1℃,花生幼苗期缩短2.0～2.5 d。花生开花适宜的温度为24～25℃。当日均气温>25℃或<24℃时,开花量明显下降。温度高,花生开花相对集中,开花后很快达到高峰,高峰期花量多,花期短;温度低,花生开花进程放慢,花量相对分散,花期拉长。在日均气温22～27℃范围内,温度每升高1℃,花期缩短3～4 d。     

响应面法优化金柑多糖碱提取工艺的研究

为研究碱溶液提取金柑多糖的最佳工艺,考察液料比、提取时间、提取温度、Na OH浓度和提取次数等5个因素对金柑多糖得率的影响。在单因素研究的基础上,采用五元二次旋转正交设计对其工艺进行优化,利用SAS 9.2响应面分析程序得到回归方程。结果表明:回归方程达到显著水平,多糖的最佳碱提取工艺条件为:液料比(V/W)41∶1,提取时间3.5 h,提取温度89℃,Na OH浓度0.05 mol/L,提取次数3次。在此条件下,多糖得率为(8.56±0.23)%,与理论预测值基本一致,相比传统热水浸提法,多糖得率提高3.73倍。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

In vitro reproduction in the annual pasture legumes subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.)

Pasture legumes are important components of both mixed farming rotations and permanent pastures in temperate climates. Breeding of two widely sown pasture legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), is constrained by the long generation cycle, typically enabling only one generation per year. We hypothesized manipulation of culture medium and conditions would enable the development of a laboratory‐based protocol for in vitro reproduction in subterranean clover and French serradella. In vitro flowering and viable seed set was induced from both species. For subterranean clover, the most effective treatment was culturing on modified MS medium with 1 μm kinetin and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and continuous photoperiod. For French serradella, culture on a hormone‐free B5 medium with 5 mm NH₄Cl and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and 20 h photoperiod was optimum. It is expected this technique will have application in accelerating generation turnover within breeding programs, for the study of factors influencing flowering in pasture legumes, and for the propagation of valuable yet enfeebled plants such as embryo‐rescued hybrids.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Estimation of lucerne yield stability for enabling effective cultivar selection under rainfed conditions

Evaluation of crop and forage yield stability is of increasing relevance in the context of current and recent environmental changes but, in contrast to other field crops, there are no published systematic analyses among forage crops in Europe. A study of stability performance was conducted with 13 Czech cultivars of lucerne at four locations over a 2‐year period with the following aims: (a) to evaluate yield stability of varieties across different environments and (b) to calculate measurable benefits of variety selection in relation to the specific environment. The cultivar Vlasta was identified as the highest yielding cultivar (annual yield 16.0 t DM/ha), whereas the lowest yielding cv. Magda, Tereza and Oslava averaged around 14.9 t DM/ha. Effect of genotype × environment interaction (G × E) was two times higher than for genotype alone. Additive main effects and the multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model showed that the highest yielding cultivars may not be stable across environments. This study demonstrated further that significant yield improvement could be detected, even among a relatively homogenous group of domestic cultivars, and this was driven mainly by site productivity: the improvement was +10% in low‐yielding sites, compared with +3% in high‐yielding sites. Results highlight that advanced agronomy should also consider stability parameters such as AMMI stability value or superiority measures for forage crops in response to the challenges associated with climate change.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.