茶树茎段组织培养过程中防褐化污染方法研究

以福鼎大白茶幼嫩茎段为外植体,研究其组织培养过程中防止外植体褐化及污染的方法。结果表明,最佳的外植体消毒方式为:75%酒精消毒20～25 s+0.1%升汞消毒4 min+无菌水冲洗2遍+0.1%升汞消毒5 min+无菌水冲洗4遍;培养基中加入150 mg/L活性炭(AC)时,能够有效控制外植体褐化;在培养基中加入150 mg/L的硫酸链霉素能够有效降低外植体的污染率。     

甜椒花药培养外植体消毒技术的初步研究

以甜椒花药为外植体,研究对比了不同消毒方法对甜椒花药的消毒效果。结果表明:采用75%酒精消毒1 min后,再用0.1%Hg Cl2消毒10 min,能够取得较佳的消毒效果,可将污染率和褐化率控制在相对较低的水平,花药存活率可达82.59%。     

二氧化氯对剑麻外植体材料消毒的应用研究

为建立高效、环保的剑麻无菌繁殖技术,以H.11648剑麻的珠芽为外植体,以1 000 mg/L HgCl2溶液对外植体材料浸泡消毒灭菌20 min作对照,以不同浓度的ClO2溶液对外植体材料进行不同时间的浸泡消毒灭菌试验。结果表明,500~3 000 mg/L ClO2溶液对剑麻珠芽外植体浸泡消毒20~50 min,可显著降低培养材料的污染率,外植体生长好,腋芽萌动快,腋芽萌发率在14.175%~47.335%,显著高于对照的4.340%,最初3次继代的增殖率为5.685~11.325倍,显著高于对照的3.040倍。剑麻珠芽外植体材料消毒灭菌的最适宜方法是1 000 mg/LClO2溶液浸泡消毒30 min。     

番木瓜（Carica papaya L．）外植体消毒方法

研究了消毒剂组合、消毒时间及热水处理对优良番木瓜成龄株芽的消毒效果，结果表明，番木瓜外植体采用75％酒精-15％次氯酸钠-0．1％升汞消毒剂组合，且0．1％升汞消毒时间为17min时，消毒效果最好。在使用消毒剂前，采用热水处理番木瓜外植体，可以降低污染率。     

林下参叶片愈伤组织的诱导

为建立林下参组培快繁技术体系,本研究以林下参叶片为外植体探讨消毒方式、外源激素浓度和不同年生对愈伤组织诱导的影响。结果表明:采用75%酒精1min,2%NaClO 20 min的消毒方式消毒,外植体污染率低且愈伤组织诱导率高;林下参愈伤组织最佳诱导培养基为:MS+2,4-D 1.5 mg/L+BA 0.5 mg/L+水解乳蛋白1g/L;不同年生叶片的愈伤组织诱导率没有显著差异。本研究可为林下参资源的可持续利用奠定方法基础。     

芦笋嫩茎节间无菌外植体建立及其影响因素的研究

以芦笋嫩茎节间为外植体，通过腋芽诱导的方式获得了再生植株，并对影响外植体建立的几种因素进行了研究。结果表明：外植体、消毒方法和诱导培养基均可影响无菌外植体的建立；以嫩芽的地上部分(绿色)为外植体，消毒方法为75％酒精4min 1g／L升汞溶液25min，诱导培养基为MS 6-BA0．1mg／L NAA0．1mg／L，可以建立起无菌外植体。     

鱼腥草愈伤组织的诱导技术

以鱼腥草茎秆和叶片为外植体,进行外植体消毒和愈伤组织诱导条件的研究。结果表明：外植体在0.1%升汞中浸泡10 min可达到良好的消毒效果,污染率低于2%;愈伤诱导所用的茎秆和叶片两种器官中,适宜的外植体是茎秆,其诱导率可达31.25%;愈伤诱导时,24 h暗培养比12 h黑暗与12 h光照交替培养诱导率高;在含2,4-D或6-BA的3种培养基中,仅在MS＋2.0 mg.L-16-BA＋6.0 g.L-1琼脂＋30 g.L-1蔗糖的诱导培养基中诱导出了愈伤组织,诱导率最高为28.57%。     

屏南龙源‘四季杜鹃’古树组培快繁技术研究

以屏南县棠口乡龙源村400多年‘四季杜鹃’古树的顶芽为外植体,开展离体快繁技术研究,探讨外植体消毒方式、取材时间对无菌系建立的影响,培养基中植物生长调节剂种类和配比对芽苗继代增殖的影响,以及培养基中植物生长调节剂的种类与配比对无根苗瓶内生根的影响。试验结果表明,外植体表面消毒以75%酒精作用30 s后再用0.1% HgCl₂消毒8 min,消毒效果最好。外植体最佳的取材时间为5月中旬前后。在无菌系建立中污染的外植体可采用75%酒精消毒20 s,然后用0.1% HgCl₂消毒5 min,再经4次转瓶后成功率可达71%。初代培养的最适培养基为WPM+3.0 mg/L ZT+0.1 mg/L NAA+0.5 mg/L GA₃ ,平均有效芽数为3.45。在增殖培养中,带腋芽茎段诱导丛生芽的增殖效果优于顶芽,最适培养基组合为Anderson+0.5 mg/L TDZ+0.1 mg/L NAA,增殖系数达13.23。最适的瓶内生根培养基为：WPM+0.1 mg/L ZT+0.5 mg/L NAA,生根率达92.6%。本研究的结果可为‘四季杜鹃’古树的保护与开发利用提供理论与技术支持。     

海大油茶4号快繁及组培芽做接穗的芽苗砧嫁接体系优化

为建立高效、稳定的海南油茶良种离体快繁体系,加快油茶芽苗砧嫁接苗的繁育,以海南本土油茶良种海大油茶4号当年生枝条的腋芽及顶芽为外植体,初代诱导定芽萌发建立无菌体系,再通过增殖培养提高组培芽增殖系数,进一步对增殖芽进行壮芽和炼芽,作为海南地区油茶芽苗砧嫁接用接穗。结果表明,最适宜的外植体消毒方法为：以2% NaClO 15 min + 0.1% HgCl₂ 12 min进行复合消毒,外植体在添加杀菌剂0.1 g/L清菌易的培养基上初代培养,污染率可控制在20%以下;腋芽和顶芽的初代芽诱导适宜培养基为：MS+0.1 mg/L IAA+2 mg/L 6-BA+0.5 mg/L GA₃;无菌组培芽的适宜增殖培养基为：WPM+2 mg/L 6-BA+0.05 mg/L IAA+2 mg/L GA₃;组培单芽的适宜壮芽培养基为：WPM + 活性炭500 mg/L;将组培芽接穗用6-BA 50 mg/L的溶液浸泡基部2 min,嫁接成苗率可达90%以上。     

玉米花药培养中影响褐变的几个因素的初步研究

对影响玉米花药培养中褐变发生的几个因素进行研究表明:外植体的消毒方法、受胁迫程度、基因型、培养基的种类、成份及激素配比都影响到了褐变的发生。通过对以上几个因素的调整,使褐变得到了较好的控制,褐变率大大降低。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

In vitro reproduction in the annual pasture legumes subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.)

Pasture legumes are important components of both mixed farming rotations and permanent pastures in temperate climates. Breeding of two widely sown pasture legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), is constrained by the long generation cycle, typically enabling only one generation per year. We hypothesized manipulation of culture medium and conditions would enable the development of a laboratory‐based protocol for in vitro reproduction in subterranean clover and French serradella. In vitro flowering and viable seed set was induced from both species. For subterranean clover, the most effective treatment was culturing on modified MS medium with 1 μm kinetin and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and continuous photoperiod. For French serradella, culture on a hormone‐free B5 medium with 5 mm NH₄Cl and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and 20 h photoperiod was optimum. It is expected this technique will have application in accelerating generation turnover within breeding programs, for the study of factors influencing flowering in pasture legumes, and for the propagation of valuable yet enfeebled plants such as embryo‐rescued hybrids.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Estimation of lucerne yield stability for enabling effective cultivar selection under rainfed conditions

Evaluation of crop and forage yield stability is of increasing relevance in the context of current and recent environmental changes but, in contrast to other field crops, there are no published systematic analyses among forage crops in Europe. A study of stability performance was conducted with 13 Czech cultivars of lucerne at four locations over a 2‐year period with the following aims: (a) to evaluate yield stability of varieties across different environments and (b) to calculate measurable benefits of variety selection in relation to the specific environment. The cultivar Vlasta was identified as the highest yielding cultivar (annual yield 16.0 t DM/ha), whereas the lowest yielding cv. Magda, Tereza and Oslava averaged around 14.9 t DM/ha. Effect of genotype × environment interaction (G × E) was two times higher than for genotype alone. Additive main effects and the multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model showed that the highest yielding cultivars may not be stable across environments. This study demonstrated further that significant yield improvement could be detected, even among a relatively homogenous group of domestic cultivars, and this was driven mainly by site productivity: the improvement was +10% in low‐yielding sites, compared with +3% in high‐yielding sites. Results highlight that advanced agronomy should also consider stability parameters such as AMMI stability value or superiority measures for forage crops in response to the challenges associated with climate change.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.