“3414”试验对山地玉米产量影响及推荐施肥探索

应用“3414”试验对云南山地玉米进行养分试验,研究配施不同N、P、K养分对其产量的影响。结果表明：氮、磷、钾施用量对玉米产量的影响大小顺序为磷＞氮、钾,养分农学效率为K1＞K2＞P2＞P1＞ P3＞K3＞N1＞N2＞N3;试验区域玉米最优推荐施用量为N 75 kg/hm2;P2O5 150 kg/hm2;K2O 42.90 kg/hm2。     

测土配方施肥技术在超级稻甬优6号上的应用效果初探

试验研究表明,超级稻甬优6号运用测土配方施肥技术,根据不同的土壤养分水平,采用不同的施肥方案,能取得较好的经济和社会效益。并明确了具体的适宜施肥量：在前作为果蔗、芋艿等经济作物的高氮高磷高钾区建议每hm^2施N量为150～165kg,KO为45～50kg,不施磷肥;在前作为水稻、藕等作物的高氮中磷高钾区建议每hm^2施N量为190～205kg,B05为20～25k,KO为65～70kg;在前作为蔬菜等作物的高氮高磷中钾区建议每hm^2施N量为190～205kg,RQ为8～13k,KO为85～90kg。     

陕西关中灌区冬小麦土壤养分丰缺指标体系的建立

为给陕西关中地区小麦合理施肥提供科学依据,2006-2008年在陕西关中灌区进行了多点冬小麦"3414"田间试验,分析了不同土壤肥力水平下冬小麦土壤有效养分含量与相对产量的相关性,并依此确定土壤养分等级和推荐施肥量.结果表明,关中灌区小麦田土壤碱解氮含量等级可划分为低(<60 mg/kg)、中(60～100 mg/kg)、高(100～120 mg/kg)和极高(>120 mg/kg);速效磷含量可划分为低(<10 mg/kg)、中(10～30 mg/kg)、高(30～45 mg/kg)和极高(>45 mg/kg);速效钾含量分为高(100～165 mg/kg)和极高(>165 mg/kg).当土壤碱解氮含量处于低、中、高等级时,氮肥推荐用量分别为155～175、135～155、125～135 kg/ha,极高等级的推荐施氮量未能确定;当土壤速效磷含量处于低、中、高和极高等级时,磷肥(P2O5)推荐用量分别为120～140、90～115、70～90和60～70 kg/ha;当土壤速效钾含量处于高和极高时,钾肥(K2O)推荐用量为50～80和15～35 kg/ha.     

投产铁观音茶园氮磷钾施肥指标研究?

根据近年来在闽东南茶叶主产区完成的19个“3414”设计方案的氮磷钾肥效试验结果，建立投产铁观音茶园氮磷钾施肥指标，包括茶园土壤肥力分级和目标产量、各土壤肥力等级或目标产量下的氮磷钾经济施肥量和比例、茶园速效氮磷钾丰缺指标、测土推荐施肥以及施肥时期和方法等5个技术内容。结果表明，铁观音茶施用氮磷钾的平均增产效果是 N＞K＞P，平均经济施肥量为 N 371 kg?hm-2、P2O5101 kg?hm-2、K2O 136 kg?hm-2，三要素比例为1：0.3：0.4，但不同肥力等级或目标产量的经济施肥量存在较大差异。碱解氮、Olsen-P 和速效钾的高产临界指标分别为200 mg?kg-1、45 mg? kg-1和115 mg?kg-1；建立了测土推荐施肥关系式，实现了根据土壤测定计算具体地块推荐施肥量的目的。研究结果为铁观音茶园测土配方施肥提供了施肥指标依据。     

福建省晚稻测土配方施肥指标体系研究

依据测土配方施肥项目完成的131个晚稻田间试验,归纳土壤基础肥力对晚稻产量的贡献率,完善土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾养分丰缺指标体系,通过众多氮磷钾肥效试验,采用Monte Carlo法建立优化区域肥效模型。基础土壤肥力对晚稻稻谷的贡献率平均为71.7%,山区土壤的平均贡献率为70.8%;沿海的为73.3%;氮磷钾化肥增产效果是NKP;将土壤肥力水平划分为"高"、"中"、"低"3个等级,山区晚稻各肥力等级的相应土壤碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾临界指标分别是242、242～123、123 mg/kg;21、21～9、9 mg/kg;106、106～18、18 mg/kg。沿海晚稻各等级的相应临界指标分别为206、206～72、72 mg/kg;20、20～8、8 mg/kg;85、85～22、22 mg/kg。山区晚稻的各临界指标都高于沿海地区;利用肥力等级建立区域肥效模型,进一步证实氮磷钾推荐施肥量与试验地基础土壤碱解氮、Olsen-P、速效钾含量有很好的相关性,从而建立二者之间的回归关系式。结合肥力等级和区域分类等方法建立了晚稻土壤氮、磷、钾养分丰缺指标体系、区域肥效模型以及推荐施肥量与试验地基础土壤养分测试值回归关系,实现了肥料效应函数法同时具有宏观调控和微观指导的全面功能。     

云南陇川农场甘蔗测土配方施肥效应

试验测定分析162份蔗区土壤样品的氮、磷、钾,有机质,pH值和其中16份样品中的铁、铜、锌、锰4种微量元素。结果表明：碱解氮49.85-307.41mg／kg,有效磷0.9-48.35mg／kg,有效钾26.09-625.78mg／kg。有机质0.84-10.48％,pH值4.32-6.15。有效铁23.64-118.36mg／kg,有效铜0.03-1.17mg／kg,有效锌0.18-1.85mg／kg,有效锰0.11-25.59mg／kg。结合蔗区土壤养分分析,连续两个榨季应用配方施肥,甘蔗增产12.75-15.75t／hm^2,蔗糖分提高0.23％-0.48％,出糖率提高0.14％-0.47％。     

福建结球甘蓝氮磷钾施肥指标研究

根据59个氮磷钾肥效试验结果,研究了福建结球甘蓝氮磷钾施肥指标。结果表明,平衡施肥产量与空白区产量呈现线性正相关关系,土壤养分对结球甘蓝产量的平均贡献率为51.0%,施用氮磷钾平均增产40.4%、11.6%和15.0%;土壤速效氮磷钾高产临界指标分别为碱解氮207 mg/kg、Olsen-P 71 mg/kg和速效钾157 mg/kg;平均经济施肥量为N 238 kg/hm2、P2O5 70 kg/hm2和K2O 192 kg/hm2,三要素比例为1∶0.29∶0.81;土壤有效氮磷钾测定值与推荐施肥量之间满足指数回归方程,根据土壤养分测定值可推算结球甘蓝推荐施肥量,起到因土施肥的作用。     

华南春大豆氮磷钾肥配施效应及用量研究

为探明华南春大豆生产的适宜施肥量,采用"3414"肥效试验设计,选用桂春豆106开展了氮磷钾肥配施效应和推荐施肥量研究。结果表明:氮、磷、钾肥料配施可明显提高华南春大豆产量,各肥料因素对大豆产量的增产效应依次为磷氮钾,氮、磷、钾三因素之间存在互作效应,效应大小依次为氮磷磷钾氮钾;经模型最优分析表明采用三元肥效函数模型做出施肥决策是合理可行的,经回归模型的拟合得出推荐施肥量,达到最高产量时氮(N)、磷(P_2O_5)和钾(K_2O)的施肥量分别为80.6,21.6和58.4 kg·hm~(-2),达到最佳经济产量时氮(N)、磷(P_2O_5)、钾(K_2O)的施肥量分别为75.5,21.3和54.1 kg·hm~(-2)。这些研究结果将为华南地区春大豆合理施肥提供指导,为下一步建立施肥指标体系提供依据。     

豫西水浇地夏玉米施肥技术研究

本文研究了豫西水浇地夏玉米高产高效适宜的施肥方式及适宜的氮、磷、钾配施比例。结果表明最佳施肥量为每公顷施纯N144.0kg、P₂O₅118.0kg、K₂O 130.9kg。适宜施肥方式为在苗期(5叶期)追施全生育期施氮量的30%,同时把磷、钾肥一次施入;在大喇叭口期追施全生育期施氮量的10%作攻粒肥。     

磷钾肥对水稻产量效应试验

通过试验资料分析得出:在施肥时必须考虑土壤本身的肥力结构,在碱解氮96 mg/kg,速效磷(P)8.5 mg/kg,速效钾(K)105 mg/kg,缓效钾(K)388 mg/kg的情况下,增施磷肥的增产效果不明显,增施钾肥的效果比磷肥要明显。当施肥水平为N=232.5 kg/hm2,P2O5=135 kg/hm2,K2O=135 kg/hm2时单产最高,在今后生产中对于这种土壤类型应该按这种施肥量和施肥比例施肥。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.     

Applied Biotechnology to Combat Late Blight in Potato Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora Infestans</Emphasis>

Potato is an important crop, grown worldwide. It suffers from many pests and diseases among which late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is the worst. The disease is still causing major damage in many potato production areas and control is only possible by applying fungicides frequently. The knowledge on the molecular biology and genetics of the interaction between the plant and the oomycete is developing rapidly. These are relevant fields of study, currently dominated by the discovery of many resistance genes and numerous effector proteins and the analysis of their specific mode of action. These studies may yield essential information needed for the development of durable resistance. The long-term and worldwide effort to breed for resistance so far has had little effect. A novel breeding approach may change this. It is based on cisgenic modification (CM) consisting of marker-free pyramiding of several resistance genes and their spatial and temporal deployment yielding dynamic varieties that contain potato genes only. It is envisioned that this CM approach with potato’s own genes will not only prove societally acceptable but may also result in simplifications in the legislation on use of the CM approach. Various parties in the potato research arena intend to cooperate in this novel approach in a number of developing countries where potato substantially contributes to food security. The use of resources such as land, water and energy improves when the effect of late blight is markedly reduced.     

Resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potato virus Y</Emphasis> in a Multitrait Potato Breeding Scheme without Direct Selection in Each Generation

In an experimental breeding scheme to improve late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and white potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) resistance of tetraploid potato over three generations of crossing and selection, 15 clones survived the final selection, and these were derived from 15 great-grandparents. There was no direct selection for resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), but 14 out of the 15 great-grandparents were resistant to PVY and three had extreme resistance. Thirteen of the 15 descendants had PVY resistance and one extreme resistance. This was within the range expected for a random (unselected) sample from the genotypes of the great-grandparents. Hence, we found no evidence for any positive or negative association between PVY resistance and the attributes selected. The conclusion is that laborious selection is not required in every generation when many parents have PVY resistance, including some with more than one copy of a PVY resistance gene or resistance at more than one locus. However, in the future, determining the major virus resistance genes present in potential parents in each generation using diagnostic molecular markers would prevent susceptible × susceptible crosses being made and maximise the number of resistant × resistant ones.