石麦15细菌人工染色体文库构建与鉴定

为给小麦功能基因研究提供参考信息,以冬小麦栽培品种石麦15(Triticum aestivum L.)为试材,从暗培养7~10d的黄化幼苗地上部提取高分子量基因组DNA,使用载体pCC1BAC的HindⅢ位点构建了六倍体小麦细菌人工染色体文库。该文库由1 000 000个以上克隆组成,保存在1 020个混合池中,克隆插入片段平均大小为85kb,空载率为2.5%;覆盖小麦基因组5倍以上;挑取7个克隆培养5d后,经HindⅢ完全酶切检测,其指纹图谱稳定一致。石麦15细菌人工染色体文库的构建为小麦基因克隆、调控序列克隆以及比较基因组学研究奠定了基础。     

细菌人工染色体(BAC)文库及其在小麦中的应用

细菌人工染色体（BAC）具有容量大、遗传稳定、易于操作等优点，在基因组研究和基因功能分析等方面得到了广泛应用。对BAC文库克隆载体的类型、小麦BAC文库的构建及其应用进行了综述，并对其前景进行了展望。细菌人工染色体载体是由大肠杆菌的F-因子发展而来，第一代BAC克隆载体pBAC1081能容纳300kb的片段，但它只具有转化选择标记．没有重组选择标记。第二代载体是将LacZ基因插入到多克隆位点中形成具有重组选择标记类型的载体如pBeloBACll，在该载体的基础上经过改造和改进又发展了一些特殊用途的载体，如富集基因类型和遗传转化类型的载体。近年来利用这些载体构建了小麦二倍体、四倍体、六倍体基因组BAC文库以及小麦特定染色体BAC文库，井以单克隆或混合池的形式保存。这些小麦BAC文库对于小麦基因克隆、基因组及基因区物理图谱的构建以及比较基因组学等方面的研究具有重要的意义。     

新疆野生油菜BAC文库的构建

本实验以新疆野生油菜18号的基因组DNA为材料构建了其BAC(bacterial artificial chromosome)文库。该文库共有14592个克隆,插入片段在50-300kb之间,平均插入片段105kb,空载率低于5%,覆盖了新疆野生油菜基因组约4.0倍。新疆野生油菜基因组BAC文库的构建,为进一步研究其基因组结构及功能基因的利用等奠定了基础。     

同一SSR引物在不同棉种BAC文库中的筛选及其FISH分析

本实验室前期利用SSR引物NAU1201筛选海岛棉Pima 90-53 BAC文库，其中BAC克隆299N22含有特殊的重复序列。本试验用SSR引物NAU1201分别在阿非利加棉文库和达尔文氏棉文库中筛选到3个和1个阳性BAC克隆。这些BAC克隆在A（亚）组所有的染色体上均有弥散的杂交信号，而在D（亚）组所有的染色体上几乎没有杂交信号，这与海岛棉文库BAC克隆299N22的FISH结果一致。相似的FISH杂交信号说明这些BAC克隆极有可能均含有相同的重复序列。这些BAC克隆的获得为研究该重复序列在不同棉种基因组中的分布情况以及序列差异提供了物质基础。     

玉米磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶基因高效表达载体构建及其导入小麦的研究

为获得具有C4光合特征的高光效转基因小麦材料,利用从玉米中克隆的磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPC)基因(pepc,GenBank接受号为FJ415327)构建高效双元表达载体,通过基因枪介导法将其导入小麦品种(系)中,利用Real-time PCR方法分析外源基因在转基因植株中的拷贝数.PCR和双酶切鉴定表明,玉米PEPC cDNA序列已插入双元表达载体pCAMBIA3301中,命名为p3301-pepc;对获得的抗性再生植株进行PCR扩增,其中有342株扩增出目的条带;在选取的15株转基因植株中7株拷贝数为1,3株拷贝数为2,2株拷贝数为3,拷贝数为5、8和17的分别为1株.初步证明玉米pepc基因已整合到小麦基因组中,且外源基因在转基因植株中既有单拷贝插入,也有多拷贝插入,这为进一步研究该基因在小麦基因组中的功能表达提供了试验材料.     

小麦LEAsm基因及其启动子的克隆与功能研究

胚胎发育晚期丰富蛋白(LEA)是一个小的高亲水性的蛋白家族,该蛋白家族在逆境胁迫下大量积累,保护植物免受逆境胁迫。LEA蛋白可分为7组,其中重复的11-氨基酸基序是第3组LEA蛋白的特征。为深入分析第3组LEA蛋白在小麦响应逆境胁迫中的作用机制,利用芯片技术从小麦表达谱中筛选出一个渗透胁迫诱导表达的第3组LEA蛋白基因TaLEAsm,然后根据该基因序列设计引物筛选石麦15的BAC文库,获得1个含有该基因的BAC单克隆,以该BAC单克隆质粒为模板,通过BAC延伸测序克隆了TaLEAsm基因及其启动子序列,并对TaLEAsm序列特征、表达模式和启动子功能进行了初步分析。结果表明,TaLEAsm基因序列仅含有1个105bp的内含子,其开放读码框长675bp,编码224个氨基酸。TaLEAsm含有10个11-氨基酸重复序列,属于第3组LEA蛋白。低温、高盐和渗透胁迫均诱导TaLEAsm基因上调表达,但在根和叶中表达模式不同。在TaLEAsm基因起始密码子上游1 500bp序列中,预测含有14个逆境响应顺式元件。在拟南芥中,TaLEAsm基因启动子能够启动GUS基因表达,渗透胁迫诱导GUS基因明显上调表达。以上结果表明,TaLEAsm为小麦脱水响应基因,其启动子为渗透胁迫诱导启动子。     

小麦基因组研究进展

本文从小麦遗传连锁图，小麦物理图谱和细胞遗传学阶梯图的构建以及小麦基因组标图和比较标图的策略等方面系统地阐述了有关小麦基因组的研究进展，目前，小麦７个部分同源群染色体的全部ＲＦＬＰ图谱，普通小麦完整的２１条染色体的遗传图谱以及圆锥小麦，粗山羊草的部分染色体的遗传加锁图的已构建，小麦１Ｂ染色体和第二，第三，第四，第五，第六，第七群染色体的物理图谱均已建立，小麦基因组标图和小麦族内以及小麦与黑麦，大麦     

六倍体小麦基因克隆方法研究进展

小麦基因组庞大,重复序列多,重要功能基因的克隆存在很大困难.目前,小麦基因的克隆方法主要有同源克隆、图位克隆、差减杂交、差异显示等.利用各种方法已经克隆出许多小麦基因,并对部分基因进行了功能研究.本文综述了目前常用的小麦基因克隆方法,比较了各种方法的优缺点和应用特点,并举出了利用这些方法得到的重要基因,希望能为从事小麦基因克隆的工作者提供参考信息.     

大豆多粒荚特异材料BAC文库的构建

利用大豆重组自交系中的一个多粒荚家系Q1001,构建了一个大豆BAC文库(bacterial artificial chromosome library)。该文库包含54912个克隆,平均插入片段达125kb,相当于大豆单倍体基因组大小的6.12倍。随机挑选4个大于100kb的克隆进行稳定性继代实验,经100代后插入的DNA片段仍然稳定存在。该BAC文库的建成,为下一步开展大豆产量相关基因的克隆打下基础。     

茶树新梢cDNA文库的构建和ESTs测序成功率初步分析

报道了国内第一个茶树cDNA文库的构建及其EST测序成功率分析。以Trizol一步法从龙井43春茶新梢中提取总RNA,分离纯化富含Poly (A)的mRNA,LD-PCR反转录合成双链cDNA,以λTripEX2为载体,构建了龙井43新梢cDNA文库。以XL1-Blue为受体菌测定原始文库的滴度为6.8×10⁵ pfu/ml,总克隆数为3.5×10⁵个,重组率为98.05%,扩增后文库总滴度为7.2×10⁹ pfu/ml。对随机挑取的噬菌斑进行PCR鉴定,表明插入片段大多分布在0.5-2.0 kb之间,绝大部分在1.0-1.5 kb左右。文库质量鉴定结果表明,构建的茶树新梢cDNA文库具有较好的库容量、较高的重组率以及较大的插入片段。对4320个克隆的序列测定表明,获得有用序列2963个,测序成功率为68.5%,剔除短序列后,首批共获得1687个茶树ESTs。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.     

Applied Biotechnology to Combat Late Blight in Potato Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora Infestans</Emphasis>

Potato is an important crop, grown worldwide. It suffers from many pests and diseases among which late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is the worst. The disease is still causing major damage in many potato production areas and control is only possible by applying fungicides frequently. The knowledge on the molecular biology and genetics of the interaction between the plant and the oomycete is developing rapidly. These are relevant fields of study, currently dominated by the discovery of many resistance genes and numerous effector proteins and the analysis of their specific mode of action. These studies may yield essential information needed for the development of durable resistance. The long-term and worldwide effort to breed for resistance so far has had little effect. A novel breeding approach may change this. It is based on cisgenic modification (CM) consisting of marker-free pyramiding of several resistance genes and their spatial and temporal deployment yielding dynamic varieties that contain potato genes only. It is envisioned that this CM approach with potato’s own genes will not only prove societally acceptable but may also result in simplifications in the legislation on use of the CM approach. Various parties in the potato research arena intend to cooperate in this novel approach in a number of developing countries where potato substantially contributes to food security. The use of resources such as land, water and energy improves when the effect of late blight is markedly reduced.     

Resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potato virus Y</Emphasis> in a Multitrait Potato Breeding Scheme without Direct Selection in Each Generation

In an experimental breeding scheme to improve late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and white potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) resistance of tetraploid potato over three generations of crossing and selection, 15 clones survived the final selection, and these were derived from 15 great-grandparents. There was no direct selection for resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), but 14 out of the 15 great-grandparents were resistant to PVY and three had extreme resistance. Thirteen of the 15 descendants had PVY resistance and one extreme resistance. This was within the range expected for a random (unselected) sample from the genotypes of the great-grandparents. Hence, we found no evidence for any positive or negative association between PVY resistance and the attributes selected. The conclusion is that laborious selection is not required in every generation when many parents have PVY resistance, including some with more than one copy of a PVY resistance gene or resistance at more than one locus. However, in the future, determining the major virus resistance genes present in potential parents in each generation using diagnostic molecular markers would prevent susceptible × susceptible crosses being made and maximise the number of resistant × resistant ones.