过表达GmXTH1基因大豆对干旱胁迫的生理生化响应

为研究GmXTH基因对干旱胁迫大豆苗期表型和生理生化特征的影响,以转基因受体大豆品种M18、GmXTH1过表达转基因株系OEA1和OEA2、GmXTH1干扰表达转基因株系IEA1和IEA2为试验材料,采用盆栽法,设置3种不同水分处理,对苗期不同转化株系的表型、RWC、SOD活性、POD活性和MDA含量进行测定.结果 表明:随干旱胁迫程度增加,不同转化株系的RWC相对降低,SOD和POD活性先增加后减少,MDA含量增加.相同干旱胁迫条件下,与对照品种M18相比,转GmXTH1基因过表达材料OEA1和OEA2的RWC较高,SOD和POD活性相对较高,响应速度较快,MDA含量较低,增长率相对较低,叶色浓绿、茎秆粗壮和株型整体表现较好,胁迫后复水恢复快.GmXTH1基因干扰表达材料IEA1和IEA2的表现则相反,植株受干旱胁迫后,整体表现为叶片萎蔫,茎秆枯细,株型整体表现较差,RWC、SOD和POD活性相对较低,响应速度较慢.说明GmXTH1基因的过量表达对与大豆植株抗旱相关的生理生化指标有积极影响,GmXTH1基因可能参与大豆的抗旱应答反应过程.     

玉米叶片水分利用效率及其相关性状的研究

在正常灌溉和中度水分胁迫处理条件下,测定23个玉米自交系其叶片水分利用效率,并将玉米叶片水分利用效率与生理生化、农艺学及产量形成因素等22个性状进行相关性分析。结果表明：玉米在中度水分胁迫条件下的WUE均高于正常灌溉条件下的WUE;玉米叶片水分利用效率与光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间二氧化碳浓度、穗位高、雄穗分枝数、开花至吐丝间隔、秃尖长、单穗粒重、穗粒数、穗行数等性状呈显著或极显著相关关系。     

大豆抗旱性鉴定指标评价的研究

选用10个不同生态类型的大豆品种,采用盆栽播种,分别在正常供水与水分胁迫条件下,测定并分析了花荚期与品种抗旱性有关的多项生理生化指标,并结合大田试验对材料进行抗旱性综合评价.结果表明:株高、单株荚数、单株粒数、单株粒重、分枝数、株重、地上干物重和根干重等生态形态指标及相对电导率、RWC、光合速率、各种保护酶的活性等生理生化指标都可作为抗旱性综合评定的指标性状.生理生化和形态多个指标相结合进行品种的评价和选择是较好的抗旱育种方法.     

玉米苗期叶片主要生理生化指标对土壤水分的响应

以玉米品种龙单57为试验材料,通过人为供水和自然耗水相结合的方法获得多级土壤水分梯度,探究其生理生化指标(叶绿素、脯氨酸、可溶性糖及丙二醛)对土壤水分的响应规律。结果表明,玉米叶绿素含量对土壤水分(SWC)的变化具有阈值响应,维持玉米叶片叶绿素含量较高水平的SWC范围在15.2%～25.6%,相对含水量(RWC)为51.6%～87.2%,SWC在20.4%左右是对玉米叶片叶绿素含量有效性最高的土壤水分。随着水分胁迫程度的增加,脯氨酸累积量和可溶性糖含量总体上均呈现上升趋势,表明脯氨酸和可溶性糖为玉米的主要渗透调节物质,但在不同的水分条件下,增加的幅度有所差异。丙二醛含量随着土壤含水量的减少呈现先减少后增多的趋势,SWC>17%时丙二醛的含量变化不明显,SWC<17%时丙二醛的含量随着水分胁迫程度的加重急剧上升,叶片质膜膜脂过氧化作用也随之加剧。     

玉米抗旱性与生理生化指标关系的研究

以目前我国主栽的14个玉米品种为试材,研究了玉米耐旱指数与生理生化指标的关系。结果表明,干旱胁迫下玉米耐旱指数与叶片相对含水量、脯氨酸含量及可溶性蛋白含量呈极显著正相关,与叶片相对电导率和可溶性糖含量呈极显著负相关,与叶片中丙二醛含量呈显著负相关。上述生理生化指标均可作为玉米抗旱性鉴定指标的参数,用于玉米品种抗旱性的评定。     

腐植酸包衣对玉米种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

在正常水分和水分胁迫两种处理条件下研究腐植酸包衣对玉米种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,腐植酸包衣能提高玉米种子的发芽率、发芽指数及活力指数,使玉米幼苗变高、叶鞘增粗、根长增加、根冠比提高。测定玉米幼苗生理生化指标的结果表明,腐植酸包衣处理能降低幼苗的电导率、脯氨酸含量和丙二醛含量,提高叶绿素、可溶性糖含量和SOD活性,有利于增强玉米幼苗的抗旱能力。     

玉米抗旱性指标研究进展

干旱作为玉米生长发育最主要的非生物逆境因子,已成为限制玉米产量形成的关键生态因素,也是我国玉米产量产生波动的重要原因,对粮食生产安全构成严重威胁。玉米抗旱性是水分胁迫条件下表现出的一种复杂综合特性,其适应干旱的形态结构是长期进化的结果,其生理指标变化也是一系列适应性改变后的综合表现。当今水资源短缺日益成为突出问题,且对玉米造成干旱的外部因素较多。本文从鉴定方法、形态指标、生理生化等方面阐述玉米抗旱机制与鉴定方法,综述玉米抗旱性最新研究进展。发展抗旱性玉米研究,为创制选育新的耐旱种质提供支撑,最终提升玉米抵御干旱胁迫的能力,这对于保障玉米可持续生产、解决粮食安全具有重要意义。     

玉米耐旱鉴定研究进展

干旱是影响玉米产量最主要的非生物胁迫因子。综述玉米耐旱性评价研究进展,对目前耐旱鉴定研究过程中存在的问题进行探讨,提出玉米耐旱鉴定应采取以产量性状为评价指标的直接评价和以生理生化或形态性状为评价指标的间接评价相结合策略。     

大茎野生种57NG208与南涧果蔗正反交F1代材料的耐旱性评价

选用大茎野生种57NG208与南涧果蔗正反交所得的12个后代为试验材料,采用桶栽试验的方法,在甘蔗拔节初期设正常供水（CK）、轻度胁迫和重度胁迫3处理进行人工水分胁迫,分别测定3处理的形态指标及生理生化指标,利用隶属函数分析﹑灰色关联度分析和聚类分析,综合评价12份参试材料在不同水分胁迫下耐旱性的强弱。结果表明：不同水分胁迫处理对供试甘蔗主要测定指标均有显著影响;在不同水分胁迫下甘蔗叶片中的PMP、MDA含量、Pro含量、SOD和POD酶活性数值升高,CHL含量和Hight数值降低,变化幅度因水分胁迫程度及参试材料的差异而不同;隶属函数分析结果表明,在不同水分胁迫下,大茎野生种57NG208与南涧果蔗正交材料排在前5位的数量比其反交多;聚类分析表明,所有参试材料在轻度、重度水分胁迫下,均可分为4大类别,云瑞2012-9-11和云瑞2012-38-81的耐旱性较好,无论轻度、重度水分胁迫处理均聚为一类;灰色关联度分析表明,在不同程度的水分胁迫下,各项测定指标与耐旱性间的关联度不同,CHL、Pro和POD等3项生理生化指标与甘蔗耐旱性关联度较高,是甘蔗耐旱性评价的优良指标。     

水分胁迫对玉米品种灌浆期抗旱性及指标的影响

试验以辽宁省种植面积较大的5个玉米品种为材料,通过盆栽试验研究了水分胁迫对灌浆期玉米品种的产量性状和生理生化指标的影响,探讨了玉米品种间抗旱性指标的关系,并筛选出抗旱性强的品种,以便指导旱区玉米生产。试验结果：5个玉米品种在水分胁迫下穗部性状及产量均下降;抗旱指数由高到低顺序：郑单958、铁单15、丹玉39、沈玉21、辽单145,其中郑单958抗旱指数最高。在水分胁迫下,灌浆期玉米品种的光合速率、蒸腾速率、叶绿素含量、叶片相对含水量下降,水分利用效率、相对电导率,丙二醛含量、可溶性糖含量、SOD活性、POD活性上升;通过函数隶属值法进行综合分析,抗旱性强弱顺序为：郑单958、铁单15、丹玉39、沈玉21、辽单145,这与产量的抗旱指数顺序结果相一致。郑单958抗旱性强于其他品种,可认为是抗旱性较强品种;铁单15、丹玉39、沈玉21可认为抗旱性中等品种;辽单145可认为抗旱性较弱品种;郑单958可做为干旱地区首选种植品种。     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

海南百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定及其发生危害

百香果是海南省的新兴产业,也是我国多个省区扶贫攻坚的重要产业。病虫害是影响百香果产业的重要因素,随着海南百香果种植面积越来越大,病虫害对百香果产业的不利影响越来越凸显。由于缺乏百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定的基础性研究,许多种植户对田间发生的病虫害种类识别不足,从而影响了百香果病虫害的防控效果。为了摸清海南百香果种植区的病虫害种类,于2019—2021年对海南省儋州市、乐东县、屯昌县、文昌市、三亚市、东方市、保亭县、白沙县、海口市等百香果种植区的病虫害进行了系统调查与鉴定,并对其发生危害特点进行了研究。鉴定发现海南百香果种植区的病害有11种,分别是病毒病、茎基腐病、炭疽病、疮痂病、疫病、灰霉病、果腐病、褐斑病、烟煤病、藻斑病和缺镁。重要病害为病毒病和茎基腐病,危害程度分别为4级和3级,炭疽病和疮痂病危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他病害危害较轻。害虫有28种,分别是黄胸蓟马、茶黄蓟马、红带蓟马、美洲棘蓟马、普通大蓟马、咖啡木蠹蛾、美洲斑潜蝇、橘小实蝇、斜纹夜蛾、双线盗毒蛾、绿丽刺蛾、白带锯蛱蝶、烟粉虱、温室白粉虱、柑橘粉蚧、木槿曼粉蚧、藤壶蜡蚧、茶角盲蝽、樟颈曼盲蝽、稻绿蝽、中稻缘蝽、茶小绿叶蝉、丽球瓢蜡蝉、绿鳞象甲、眼斑芫菁、白条豆芫菁、甘薯梳龟甲和朱砂叶螨。重要害虫为黄胸蓟马和咖啡木蠹蛾,危害程度均为3级,茶黄蓟马和美洲斑潜蝇的危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他害虫危害较轻。软体动物3种,分别是灰巴蜗牛、同型巴蜗牛和一种尚未鉴定的蛞蝓。本研究明确了海南百香果种植区病虫害具体种类,新发现百香果病害1种和害虫24种,为海南百香果病虫害的精准防控提供技术支撑。     

白砂糖干燥与冷却机理及影响

砂糖的含水量、装包温度和仓储条件对其贮存保质具有重要影响。本文从白砂糖的含水分特性、干燥机理和生产过程环节等对白砂糖干燥与冷却的影响进行深入分析。由于结晶过程的包裹现象,砂糖含水分可分为表面和内部水分,白砂糖干燥过程只能去除前者。生产过程中煮糖、分蜜操作对内部水分含量有影响。贮存过程的内部水分的扩散是砂糖降质的根本原因,而装包温度和贮存条件是影响内部水分扩散的外在条件。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

Interactive Effects of Sodium and Potassium on the Growth and Photosynthesis of Spinach and Komatsuna

Abstract

Two cultivars of spinach and one cultivar of komatsuna were sand cultured using a nutrient solution with Na and K in various combinations. The growth (fresh weight of shoot) of spinach cv. Atlas was significantly increased when 1.4 mM KC1 of the 7 m M KO was replaced with 1.4 mM NaCl, although the growth was reduced when more KC1 was replaced with NaCl. In another spinach cv. All Right, however, NaCl substituting for 20% of KC1 showed no significant effects. In komatsuna, Na used in place of K at any ratio reduced the growth. The growth of spinach cv. Atlas was increased by applying 20 mM NaCl, irrespective of K dose (480 - 2400 mg K₂O per 1/2000 a Wagner pot). The growth of spinach cv. All Right was also increased by 20 mM NaCl when K was at a deficient level (480 - 960 mg K20 per pot), but was not when K was at: an excessive level (1920 - 2400 mg K₂O per pot). In komatsuna, 20 mM NaCl reduced the growth. In spinach, Na prevented the decrease of the photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance caused by K deficiency.     

苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在水稻中的残留消解动态及残留分析

本文建立了气质联用仪测定稻田环境中苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯的残留分析方法,对苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在水稻、土壤和田水中的消解动态和残留规律进行了研究。苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在糙米、稻壳、植株、土壤和田水中的最低检测浓度均为0.20 mg/kg,最小检出量为0.2 ng,在不同样品中的平均加标回收率为80.8%~109.5%,相对标准偏差在1.7%~19.7%之间。田间试验结果表明,苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在水稻植株和田水中的残留消解动态规律均符合一级动力学反应模型,苯醚甲环唑在水稻植株和田水中的残留消解半衰期分别为6.3~11.6 d和1.4~11.6 d;嘧菌酯在水稻植株和田水中的残留消解半衰期分别为3.6~8.7 d和2.9~23.1 d。以推荐剂量600 g/hm2和1.5倍推荐剂量900 g/hm2,最多施药3次,距最后一次施药15 d时,苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在糙米中的最高残留量分别为0.461 mg/kg和0.634 mg/kg,低于我国国家标准《食品中农药最大残留限量》(GB2763-2014)中规定的糙米中苯醚甲环唑最大残留限量0.5 mg/kg和欧盟、美国规定的糙米中嘧菌酯最大残留限量5.0 mg/kg。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.