改善磷矿粉肥效方法研究进展

磷矿对农业生产有着重要的意义,不同品位的磷矿粉其经济适用性和农学利用效率不同。影响磷矿粉肥效的因素主要有：磷矿粉自身的物理化学性质、土壤性质、植物种类、气候因素和管理措施等。本文简要总结了改善磷矿粉肥效的方法,主要包括生物学方法、化学方法和物理方法,以期为磷矿粉的合理利用提供参考。     

Broomrape management in faba bean

Broomrapes (Orobanche spp. and Phelipanche spp.) are weedy root parasites that represent a major constraint for faba bean (Vicia faba) cultivation in the Mediterranean area. Control methods are being developed that comprise techniques ranging from agronomical practices to precision farming, including chemical and biological control, genetic and induced resistance, modelling, and probably nanotechnology in a nearby future. However, the main concern is that to date, no single method of control provides complete protection against these parasites. For that reason, an integrated approach is needed in which a variety of such techniques are combined, in order to maintain parasite populations below threshold levels of damage.     

Weed Management in Rainfed Upland Rice Fields under Varied Agro-Ecologies in Nigeria

The demand for rice to meet the dietary need in low-income countries is expected to witness an exponential rise as the population increases. Meeting the rice demand domestically has remained challenging due to significant yield loss caused by several biotic and abiotic factors. Among these factors, one of the most important is the high weed pressure that ravages the upland rice ecology. In Nigeria, several independent weed control techniques, such as physical, chemical and cultural methods, have been recommended and adopted for weed control across varying rice upland ecologies. However, outcomes of these approaches when used independently have not consistently led to an increase in yield. There remains an outstanding deficit between the actual yield and the potential rice yield. This review aimed to identify potential research gaps, and quest effective and sustainable weed management strategies in smallholder upland rice farming systems in Nigeria. A critical analysis of studies suggests the potential of sustainable weed management practices if adopted and adapted smartly in different upland ecologies in Nigeria. Competitiveness of upland rice against weeds can be enhanced through strategic integration of weed competitive cultivars, optimum nitrogen application timings (within weed-free periods), uniform plant spacing, and high seeding rates, with conventional herbicide/manual weed control practices. However, such management practices can only be engaged where inputs are supplied on time and the technical know-how is extended to farmers. The review equally highlights potential research gaps for further studies.     

大理州29个玉米品种(系)产量比较及主要农艺性状关联度分析

为了解大理州玉米品种主要农艺性状间的关系,进而指导育种实践,本文采用灰色关联度分析方法对大理州29个玉米品种(系)产量及主要农艺性状关联度进行了比较分析。结果表明:9-5、卓玉299、海玉92号的产量较其他玉米品种(系)相对要高;玉米品种(系)的产量与主要农艺性状关联度大小为:百粒质量出籽率行粒数穗粗穗行数穗长秃尖生育期株高穗位;在育种实践中,在着重选择与产量紧密度高的农艺性状的同时,也要协调好各农艺性状间的主次关系。     

Effect of Establishment Methods and Weed Management Practices on Some Growth Attributes of Rice

In rice, the traditional system of transplanting gives the crop a 14 to 21-day growth advantage over the weeds [1]. The transplanting also enables rice to capture space earlier. This is because the young rice plants have leverage over germinating weeds due to shading and earlier establishment of root system. The immediate flooding after transplanting limits the establishment of many weeds [2]. Similarly, in direct seeded method, the use of high seed rates could reduce weed infestation to a lar…     

Farmers’ perceptions,knowledge and management of aflatoxins in groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) in India

Aflatoxins, produced by the fungi Aspergillus flavus Link ex Fries and Aspergillus parasiticus Speare, are the major toxins affecting the quality of groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) meant for human consumption. Groundnuts can be infected with aflatoxin-producing fungi pre-harvest, at harvest and post-harvest. This survey was conducted in Gujarat province in India in order to assess farmers’ and other stakeholders’ (extension staff and traders) perceptions and knowledge of aflatoxin contamination of groundnuts and to evaluate the agronomic and market practices used to manage it. The survey investigated the effects of the socioeconomic background of the farmers. The results showed that the socioeconomic and psychological characteristics, viz. education, caste, farm size, social participation, extension participation, market orientation, economic motivation, innovativeness and perception had positive and significant associations with farmers’ knowledge. The extension staff and traders had a good understanding of the problem and of the importance of managing aflatoxin contamination but farmers did not. Farmers’ who practised effective crop husbandry in order to increase production were unwittingly managing aflatoxin contamination to some extent. Their marketing practises showed that the problem of aflatoxin contamination was neglected at both the production and marketing stages. We suggest that extension agencies need to train farmers in the use of biological control agents, post-harvest management and identification of aflatoxin contamination. Partnerships need to be forged between research institutions, the departments of agriculture of various states, marketing agencies, NGOs, farmers’ groups, consumer groups, agrochemical manufacturers and other stakeholders in order to develop strategies for addressing the problem of aflatoxin contamination.     

橡胶高产综合技术开发试验十年总结报告

华南热带作物研究院于1982年开始,与海南省国营卫星农场合作进行“成龄橡胶芽接树高产综合技术的开发试验”,面积128.8hm~2,历时10年。高产综合技术措施包括:(1)挖沟盖草培肥;(2)营养诊断指导合理施肥;(3)乙烯利刺激高效低频周期割胶;(4)产胶动态分析指导割胶生产。试验结果表明,几项措施产生综合效应,能较大幅度提高产量。试验10年,试区干胶产量从试验前1149kg提高到1621.5kg/hm~2,而对照区则从1104kg下降至952.5kg;试区平均年增产干胶630kg/hm~2,增产率达63.6％。该技术的应用对胶树的生长量、死皮等副性状无明显不良影响。     

Integrated pest management of potato tuber moth in field and storage

Summary The potato tuber moth (PTM),Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller), is one of the most damaging pests of potatoes in field and storage. Tuber moth is active throughout the year in North Africa but is most active from late April to early August. Many cultural practices that are used by farmers to improve the yield and quality of potato can also limit the development of the potato tuber moth and minimise damage to tubers. As the farmers gain more experience with both agronomic practices and chemical insecticides, they are likely to rely more heavily on cultural practices and less on insecticides to manage PTM. Measures which could keep PTM damages in rustic and diffuse light stores to a minimum are discussed. Ideally, there is need to integrate pest management in potato fields and stores. PTM control in stores was found to be more effective if infestation in fields was kept to a minimum. Low infestation at harvest and rapid handling of the potatoes going into store established good initial storage conditions and decreased the likelihood of post-harvest losses. Biological insecticides in particular were more effective in preventing losses by insects in stores in cases where the initial level of infestation was relatively low.     

Effects of emission reduction surface seal treatments on pest control with shank-injected 1,3-dichloropropene and chloropicrin

The phase-out of methyl bromide for preplant soil fumigation has resulted in an increased reliance on combinations of 1,3-dichloropropene and chloropicrin in many annual and perennial cropping systems in California. However, these fumigants also can have negative environmental and human health consequences and considerable research has been conducted on methods to minimize emission of these products from the soil to the atmosphere. To ensure that pest control efficacy is not compromised by emission reduction techniques, this research was conducted to simultaneously evaluate the effects of several surface seal techniques on fumigant emissions and the efficacy of soil-borne pest control with a mixture of 1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin. Results indicated that the interaction between emission reduction techniques and pest control efficacy can be complicated. For example in the 2006 trial, some surviving nematodes were observed in plots with both high (manure plus high density polyethylene film) and intermediate (pre-irrigation) 1,3-D cumulative emissions which suggested that emission loses are not solely responsible for some pest control failures. Weed control tended to be better with plastic film treatments and worse with pre-fumigation soil moisture manipulations but was affected less than expected by intermittent water seals. Although pest control clearly was affected by surface seal techniques, especially in shallow soil layers, some differences in nematode and weed control could not be explained solely by surface seals. These results underline the complex interactions among soil moisture and other environmental factors, application techniques, and emission reducing surface seal treatments. As new techniques and technologies become available to reduce fumigant emissions, we recommend that research include pest control efficacy evaluations before any emerging techniques are required by regulators or implemented by growers.     

Maize drought tolerance: Potential improvements through arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis?

Due to long-term trends in global climate change and the expansion of maize production in drought-prone regions, the development of drought-tolerant maize varieties is of high importance, particularly for maize producers in developing nations where plant breeding improvements are more easily adopted than high-input agronomic practices. Prior advances in breeding for drought-tolerant maize have often involved selection for beneficial morpho-physiological traits such as a reduced anthesis-silking interval (ASI) and an improved harvest index (HI). Although maize is an effective host of arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) in infertile and drought conditions, few maize breeding and physiological research programs have examined the potential of AM symbiosis to improve maize drought tolerance. The objective of this review is to highlight the morpho-physiological responses and potential mechanisms through which AM colonization might improve maize drought tolerance and, in doing so, to examine the potential of this symbiotic relationship to serve as an effective tool for improving cultivar drought tolerance. In this review, we briefly describe the general effects of AM symbiosis on plant water relations, and then extensively examine the effects of AM colonization on pre-flowering, flowering, and post-flowering maize morpho-physiology under drought-stress conditions in greenhouse and field settings. We then suggest potential areas for future research related to (a) the adoption of cropping practices promoting AM colonization and survival; (b) the further understanding of AM effects on maize morpho-physiology; and (c) the creation of AM-colonized, drought-tolerant maize cultivars through conventional breeding as well as molecular and genomic techniques. We conclude by discussing practical considerations associated with the use of AM for maize drought-stress research and large-scale, commercial maize production.     

马铃薯黑痣病的研究进展

目前马铃薯在我国的种植面积越来越大,但其产量和品质受病害影响严重。其中黑痣病对马铃薯的危害很大,黑痣病的病原菌为立枯丝核菌,作为一种土传病害,它一旦在土壤中固定繁殖就会变的很难根除,严重影响着马铃薯的生长及块茎产量和质量。对于黑痣病的防治目前人们还是主要采取适宜田间农艺措施、化学药剂以及生物防菌剂＼等方法,而通过基因工程改良马铃薯对立枯丝菌的抗性的研究也越来越多,并且已经有研究者证实了转几丁质酶基因马铃薯植株对立枯丝菌具有一定抗性,所以基因工程技术在增强马铃薯抗立枯丝菌核病方面的应用被认为是可行的。     

Linkages among agronomic,environmental and weed management characteristics in North American sweet corn

Much of our understanding of weed communities and their interactions with crops comes from studies conducted at, or below, the spatial scale of individual fields. This scale allows for tight control of experimental variables, but systematically ignores the potential for regional-scale environmental variation to affect agronomic operations and thereby influence weed management outcomes. We quantified linkages among agronomic, environmental and weed management characteristics of 174 commercial sweet corn fields throughout the north central United States and evaluated crop and weed responses to these variables using classification and regression tree (CART) analysis. Multi-model selection indicated that characteristics of weed management systems, especially total cost and herbicide rate, were important predictors of weed diversity, interference and fecundity. Adding agronomic variables, such as planting date, or environmental variables, such as latitude, explained additional variation in weed floristic measures. We tested yield predictions of the most parsimonious CART model against a verification data set comprised of over 1500 published observations from 25 experiments conducted in the major North American regions where sweet corn is grown for processing. Yield values fell within the 95% confidence interval of observed data for most branches of the tree, suggesting the experimental and analytical approaches were reasonably robust. Several characteristics favoring sweet corn productivity and weed management sustainability were identified. This work resulted in easily interpretable models, both by scientists and producers, which place crop and weed responses within the context of regional-scale variation in agricultural management and the environment.     

Control of chickpea blight disease caused by Didymella rabiei by mixing resistance inducer and contact fungicide

Elicitors of systemic acquired resistance are well known to reduce severity of several plant pathogenic diseases caused by fungi, bacteria and viruses. Their field applications for management of plant diseases are, however, limited because of yield penalties. Our studies on affect of Benzo (1,2,3)-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH), an elicitor of systemic acquired resistance, on chickpea blight caused by a fungal pathogen Didymella rabiei showed that multiple foliar applications of the chemical were effective in management of the disease under economic threshold levels. Multiple applications, however, affected chickpea grain yield adversely. The BTH induced yield penalties could be prevented by foliar spray schedule comprised of BTH and a contact fungicide mancozeb. One spray of BTH (50 ppm) followed by another of mancozeb (0.2%) was less effective (8.3% severity) than three sprays of BTH (4.2% severity) in blight control, however, this treatment enhanced grain yield significantly (1.241 t ha⁻¹) over three sprays of BTH (0.922 t ha⁻¹).     

Potato nutritional management changes and challenges into the next century

Plant nutrients are important components of the intensive production system used for potatoes. Nutrient management practices need to be improved for sustained and increased productivity. Better mangement decisions will be made when accurate information is available about (a) crop residues and rotation effects on nutrient cycling, (b) the nutritional characteristics and requirements of each variety, (c) bioavailability of nutrients in soils, and (d) fertilization and tillage effects on nutrient-use efficiencies. Plant growth and nutrient uptake responses to different nutrient availabilities must also be understood to maximize growth and nutrient efficiencies. Diagnostic management techniques for nutrients need to be related to fundamental chemical and biological processes in the soil and plant system to be applicable to different environments. This information can then be packaged with other knowledge into a comprehensive crop management system. These changes should bring our agronomic practices into better harmony with the natural processes of the production system, and yet be responsive to social and environmental concerns, and economic reality.     

黄淮海夏玉米倒伏及化控抗倒技术研究进展

倒伏是制约黄淮海平原区夏玉米增产的重要因素之一,创新防止倒伏的技术措施是目前玉米高产生产中亟待解决的问题。化控技术是除品种选择外解决作物高产与倒伏矛盾的有效措施之一。国内外学者从农艺性状、解剖学特征、生理代谢变化及分子机理等方面对作物化控抗倒栽培技术进行了大量研究,并取得了显著成效。本文综述黄淮海平原区夏玉米倒伏分类、发生特点、影响因素以及化控技术对玉米抗倒伏的调控机制及其应用的发展历程,对解决该地区玉米倒伏问题实现高产、抗倒栽培提供参考。     

茶叶挥发性香气化合物研究进展

挥发性化合物不仅是茶叶香气的重要组分,也是影响茶叶感官品质的重要因素。本文综述了不同茶类挥发性化合物的形成机制以及影响茶叶挥发性化合物形成的重要因素,如茶树品种、生长环境和栽培管理措施、加工工艺及贮藏方式等。文中对茶叶挥发性化合物的定量检测方法和挥发性香气化合物与茶叶感官品质之间的关系也进行了讨论。     

水稻镉污染相关农艺调控技术研究与应用进展

水稻是我国主要的粮食作物之一,稻米安全生产正受到农田镉污染的严重威胁,减少水稻镉污染的农艺技术发展也备受关注。本文简要阐述了水分管理技术、合理施肥技术、叶面阻控技术、原位钝化修复技术、微生物修复技术、种植制度调整以及种植镉低积累品种等农艺调控技术控制水稻镉污染的研究与应用,并对存在的问题及今后的发展方向进行了探讨与展望,以期为更有效调控水稻镉污染提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

Potential of the system of rice intensification for systemic improvement in rice production and water use: the case of Andhra Pradesh, India

As opportunities to enhance the irrigation base for raising food production in the country are dwindling, India needs a more concerted effort to increase the efficiency and productivity of its irrigation systems. This study, based on an analysis of experience from the state of Andhra Pradesh, addresses the potential of the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) to contribute to systemic corrections in present paddy cultivation, both with regard to agronomic productivity and irrigation water use efficiency. This study points to the considerable increase in rice productivity and farmer incomes, which is being achieved in Andhra Pradesh with substantial reduction in irrigation water application, labor, and seed costs through utilization of SRI methods. Potential public savings on water and power costs could be drawn upon not only for promoting SRI but also to effect systemic corrections in the irrigation sector, to mutual advantage.     

Analysis on genetic contribution of agronomic traits to total sugar in flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)

To uncover the genetic contributions of agronomic traits to content of total sugar (TS) and find indicator traits for indirect selection on TS in the flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum L.), multivariable conditional analysis was conducted based on a genetic model containing additive–dominance and their interactions with environments. Fourteen cultivars (or breeding lines) and derived 41 F₁ crosses were grown at four locations in Yunnan province, China. Significant phenotypic contribution to TS was detected for six agronomic traits, plant height (PH), girth of stem (GS), internode length (INL), number of leaves (NL), length of middle leaves (LML) and width of middle leaves (WML). There was large contribution of additive effects due to each of the five agronomic traits (PH, GS, INL, LML and WML). The contribution ratio of dominance effect was high due to PH. By serving as high contributor of additive effects to TS and having high ratios of additive variance to phenotypic variance, INL and PH could be used as indicative agronomic traits for selecting breeding lines with suitable TS. Among the six agronomic traits, PH had the highest contribution to dominance effects of TS for most F₁ crosses, and could be used for selecting the crosses with suitable TS.     

茶树新品种‘景白2号’

介绍了茶树新品种‘景白2号’的选育过程以及区域性试验情况、品种特征特性、栽培和繁殖技术要点。该品种是高产、优质品种,适应性及抗逆性较强,综合性状稳定,适合在景宁县及相似气候环境区域推广种植。