播期对鲜食春大豆衢春豆1号农艺性状和可溶性糖含量的影响

为研究浙西地区不同播期对鲜食春大豆产量和可溶性糖含量的影响,以鲜食春大豆品种衢春豆1号为试验材料,设置3月16日、3月23日、3月30日、4月6日、4月13日、4月20日和4月27日共7个播期处理,比较不同播期下鲜食大豆生育期、农艺性状和产量,棉子糖、蔗糖和水苏糖等可溶性糖含量的变化情况.结果表明:随着播期的延迟,营养生长时间缩短,生殖生长时期逐渐变长,且各处理差异显著;大豆农艺性状中单株荚重、单粒荚数、主茎节数和单株有效荚数呈现先增加后减少的趋势,百粒鲜重、每荚粒数和百荚鲜重呈现逐步减少的趋势,而底荚高度逐渐增高,秕荚数逐渐增多;大豆可溶性糖除棉子糖含量随着播期的推迟而下降,可溶性总糖、蔗糖、水苏糖、果糖和葡萄糖含量均呈现先增加后减少的总体变化趋势,4月6日播期下的大豆籽粒可溶性总糖、蔗糖、水苏糖含量达到最高峰,分别为107.60,42.20和34.67 mg·g-1,且这3种可溶性糖含量和百荚鲜重、单株荚数、百粒鲜重和每荚粒数4个荚相关性状极显著正相关,结合产量综合分析表明3月下旬至4月上旬为浙西地区春季大豆种植的适宜时期.     

华南三省区大豆生育期组划分的评价与研究

以27个美国大豆生育期组标准品种和8个华南地区大豆主栽品种为材料,结合不同生育时期记载及收获后考种数据的分析,对美国大豆不同生育期组标准品种及华南地区大豆主栽品种的生育期组及考种性状进行评价。结果表明:美国大豆熟期组I~VIII标准品种的生育期逐渐变长,从83 d增加到104 d。华南地区春播大豆品种的生育期为83~85 d,夏播大豆品种的生育期为95~104 d。对于生育期相近的大豆品种,美国的大豆表现为营养生长期(VE~R1)相对较短,生殖生长期(R1~R8)相对较长,而华南地区大豆主栽品种生育期的表现则与此相反。考种结果表明,参试品种在单株总荚数、单株有效荚数、百粒重、株高、主茎节数、分枝数、分枝长度等性状上存在着显著差异。农艺性状的差异与生育期存在着一定的联系和相关性。结合生育期和考种的结果,可将夏播大豆品种华夏1号、桂夏1号和华夏3号分别划归到熟期组VI、VII和VIII。早熟春播大豆品种广东1号、华春2号、华春6号、柳豆1号划归到熟期组V,中晚熟春播大豆品种划归到熟期组VI或VII。     

黑龙江省克拜地区大豆救灾补种品种的选择

克拜地区位于黑龙江省西部,是东北北部重要的大豆产区.该地区春季干旱、低温等自然灾害频发,常导致大豆迟播或补种,正确选择适宜迟播的品种对该地区大豆生产具有重要意义.本研究选用分属MG 000、MG 00和MG 0生育期组的14个大豆品种,设置5个播期(5月11日、5月21日、6月2日、6月11日、6月22日),分析不同播期条件下大豆生育期、农艺性状及产量的变化情况,筛选适合克拜地区迟播补种的大豆品种.结果 表明,随着播期的推迟,大豆播种至出苗、出苗至开花、开花至成熟等生育阶段及全生育期均呈缩短趋势.除正常播期(5月11日)外,参试品种的株高、主茎节数随播期推后而增加,而百粒重则下降.其中,黑河35百粒重反应较敏感,每迟播1d百粒重降低0.15g.产量与播期的关系较为复杂,7个品种在5月11日播种时产量最高,而包括当地主栽品种克山1号在内的7个品种在6月上、中旬播种产量较高;华疆4号(MG-0.2)和克山1号(MG-0.3)在5月下旬至6月中旬播种产量较高且稳定,可作为克拜地区救灾补种的优先选择品种;华疆2号(MG-0.5)、黑河51(MG-0.5)产量亦较稳定,可作为该期救灾补种的备选品种;如播期延迟至6月下旬,可选择黑河35 (MG-1.1)、黑河49(MG-1.2)等超早熟品种.降水是影响克拜地区大豆产量的主要环境因素,品种和播期选择均应做到"花雨相遇".     

江苏徐淮地区春播马铃薯品种(系)引进及比较试验

江苏徐淮地区马铃薯品种种植结构单一,品种退化严重,导致病害加剧、产量及品质下降,严重制约了当地马铃薯产业发展,引进并筛选适宜当地栽种的高产、优质、抗病马铃薯新品种迫在眉睫。对新选育的4个马铃薯品种(系)进行了连续2年的比较试验,以‘中薯3号’为对照,对参试品种(系)生育期、植株性状、丰产性和抗病性等进行调查分析。结果表明,‘中薯215’高产且稳产,生育期短,商品薯性高,晚疫病、早疫病抗性较强,适宜江苏徐淮地区推广种植;‘中薯148’产量较高,生育期较短,商品薯性较高,晚疫病抗性强,适宜江苏徐淮地区种植,但稳产性还需进一步验证。     

马铃薯新品种‘兴佳3号’的选育

‘兴佳3号’是大兴安岭地区农业林业科学研究院以‘早大白’为母本,‘中薯1号’为父本,经有性杂交选育而成的鲜食马铃薯新品种。该品种中晚熟,生育期86 d左右,薯块椭圆形,白皮白肉,芽眼浅,商品薯率86%以上,区域试验平均产量32 288 kg/hm~2。干物质含量15.30%,淀粉含量12.49%,维生素C含量12.10 mg/100g鲜薯,粗蛋白含量1.53%。中抗轻花叶病毒病(PVX)和重花叶病毒病(PVY),中抗晚疫病。‘兴佳3号’适宜在黑龙江省和吉林省推广种植。     

抗病优质高产大豆新品种南农413

南农413(参试名称:南农J4-3)是南京农业大学国家大豆改良中心以新六青为母本,南农95C-13为父本杂交选育而成的抗病优质高产鲜食夏大豆新品种。该品种2015-2016年参加江苏省鲜食夏大豆区域试验,两年平均鲜荚和鲜籽粒产量分别较对照通豆6号增产8.09%和6.37%。2018年生产试验鲜荚和鲜籽粒产量分别较照通豆6号增产2.79%和1.95%。于2019年通过江苏省农作物品种审定委员会审定(审定编号:苏审豆20190011),同年申请植物新品种保护权(申请号:20191001486)。南农413口感香甜柔糯,人工接种鉴定对大豆花叶病毒SC3和SC7株系均表现抗病。丰产和稳产性均较好,抗倒伏,籽粒大,落叶性好,不裂荚,适宜在江苏省淮河以南地区作鲜食夏大豆种植。     

晚播对菜用大豆根系、干物质积累及鲜食产量的影响

播期是大豆高产栽培管理的重要手段.利用正常大豆播种期为对照,研究了三个相对晚播日期对菜用大豆物候期、根系、干物质及鲜食产量的影响.结果表明:晚播明显缩短生育期,播期越晚,播种到出苗的时间越短,整个生育日期越短,晚播能促进营养生长,增加苗期干物质的积累,但显著降低苗期根表面积和减少根长,根冠比下降.晚播也显著增加地上干物质的积累,6月14日播种R6期的干物重最高为:51.1g·株-1.适当的晚播可有利于菜用大豆的鲜荚产量形成.6月4日和6月14日播种R6期后10 d鲜荚产量最高,可作为哈尔滨地区的菜用大豆的适宜播期.     

不同品种及播期对丘区套作大豆产量的影响

在"麦/玉/豆"模式下,研究了不同品种与播期对丘区套作大豆产量的影响.结果表明,品种间产量差异极显著,以晚熟品种(贡选1号)的产量最高,达1375.11 kg/hm2,中熟品种(乐豆1号)次之,早熟品种(浙春3号)最低.与早中熟品种比较,晚熟品种表现为营养生长期较长,与玉米的生殖共生期为零,植株较高,茎粗增加0.13～0.16 cm,分枝多0.38～0.89个,主茎节数多4.47～7.12个,单株有效荚数、每荚粒数极显著高于早中熟品种,适合套作.播期间产量也有差异,以播期6月7日的产量最高.品种不同,表现略有差异.中晚熟品种的适宜播期为6月7日,表现为单株荚数、荚粒数较高;早熟品种以6月14日的产量较高,表现为单株荚数、荚粒数和百粒重较高.     

播种期对吉林小粒大豆生育进程、产量及品质的影响

为了探究不同播种期对吉林小粒大豆生育进程、产量及品质的影响,以3种不同生育期的小粒大豆品种为试验材料,设置5个播种期处理,研究不同播种期对小粒大豆生育进程、产量及品质的变化规律。结果表明:随着播种期的推迟,小粒大豆生育进程延后,生育期表现缩短趋势,且各处理间差异达到极显著水平(P<0.01);小粒大豆单株荚数、单株粒数、百粒重及产量均呈现先增加后降低的变化趋势,不同播期的单株荚数和单株粒数差异均达到显著水平(P<0.05),A1~A3播期间百粒重差异不显著,各品种产量均在A2(5月4日)播种期最高,东农690为2 448.6 kg·hm^-2,吉林小粒豆6号为2 606.9 kg·hm^-2,九芽豆1号为3 101.2 kg·hm^-2,播期间产量差异极显著(P<0.01);回归分析结果表明,播期与产量间具有很大的相关性。早播或迟播病粒率增加,完全粒率降低,蛋白质含量和蛋脂总含量降低,推迟播期籽粒粗脂肪含量持续下降;小粒大豆播期与蛋白质含量呈显著或极显著负相关关系,与脂肪含量、总蛋脂含量呈极显著负相关关系。吉林地区小粒大豆适宜播期是5月4日左右,此期间播种有利于获得高产优质的小粒大豆。     

不同播期鲜食大豆品种生育特性及品质评价

以国外和国内不同地区的7个鲜食大豆品种为材料,研究在哈尔滨地区气候条件下不同播期对鲜食大豆鲜荚产量及品质性状的影响.结果表明:播期对鲜食大豆单株的鲜荚数、鲜荚重、鲜粒重和鲜百粒重影响显著.札幌绿鲜荚产量最高,台湾292次之,其中札幌绿在5月20日播期获得最高产量(14 897.50ks·hm-2),台湾292在5月1日播种获得次高产量(13 006.50 ks·hm-2).札幌绿5月1日播种蛋白质含量最高,台湾2925月8日播种蛋白质含量最高;札幌绿5月20日播种可溶性糖分含量最高,台湾292 5月1日播种可溶性糖分含量最高;札幌绿、台湾292 5月8日播种脂肪含量最高.根据对鲜荚产量和品质特性的评估,札幌绿、台湾292在哈尔滨地区种植为最佳选择.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

---

Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

---

Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.     

Applied Biotechnology to Combat Late Blight in Potato Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora Infestans</Emphasis>

Potato is an important crop, grown worldwide. It suffers from many pests and diseases among which late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is the worst. The disease is still causing major damage in many potato production areas and control is only possible by applying fungicides frequently. The knowledge on the molecular biology and genetics of the interaction between the plant and the oomycete is developing rapidly. These are relevant fields of study, currently dominated by the discovery of many resistance genes and numerous effector proteins and the analysis of their specific mode of action. These studies may yield essential information needed for the development of durable resistance. The long-term and worldwide effort to breed for resistance so far has had little effect. A novel breeding approach may change this. It is based on cisgenic modification (CM) consisting of marker-free pyramiding of several resistance genes and their spatial and temporal deployment yielding dynamic varieties that contain potato genes only. It is envisioned that this CM approach with potato’s own genes will not only prove societally acceptable but may also result in simplifications in the legislation on use of the CM approach. Various parties in the potato research arena intend to cooperate in this novel approach in a number of developing countries where potato substantially contributes to food security. The use of resources such as land, water and energy improves when the effect of late blight is markedly reduced.     

Resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potato virus Y</Emphasis> in a Multitrait Potato Breeding Scheme without Direct Selection in Each Generation

In an experimental breeding scheme to improve late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and white potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) resistance of tetraploid potato over three generations of crossing and selection, 15 clones survived the final selection, and these were derived from 15 great-grandparents. There was no direct selection for resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), but 14 out of the 15 great-grandparents were resistant to PVY and three had extreme resistance. Thirteen of the 15 descendants had PVY resistance and one extreme resistance. This was within the range expected for a random (unselected) sample from the genotypes of the great-grandparents. Hence, we found no evidence for any positive or negative association between PVY resistance and the attributes selected. The conclusion is that laborious selection is not required in every generation when many parents have PVY resistance, including some with more than one copy of a PVY resistance gene or resistance at more than one locus. However, in the future, determining the major virus resistance genes present in potential parents in each generation using diagnostic molecular markers would prevent susceptible × susceptible crosses being made and maximise the number of resistant × resistant ones.