鄱阳湖棉区棉花不同种植方式试验总结

通过以中棉所53为试材,设置油后直播、油后基质育苗移栽、油后营钵育苗移栽和油棉营养体育苗套栽4种种植方式,进行棉花生长发育和产量及效益的分析.结果表明:油后营养钵育苗移栽可获得较高的收益和纯收益;基质育苗移栽投入较少,纯收益较高;油棉营养钵育苗套栽与油后营养钵育苗移栽相比并没有优势;油后直播方式虽然产量低,但人工投入少,生产成本低,适合劳动力缺少的家庭或农场应用,但要考虑天气因素慎重选择.     

棉花不同种植方式的产量与经济效益分析

对棉花油后直播、油后基质育苗移栽、油后营养钵育苗移栽以及油棉营养钵育苗套栽四种种植方式下的产量和经济效益进行比较,结果表明：种植方式对棉花产量有显著影响,以油后营养体育苗移栽产量最高;在总投入上．油后基质育苗移栽最少,油棉营养钵育苗套栽最多;在纯收益和除人工成本收益上均以油后营养钵育苗移栽最高。     

不同种植方式对棉花生长发育和产量的影响

通过对不同种植方式下棉花生长发育和产量的分析,结果表明:油后直播在整个生育期的生长发育一直比其它种植方式缓慢,产量也最低;油后基质育苗移栽前期的生长发育缓慢,虽然后期逐步赶上,但产量仍然不是很高;油后营养钵育苗移栽在前期生长发育仅次于油棉营养钵育苗套栽,且在后期表现了良好的生长发育劲头,晚秋桃相对较多,产量最高;油棉营养钵育苗套栽在生育前期一直处于领先优势,但到后期这种优势逐渐减弱,导致其最终的产量并不是最高.     

赣北棉区棉花种植方式与密度组合比较试验

试验采用以种植方式、种植密度及移栽（或播种）时间为因素的组合随机区组设计,共18个处理,探讨赣北棉区棉花最佳种植方式及密度。结果表明：营养钵育苗移栽的产量、收益及纯收益均显著高于基质育苗移栽与精准直播,后两者的产量、收益相当;营养钵育苗移栽的总投入成本比基质育苗移栽及精准直播的都高,尤其人工成本费用更高;基质育苗移栽和精准直播的生产总投入成本相差不大;赣北棉区适当提前育苗移栽时间和增加田间种植密度,有利于棉花早发丰产。     

长江下游棉区麦后直播常规棉品种产量及品质特性比较

麦后直播棉是棉花生产发展的方向。以泗抗1号为对照,选用不同熟性的常规品种在长江下游棉区进行大田麦后直播试验;并与移栽方式进行比较,分析不同品种的生育进程、农艺性状、干物质累积与分配、产量和品质性状,筛选适宜长江下游麦后直播种植的品种。结果表明,与移栽方式相比,直播棉花生育进程推迟,果枝、果节和成铃减少,铃重降低,霜前花率低。泗抗1号直播条件下营养与生殖生长协调,产量稳定但高产难。中棉所60直播条件下营养与生殖生长不够协调,产量低。中ZM6302生育进程快于泗抗1号和中棉所60,霜前花率和子棉产量也与这两品种相当。中棉所50生育进程快,霜前花率大幅度高于其他品种。因此,中ZM6302和中棉所50是该区较适宜的麦后直播棉花品种。     

长江流域棉区麦（油）棉两熟种植的棉花增密减肥轻简高效技术

为促进长江流域棉区棉花生产的可持续发展,针对该棉区传统营养钵育苗移栽方式和配套栽培技术存在的制约棉花生产发展的问题,基于麦（油）棉两熟种植制度,研究形成了轻型育苗、机械化移栽和麦（油）后直播棉种植方式;并开展了新型种植方式下配套的增密和减肥技术研究,建成了适于长江流域棉区麦（油）棉两熟种植制度的棉花增密减肥轻简高效技术体系,为轻简高效植棉技术的进一步推广提供技术指导。     

麦后移栽棉的增产技术

自七十年代后期,江苏省沿江棉区普遍推广了棉花塑膜棚架育苗。麦行套栽棉,一般较麦行直播棉增产二成以上。但这一地区人多地少,棉花育苗占地相当于棉田面积8～10%,加之麦行套栽棉花时对麦子有损伤,影响了夏粮产量。有鉴于此,不少棉农改棉花麦行套栽为麦后移栽,前茬麦子由宽幅条播改为满幅密播,一般麦子增产35%左     

育苗移栽棉花早发早熟的生育基础

塑膜营养钵育苗移栽棉花是克服早春低温,实现早播早育苗,缩短套作棉共生期,延长麦后棉生育期,解决两熟矛盾,充分利用棉花有效生长季节和延长有效开花结铃期,夺取棉花高产稳产的一项重要技术措施。育苗移栽棉一般比直播棉增产20～30%。塑膜育苗移栽棉之所以早发早熟,这与播种以后覆盖透光率大和不透气性的塑膜有关。塑膜具有增温保温保湿性能,利用日光能转化成热能,提高床内日均温,促使棉子     

苏沿海棉区棉花无土育苗栽培技术的应用研究

棉花是直根系经济作物,根系的发育对棉花的生长具有举足轻重的作用。长期以来,棉花都是用直播或营养钵育苗移栽的方式进行种植,以减少移栽过程中对根系的损伤,从而保证棉苗的成活率。从20世纪80年代以来,一种新型的棉花栽培技术开始发展,并且在我国棉区大面积推广应用,成为挑战传统的一种新的栽培模式,使棉花育苗移栽成为一项简单、快速、省工、省时、省费用、成活率高的高效节能产业。传统的直播棉存在用种量大和产量低的缺点,营养钵育苗移栽成本高、移栽劳动强度大,这两种种植模式都已不能完全适应现在农村劳动力转移的新形势和新需求。无…     

裸苗移栽棉花产量、品质和效益分析

2003--2006年在大田条件下比较研究了裸苗移栽棉、营养钵移栽棉和直播棉的产量、品质和效益。4年平均,裸苗移栽棉的子棉和皮棉产量分别比营养钵移栽棉增加了7．5％和5．2％,2005—2006年净产值较营养钵移栽棉增加了11．9％,较直播棉增加了9．6％。试验结果还表明,裸苗移栽对棉花早熟性和主要纤维品质指标均无不利影响,4年平均霜前花率达到88．5％,与营养钵移栽棉相当;裸苗移栽能明显增结早秋桃,提高成铃数。分析认为,裸苗移栽与传统的营养钵育苗移栽相比,具有一定的增产、增效作用。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术应用与推广

经过多年实践,探索总结出抗病虫品种、频振式太阳能杀虫灯、糖盆诱蛾、黄蓝板诱虫、生物多样性控虫等绿色防控技术,形成了切合库尔勒实际的棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术模式。介绍了上述技术措施及其在当地棉田的推广应用效果。     

热区蔬菜质量安全分析与评价

对影响我国热区主要蔬菜产前、产中、产后的质量安全相关因素与现状进行调研,获取基础数据与有关信息。对比分析国内不同生产区质量安全存在的差异与差距,研究我国热区蔬菜从生产至市场各个环节的质量安全评价方法,提出建立我国热区蔬菜质量安全评价体系方案。     

云南省"双高"甘蔗生产与发展

从自然生产条件、龙头企业状况和产业经济效益3方面论述了云南省“双高”甘蔗发展的优势条件.分析了现阶段“双高”甘蔗发展中存在的主要问题,即甘蔗产业科技落后、蔗园建设投入不足、加工企业规模较小,产品单一.从“双高”甘蔗优势产业带建设,甘蔗种子工程体系,“双高”甘蔗科技、甘蔗产业化经营发展与科技培训等方面提出了“双高”甘蔗发展的建议和措施.     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响

采用盆栽试验，研究施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响，结果表明：适量施用镁肥，可以促进烟草的生长发育、改善其农艺学性状，影响烟株对其它营养元素的吸收与积累，提高烟叶产量，并能使烟叶N，P，K，Ca等营养元素含量更趋协调。随着施镁量的增加，烟叶中镁含量提高10．7％～71．4％，烤烟单株吸镁量、叶片叶绿素含量、干物质产量分别提高17．6％～115．4％，1．9％～23．ooA和6．3％～25．7％，而对烟叶含钾量没有明显影响。在镁比较缺乏的土壤上，镁肥作基肥施比叶面喷施的效果好，基肥施镁结合叶面喷镁的效果最佳；叶面喷镁，肥料用量少、成本低、见效快，是一种有效的镁肥施用方法；提高镁肥用量，施镁的效果更加显著。