新疆巴楚县近30年热量资源变化及其对棉花生产的影响

利用新疆巴楚气象站1984—2013年逐日气象资料,采用线性趋势、相关分析等方法分析热量资源的变化特征及其对棉花生产的影响。结果表明:近30a巴楚县棉花生长期(4—10月)平均气温呈显著增加趋势;7月平均气温呈显著减少趋势;≥10℃、≥20℃积温均呈增加趋势,两界限温度初日提前,终日推迟,持续日数呈增加趋势;初、终霜冻日推迟,无霜期为增加趋势;5月下旬—6月上旬和8月下旬—9月上旬即棉花现蕾期及裂铃—吐絮期两时段的平均气温是影响棉花产量高低的关键期。巴楚县热量资源整体增加趋势对棉花适期早播,争取棉花早发早熟,增加霜前花比例,夺取棉花丰产产生了较为有利的影响。     

北疆主要植棉区热量资源变化及对棉花产量的影响

基于新疆北疆主要植棉区10个气象站1961—2017年棉花生育期月平均气温、≥10 ℃积温、≥15 ℃积温、≥20 ℃积温、无霜期气象资料和棉花产量数据，采用线性趋势分析、突变检验等方法，对北疆主要植棉区的热量资源及产量变化进行分析。研究表明：（1）生育期月平均气温呈现自东向西升高趋势，相差较小；≥10 ℃、≥15 ℃、≥20 ℃积温和无霜期也呈现自东向西增多趋势，其中无霜期相差19.4 d。（2）生育期月平均气温呈波动性上升趋势，气候倾向率为0.30 ℃·（10 a）^－1；≥10 ℃、≥15 ℃和≥20 ℃积温均呈现明显的波动上升趋势，累积距平最小值分别出现在1994年、1995年和2004年，气候倾向率分别为94.1 ℃·（10 a）^－1、66.7 ℃·（10 a）^－1和99.3 ℃·（10 a）^－1；≥10 ℃、≥15 ℃、≥20 ℃积温的持续时间呈现增加趋势；初霜期延后，终霜期提前。（3）生育期月平均气温在1994年发生了突变；无霜期在1992年前后发生了突变，突变后延长了11.1 d；≥10 ℃积温在1995年发生突变，突变后增加了319.2 ℃；≥15 ℃积温突变不明显；≥20 ℃积温在2004年前后发生突变，突变后增加了418.7 ℃。（4）棉花单产与趋势产量呈明显上升趋势，气象产量波动性较大，单产与热量资源的相关性较高；热量资源的增加对棉花产量的增加具有正效应。（5）热量资源对棉花产量提升起重要作用：丰收年景普遍表现为积温较常年多，光热条件好；歉收年景表现为热量减少，无霜期缩短，光热条件差，降水量略偏少；平常年景表现为降水量接近常年，日照时间略多于常年，整体光热条件一般。     

1991―2022年新疆塔城地区植棉区气候变化对棉花生育期的影响

利用1991―2022年新疆塔城地区主要植棉区代表站逐日气象要素数据及棉花生育期观测资料,采用线性趋势分析法、累积距平、相关分析等统计方法,分析塔城地区植棉区棉花生长发育期气候条件和棉花生育期的变化特征,探讨气候变化对棉花生长发育的影响。结果表明：（1）1991―2022年塔城地区植棉区棉花生长期气温、表层地温显著升高,积温呈增多趋势,降水量、降水日数和日照时间呈不显著减少趋势。（2）塔城地区植棉区≥10℃、15℃、20℃、25℃活动积温均呈增加趋势。（3）植棉区棉花全生育期平均为176.5 d,各生育时期呈现出不同程度的提前趋势,全生育期每10年延长1.89 d。（4）温度是影响塔城地区植棉区棉花各生育时期变化和生育进程的主导因子,降水量和日照时间的异常变化对棉花出苗―现蕾阶段的生长发育亦有不可忽视的影响。     

鲁西南棉花生育期连阴雨变化特征分析

利用鲁西南地区气象观测站1981-2011年的气象资料,分析了鲁西南棉花生育期间气候变化特征。结果表明：播种-出苗期、花铃期连阴雨出现概率逐渐减少,棉花蕾期、吐絮期连阴雨有逐渐上升趋势;蕾期连阴雨次数与棉花衣分、吐絮期连阴雨次数与棉花铃重呈显著负相关。     

海口11～4月农业气候资源变化特征分析

利用海口市琼山气象站1962～2011年间每年11月到次年4月(以下简称11～4月)的气象资料,运用统计学方法,分析海口市11～4月农业气候资源变化趋势与突变特征,探讨海口市农业气候资源的变化规律。结果表明：(1)海口市11～4月热量资源变得更加丰富,平均气温呈显著的上升趋势,趋势率为0.33℃/10a(P＜0.01),1963年发生突变;各月平均气温均呈正趋势变化;(2)11～4月总降水量存在不明显的下降趋势,趋势率为-15.6 mm/10a(P＞0.1),没有明显的突变点;各月降水量变化趋势不明显,但变率大;(3)11～4月总日照时数呈显著的减少趋势,趋势率为-48.7 h/10a(P＜0.01),2001年发生突变;各月日照时数呈减少趋势,容易造成农作物的光合作用不充分,不利于干物质积累,影响农作物产量;(4)温度上升明显,干燥度增大,气候暖干化,加大干旱发生的强度和频率。气候的变化导致农业气候资源的变化,对农作物产生正负效应,了解农业气候资源的变化特征将对充分利用农业气候资源,科学、合理应对气候变化,趋利避害提供帮助。     

棉花生长季降水变化及其影响

对安阳４５年棉花生长季各月降水量和４～１０月总降水量变化进行分析，结果表明，除５月外各月降水量均呈减少趋势，总降水量和８月降水量减少最明显；生长季降水变率大，棉花蕾期受旱频率增加，花铃期旱涝不定，应及早从遗传上和栽培措施方面研究抗旱防涝对策     

气候变暖和降水分配变化导致盘锦地区水稻早熟增产

利用盘锦地区1980—2018年水稻生育期资料和气象观测数据,采用气候倾向率、累计距平、M-K检验和一阶差分等方法分析了盘锦地区气候特征、水稻生育期特征、水稻生育期与气候因子的关系及生育期降水分配指数对产量的影响。结果表明,1980—2018 年盘锦地区水稻生长季日平均温度、最高温度、最低温度、积温均呈上升趋势,降水量、日照时数均呈下降趋势。1980—2018年,盘锦地区水稻播种期、出苗期和成熟期呈推后趋势,推后速率分别为1.9 d/10 a、1.8 d/10 a、0.8 d/10 a,而水稻分蘖期和抽穗期呈提前趋势,提前速率分别为2.1 d/10 a、0.7 d/10 a;水稻全生育期呈缩短趋势,缩短速率为1.1 d/10 a,其中播种至出苗期和出苗至分蘖期呈缩短趋势,缩短速率分别为0.1 d/10 a和3.9 d/10 a,分蘖至抽穗期和抽穗至成熟期呈延长趋势,延长速率分别为1.4 d/10 a和1.5 d/10 a,这表明水稻存在早熟趋势,主要反映在营养生长期缩短、生殖生长期延长,有利于水稻增产。导致盘锦地区水稻早熟增产的主要原因在于全生育期的温度升高、播种至出苗期的充足水分和出苗至分蘖期的降水减少。     

新疆北疆地区气候要素对棉花生长和产量的影响分析

农业是国民经济的基础产业,受气候变化影响较大、也是对气候变化反应最为敏感的产业.为合理高效利用气候资源,促进当地经济发展,通过对气象要素分析,探讨气候变化对北疆宜棉区棉花生长和产量的影响.因而选取1981-2020年乌兰乌苏地区棉花生长年气候因子、生长季内气象要素、棉花生长发育资料,分析了棉花生长期内气候变化特征、棉花生长发育及产量的年际变化趋势,探讨影响其差异变化的主要气象因子.结果 表明,近40年来年平均气温、年降水量、年平均0 cm地温总体呈显著上升趋势.气温、地温是影响北疆地区棉花生长发育变化的关键因子;棉花各生育时期,从播种期到停长期均表现出不同程度的提前趋势,但成熟期推迟,田间生长期延长;8月和10月的各气象因素对棉花气候产量有极显著影响;气候产量与8月的各气候要素呈极显著正相关,气温、日照的增加有利于棉花产量的形成,但谨防35℃以上高温天气对棉花受精率、棉铃体积、蕾铃脱落等的不利影响.气候产量与10月各气候要素均呈极显著负相关.     

新疆北疆地区气候要素对棉花生长和产量的影响分析

农业是国民经济的基础产业,受气候变化影响较大、也是对气候变化反应最为敏感的产业.为合理高效利用气候资源,促进当地经济发展,通过对气象要素分析,探讨气候变化对北疆宜棉区棉花生长和产量的影响.因而选取1981-2020年乌兰乌苏地区棉花生长年气候因子、生长季内气象要素、棉花生长发育资料,分析了棉花生长期内气候变化特征、棉花生长发育及产量的年际变化趋势,探讨影响其差异变化的主要气象因子.结果 表明,近40年来年平均气温、年降水量、年平均0 cm地温总体呈显著上升趋势.气温、地温是影响北疆地区棉花生长发育变化的关键因子;棉花各生育时期,从播种期到停长期均表现出不同程度的提前趋势,但成熟期推迟,田间生长期延长;8月和10月的各气象因素对棉花气候产量有极显著影响;气候产量与8月的各气候要素呈极显著正相关,气温、日照的增加有利于棉花产量的形成,但谨防35℃以上高温天气对棉花受精率、棉铃体积、蕾铃脱落等的不利影响.气候产量与10月各气候要素均呈极显著负相关.     

新疆哈密市初、终霜冻日变化及其对棉花生长的影响

采用1971―2019年新疆哈密国家基准气候站逐日最低气温观测资料,统计分析哈密市初霜冻日（秋季日最低气温≤－1.0 ℃的第一天）、终霜冻日（春季日最低气温≤1.0 ℃的最后一天）的气候特征及变化趋势,以及在棉花苗期和成熟期出现的概率,探讨其对棉花生长的影响。结果表明：这49年哈密市平均终霜冻日为4月16日,终霜冻日出现在棉花播种出苗期（4月10―25日）的概率为57%,出现在棉花苗期（4月25日之后）的概率为18%;2011―2019年终霜冻日出现在棉花播种出苗期的概率下降13百分点,出现在苗期的概率下降7百分点;哈密市终霜冻日变化整体呈明显的提前趋势,提前2.7 d·（10 a）^－1,终霜冻日提前对棉花生长有利。这49年哈密市平均初霜冻日为10月18日,初霜冻日出现在棉花成熟期10月上旬的概率为24%,出现在10月中旬的概率为33%,出现在10月下旬的概率为41%;2011―2019年初霜冻日出现在10月上旬的概率变化不大,出现在10月中旬的概率上升23百分点,出现在10月下旬的概率下降19百分点;哈密市初霜冻日变化整体呈缓慢提前趋势,提前0.2 d·（10 a）^－1,初霜冻日提前对棉花生长不利。     

景洪市冬玉米栽培技术

近年来，冬玉米产业在景洪市得到了较大的发展，通过多年的科学研究和栽培试验，已经摸索出了一套符合景洪市实际的冬玉米栽培技术。本文丛品种选育、选田整地、播种育苗、田间管理及收获等方面概述了冬玉米的高产栽培技术。     

Testicular and Color Variation in the Kissing Bug, Rhodnius brethesi, in Amazonas, Brazil

Abstract Because of the morphological and morphometric variation of testicular follicles in different genera of the subfamily Triatominae, it was of interest to associate those parameters with the different medial pronotal band patterns (wide and narrow) found in Rhodnius brethesi (Matta) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). This is a wild species often associated with Leopoldina piassaba Wallace (Arecales: Arecaceae) palm, with a geographical distribution restricted to the Amazon region. The specimens used were from the state of Amazonas, and were kept under conditions of 29 ± 1 (°)C, 80 ± 5% RH, 12:12 L:D photoperiod, and were fed weekly on blood from Swiss mice. Three-day-old fasting males were separated in accordance with the patterns of the medial pronotal band, dissected, and the testicles removed. After removal of the testicular membrane, the follicles were spread, drawn by camera lucida, and measured. The results showed that the testis of R. brethesi consists of seven follicles, divided into two groups by length; two long and five short. In specimens with a wide medial pronotal band, the long follicles were 5.4 mm in length, but in specimens with a narrow medial band, the long follicles were 5.64 mm in length. The difference was significant. The short follicles were not different in length, suggesting the presence of a possible complex "brethesi" in the Amazon region.     

Effects of application of nitrogen fertilizer on concentrations of P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn in perennial ryegrass/white clover pastures in south-western Victoria, Australia

Effects of timing and rate of N fertilizer application on concentrations of P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn in herbage from perennial ryegrass/white clover pastures were studied at two sites in south-western Victoria, Australia. Nitrogen fertilizer (0, 15, 25, 30, 45 and 60 kg ha^–1) was applied as urea in mid-April, early May, mid-May, early June and mid-June 1996 to pastures grazed by dairy cows. At Site 1, N fertilizer resulted in a linear increase in P, K, S, Mg and Cl concentrations in herbage and a linear decrease in Ca concentration. For all times of application, concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg and Cl in herbage increased by 0·0048, 0·08, −0·010, 0·0013 and 0·053 g kg^–1 dry matter (DM) per kg N applied respectively. For S concentration, maximum responses occurred in mid-May (0·012 g kg^–1 DM per kg N applied). At Site 2, N fertilizer resulted in a linear increase in P, S and Na concentrations in herbage, a linear decrease in Ca concentration and a curvilinear increase in K and Cl concentration. The maximum responses for P, S and K concentrations in herbage occurred for the N application in mid-June and were 0·015, 0·008 and 0·47 g kg^–1 DM per kg N applied respectively. For Cl concentration, the maximum response occurred for the N application in early June and was 0·225 g kg^–1 DM per kg N applied. Overall, applications of N fertilizer up to 60 kg ha^–1 did not alter herbage mineral concentration to levels that might affect pasture growth or animal health.     

Photoperiod,gibberellic acid,and kinetin,in potato flower differentiationin vitro

To inducein vitro floral differentiation on potato plantlets, one cm long apical explants cv. Marijke were excised and aseptically cultured in a semi-solid medium containing Murashige-Skoog salts supplemented with 0.3 mg/l indoleacetic acid; with or without one mg/l gibberellic acid (GA); 0.3, 3.0 or 30.0 mg/l Kinetin (K); 20, 40 or 60 g/l sucrose (S) and 8% agar, pH 5.7. After a five week growing period at 26–28 C with daily light PAR 35 μE/m²/sec, 14 or 24 h daylength (DL), flower buds developed with exposed sepals and an abscission zone in the peduncle. Statistical significance was found when the variation factors (GA, K, S, and DL) were analyzed individually or in combination for number and weight of floral buds. Absence of GA favored the number of buds/plant, and the interaction of continuous light with a culture medium containing 0.3 or 3.0 mg/l kinetin and 40 g/l sucrose induced the highestin vitro “yields” in number and weight of flower buds (6 per plant and up to 14 mg/bud), followed by premature abscission. In a similar experiment, to prevent such abscission, plants from five week old tissue culture were transferred to soil and maintained at 24 h DL and 26–28 C, but flower bud abortion could not be avoided. These results demonstrate the importance of manipulating exogenous factors (growth regulators, sucrose, photoperiod) to inducein vitro specific organogenesis in potatoes.     

Gibberellins,inhibitors, and tuber formation in the potato,Solanum tuberosum

Endogenous gibberellins were measured in extracts of ‘Red Pontiac’ potato tubers sampled during tuber ontogeny. Stolons contained high levels of activity and developing tubers low activity, as indicated by elongation in the dwarf pea and maize mutant bioassays. However, dilution of the extracts of young tubers revealed that low gibberellin-like activity may have been due to the presence of an inhibitor. Based on co-chromatography this inhibitor was found not to be abscisic acid nor did abscisic acid induce tuber formation after treatment of the intact plant, treatment of the developing stolons or after addition to potato stolons grown in tissue culture medium.     

Growth regulators,photoperiod, and flowering in potatoes

The effect of 25 ppm gibberellic acid (GA₃), 7,500 ppm Gapol^(R) (0.4% molybdate; 0.42% cobalt; 0.56% tungstate; 2.84% borax; 4 ppm indoleacetic acid; 4 ppm naphthyltalamic acid; and 2 ppm ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) and of two photoperiods (12 and 18 h daily) on flowering of potato cv Marijke was studied under greenhouse conditions. GA³ specifically reduced the number of days required for flowering, and Gapol^(R), or long days, favored bud retention. When combined, only a slight additive effect was observed. In most cases spraying the products on plants subjected to long days resulted in an increase in the number of floral buds, but their attachment to the plant was mainly influenced by the presence of Gapol^(R).     

氮磷钾肥对稻米铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量和产量的影响

 采用田间试验，在四川省西昌市用两个水稻品种研究了氮、磷、钾肥施用量对稻米中铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量和产量的影响。结果表明，稻米中铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量均随着施氮量增加先上升后下降，滇屯502的铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量和产量都以施用90 kg/hm2 N最高，稻谷产量以施用180 kg/hm2 N最高；而合系39的铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙的含量以施用180 kg/hm2 N最高，稻谷产量以施用270 kg/hm2 N最高，说明供试籼型品种滇屯502对氮肥的敏感性较粳型品种合系39强；磷肥明显降低了稻米中铁、铜、锰、钙的含量和产量，适量增施磷肥有利于增加稻米中镁的含量和产量；适量施用钾肥有利于提高稻米中铁、锌、铜、锰含量和产量，两供试品种铁、锌、铜、锰含量均以90 kg/hm2 K2O时最高，而钾肥明显降低了稻米中镁、钙的含量和产量。     

我国稻种资源的保存、鉴定评价、利用与发展

本文主要介绍我国稻种资源的保存、鉴定评价和利用情况,根据稻种资源研究现状以及当前水稻生产的需 要,提出今后稻种资源的研究方向。     

黑龙江省玉米地方种质资源的筛选分析利用研究

通过对现有地方种质自交系的筛选和配合力的估算,选出一般配合力较高、性状优良的自交系.以4大系统中的骨干系作测验种,根据杂种优势指数的大小比较,划分优势类群,然后进行种质改良、创新,拓宽种质基础,选育出适合我省生态条件的杂优种质群。     

Heritability of height,width, resin,rubber, and latex in guayule (Parthenium argentatum)

Plant breeding in guayule, a rubber and latex producing plant, has not been as effective as predicted or desired. A surprisingly large amount of variability has been reported in this apomictic crop for traits such as plant height, width, resin, rubber, and latex contents. This study was designed to calculate the proportion of the total measured variability due to the environment and the proportion due to genetic influences within and between three-released germplasm lines. Plant heights were measured at 1, 2 and 3-years-of-age; plant width, and latex contents at 2 and 3-years-of-age; and resin and rubber content at 2-years-of-age. Broad-sense-heritabilities were estimated for each trait and year by dividing the genotypic by the total variance. To estimate the genetic component of the measured variance for each trait, the environment effects (variance from clonally propagated plants) were subtracted from the total variance (variance from open-pollinated (OP) seed propagated plants). In general, the variances of the means for the measured traits were lower in the clonally propagated plants compared with the apomictic OP seed propagated plants. The heritability estimates calculated for each trait differed from year to year. For instance, heritability for plant height was estimated in line AZ-2 to be 0.84 at 1 year of age; 0.47 at 2 years of age; and 0.0 at 3 years of age. These values imply that a large portion of the observed variation in this line is attributed to genetic effects in the first 2 years of growth. As the plant grows over several seasons, the environment effects compound, masking the genetic effects, making effective selection choices more difficult. Heritability for latex content for the same line was estimated to be 0.97 for the second year and 0.55 for the third year. Selections for the measured traits in this study appear to be most effective during the first and second years of growth, with effectiveness diminishing during the third year. Most selections previous to this study were performed between 3 and 5 years of growth, thus suggesting one reason for the lack of significant progress in most breeding programs.