冬小麦叶绿素荧光参数与品种抗旱性的关系

为了明确不同生态型小麦品种的光合抗旱特征,选取生态型相异的小麦品种在不同供水条件下种植,测定其旗叶的叶绿素荧光动力学参数,对其在干旱胁迫下的光合特性进行比较研究。结果表明,干旱胁迫使小麦Fo增加,Fm、Fv、Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo值均降低,但变化幅度因生态型而异,高水肥品种的荧光参数对干旱胁迫更为敏感,而旱肥型品种则表现出较强的光合稳定特性。干旱胁迫下,叶绿素荧光参数变化与品种抗旱性密切相关。利用不同生态型小麦品种叶绿素荧光对干旱胁迫的反应差异鉴定品种抗旱性是可行的。     

花期干旱对不同基因型大豆叶绿素荧光特性的影响

利用叶绿素荧光动力学测定技术,测定开花期干旱不同基因型大豆品种叶绿素荧光参数的变化.以3个不同基因型大豆品种为材料,应用OS52FL调制式叶绿素荧光仪研究在开花期干旱胁迫下,各荧光参数的变化及用方差分析进行综合评价.结果表明,大豆开花期受旱后,可变荧光与最大荧光比(Fv/Fm)、可变荧光与初始荧光比(Fv/Fo)、非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)均降低,而电子传递速率(ETR)升高,说明光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)受到了伤害,使得PSⅡ原初光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、起光保护作用的热耗散降低,光合电子传递速率升高.且荧光参数之间具有相关性.花期干旱胁迫后,各参数存在基因型差异,新大豆1号在花期干旱条件下,光合机构受破坏较轻,其吸收的光能能较多的用于光化学转化能力,抗旱能力强.因此,花期干旱胁迫下,叶绿素荧光参数的变化与大豆品种抗旱性有关,利用大豆叶绿素荧光特性对干旱胁迫的反应差异鉴定品种抗旱性是可行的.     

干旱胁迫对苎麻叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以杂交苎麻品种川苎11号为材料,采用盆栽控水试验,设置正常供水（对照）、轻度干旱、中度干旱和重度干旱,研究了苎麻旺长期干旱胁迫持续18天对苎麻叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫条件下苎麻光系统II （ PSII）最大光化学量子效率（ Fv/Fm）、 PSII有效光化学量子效率（ F’ v/F’ m）、 PSII光化学量子产量（φPSI ）、电子传递速率（ ETR）、光化学猝灭系数（ qP）降低,非光化学猝灭系数（ NPQ）提高;干旱条件下苎麻叶绿素荧光特性的变化与干旱胁迫程度密切相关,轻度干旱胁迫对苎麻叶绿素荧光特性影响小,中度、重度胁迫显著影响苎麻叶绿素荧光特性;苎麻能忍耐一定程度的水分胁迫,在苎麻生产中,旱情达到中度干旱时应及时采取抗旱措施,确保苎麻正常生长和发育。     

不同水分条件下小麦生理性状与产量的灰色关联度分析

为了解干旱胁迫条件下小麦冠层温度、旗叶光合性状的变化特点及其对产量的影响,以小麦回交导入系(IL)群体[(鲁麦14×晋麦47)×鲁麦14]BC3F5代的160个株系及其亲本为材料,分析了雨养和灌溉条件下,开花期和灌浆期冠层温度、冠气温差、旗叶叶绿素含量和叶绿素荧光动力学参数等性状的相关性以及不同性状与产量的灰色关联度。结果表明,在两种水分条件下IL群体多数性状表现超双亲,性状变异系数为1.19%～48.30%,性状均值偏向轮回亲本鲁麦14;雨养条件下抗旱亲本晋麦47的冠层温度及叶绿素荧光动力学参数比水地品种鲁麦14表现稳定,IL群体的性状稳定性(D值)超过轮回亲本。两种水分条件下,荧光动力学参数之间相关性表现复杂,Fv与Fm、Fo/Fm与Fv/Fm之间相关性最高,相关系数大于0.991。灰色关联度分析结果表明,两个发育时期的Fv/Fm和灌浆期的冠层温度对产量的影响较大,可以作为选择抗旱高光效小麦的重要评价指标。     

适期晚播对弱春性小麦籽粒灌浆期光合性能的影响

为了解适期晚播对小麦生育后期光合性能的影响,以弱春性小麦强筋品种郑麦9023、中筋品种偃展4110和弱筋品种豫麦50为材料,研究了不同播期（旱播10月17日、适播10月24日、晚播10月31日）下小麦灌浆期旗叶的光合性能和产量特征。结果表明,郑麦9023晚播的籽粒产量比适播低8.26%,比早播高4.68%;偃展4110和豫麦50晩播籽粒产量分别比适播和早播平均高14.38%和18.55%。灌浆期各品种的叶面积指数晚播与适播处理差异不大,但均明显高于早播,平均高出12.7%;郑麦9023和偃展4110旗叶叶绿素含量晩播高于适播和早播,尤其花后14 d后差异达显著水平;旗叶净光合速率晚播处理中郑麦9023一直较高,偃展4110在花后21 d后明显高于适播和早播,豫麦50花后0~7 d较高。3个品种的灌浆速率晩播处理也占明显的优势。因此,适期晩播能维持弱春性小麦品种灌浆期较好的光合性能,获得较高的籽粒产量。     

干旱对玉米自交系叶片叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以玉米自交系郑58(抗旱性强)和丹340(抗旱性弱)为材料,采用盆栽控水试验,设置中度干旱和正常灌水处理,研究干旱胁迫对玉米自交系苗期、抽雄吐丝期和灌浆期叶片叶绿素荧光指标的影响。结果表明,不同生育时期,玉米自交系叶片光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的最大荧光(Fm)、原初最大光能利用效率(Fv/Fm)、潜在光化学效率(Fv/F0)、有效光化学量子产量(Fv’/Fm’)、实际光化学量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)和光化学猝灭系数(q P)均随干旱胁迫的加剧而下降;初始荧光(F0)和非光化学猝灭系数(q N)均随干旱胁迫的加剧而升高。与丹340相比,郑58的Fm、Fv/Fm、Fv/F0、Fv’/Fm’降幅均相对较小。不同时期干旱胁迫下,郑58的Fm、Fv/Fm、Fv/F0、Fv’/Fm’、ΦPSⅡ和q P均高于丹340。与丹340相比,干旱胁迫下,郑58光系统Ⅱ具有较高的光能转化和利用效率、实际光化学量子效率和有效光化学量子产量,通过调节碳同化能力和激发能利用效率,有效地耗散过剩光能减轻光抑制,保护光合机构,维持较高的光合性能。光系统Ⅱ中Fm、Fv/Fm和Fv/F0可以用来鉴定玉米自交系抗旱性。     

小麦抗旱性某些生理特性探讨

试验结果表明，干旱胁迫下抗旱性不同的冬小麦品种，在某些生理生态特性方面均有较大差异。抗旱性强的Ａ组品种，旗叶功能期长，根冠比值大，干鲜比值较稳定，光能利用率高，生产能力强，抗旱系数大。为此，抗旱系数和干旱胁迫下的旗叶功能期，根冠比和干鲜比可作为反映冬小麦品种抗旱特性的选择指标。     

几个小麦基因型苗期抗旱性鉴定及相关生理指标分析

为了明确小麦抗旱性与果聚糖含量和叶绿素荧光特性间的关系,选用扬麦6号、扬麦12、新春9号、Bobwhite、宁春27、CB9945、03S58、8139等8个小麦基因型,从分蘖期开始进行干旱胁迫处理,每隔一定时期取叶片测定果聚糖含量,36 d后复水,统计存活率,抽穗期测定旗叶叶绿素荧光参数.结果表明,扬麦6号干旱胁迫处理后植株存活率(60.71%)显著高于其他几个基因型(1.19%～28.57%),表现出较强的抗旱性;干旱胁迫期间,扬麦6号叶片中果聚糖舍量明显增加,而其他基因型叶片中果聚糖含量几乎没有变化;扬麦6号PSⅡ原初光能转换效率(Fv,/Fm)最高(O.7977),显著高于03S58(0.6932)、Bobwhite(0.6879)和宁春27号(0.6285);PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)也以扬麦6号最高(3.9484),显著高于Bobwhite(2.7303)、新春9号(2.7187)、03S58(2.4034)和宁春27号(2.1619).这说明小麦苗期抗旱性与果聚糖含量和叶绿素荧光特性间有一定的关系,抗旱性强的基因型干旱胁迫期间果聚糖含量、叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm均较高.     

低温胁迫对玉米幼苗电导率和叶绿素荧光参数的影响

以3个玉米品种为试验材料,通过盆栽试验,研究低温胁迫下电导率和叶绿素荧光参数的变化。结果表明,3个品种的抗低温性为金玉5>兴垦3>吉单198,随着低温处理时间的延长,3个品种叶片电导率和初始荧光(F0)上升,Fv/Fm、Fv/F0、NPQ整体上均呈下降趋势。说明低温胁迫使叶绿素所吸收的光能被用于光合作用的部分减少,玉米叶光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)活性中心受损。     

灌浆期高温胁迫对强筋小麦旗叶叶绿素a荧光参数的影响

采用人工气候模拟的方法,系统地研究了小麦灌浆期高温对强筋小麦品种豫麦34旗叶叶绿素a荧光动力学参数的影响。结果表明,高温胁迫降低旗叶F o、F v、Fm、F v/Fm及F v/F o,从而导致PSⅡ潜在活性及光化学效率降低。在籽粒灌浆的不同阶段,高温胁迫效应表现有差异:高温处理开始时各荧光参数下降明显,之后植株有适应性恢复,但灌浆后期下降幅度最大,处理间的差异达显著或极显著水平,表明随着植株的衰老PSⅡ损伤加剧。灌浆期间植株光合性能的削弱导致籽粒灌浆速率降低,粒重显著下降。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.     

Applied Biotechnology to Combat Late Blight in Potato Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora Infestans</Emphasis>

Potato is an important crop, grown worldwide. It suffers from many pests and diseases among which late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is the worst. The disease is still causing major damage in many potato production areas and control is only possible by applying fungicides frequently. The knowledge on the molecular biology and genetics of the interaction between the plant and the oomycete is developing rapidly. These are relevant fields of study, currently dominated by the discovery of many resistance genes and numerous effector proteins and the analysis of their specific mode of action. These studies may yield essential information needed for the development of durable resistance. The long-term and worldwide effort to breed for resistance so far has had little effect. A novel breeding approach may change this. It is based on cisgenic modification (CM) consisting of marker-free pyramiding of several resistance genes and their spatial and temporal deployment yielding dynamic varieties that contain potato genes only. It is envisioned that this CM approach with potato’s own genes will not only prove societally acceptable but may also result in simplifications in the legislation on use of the CM approach. Various parties in the potato research arena intend to cooperate in this novel approach in a number of developing countries where potato substantially contributes to food security. The use of resources such as land, water and energy improves when the effect of late blight is markedly reduced.     

Resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potato virus Y</Emphasis> in a Multitrait Potato Breeding Scheme without Direct Selection in Each Generation

In an experimental breeding scheme to improve late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and white potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) resistance of tetraploid potato over three generations of crossing and selection, 15 clones survived the final selection, and these were derived from 15 great-grandparents. There was no direct selection for resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), but 14 out of the 15 great-grandparents were resistant to PVY and three had extreme resistance. Thirteen of the 15 descendants had PVY resistance and one extreme resistance. This was within the range expected for a random (unselected) sample from the genotypes of the great-grandparents. Hence, we found no evidence for any positive or negative association between PVY resistance and the attributes selected. The conclusion is that laborious selection is not required in every generation when many parents have PVY resistance, including some with more than one copy of a PVY resistance gene or resistance at more than one locus. However, in the future, determining the major virus resistance genes present in potential parents in each generation using diagnostic molecular markers would prevent susceptible × susceptible crosses being made and maximise the number of resistant × resistant ones.