海南省红树林区浮游动物多样性的初步研究

为了解海南省红树林区的浮游动物群落结构及多样性现状,2009年6月对海南省7个主要红树林区进行浮游动物调查,采用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)、Pielous种类均匀度(J′)、 Berger-Parker优势度指数(Y)等进行种类多样性评价。结果表明,调查所采获的浮游动物共有42种,桡足类种类数最多。浮游动物的平均生物量为4.28 g/m3,浮游动物的丰度平均值为245.14 ind/m3。H′甚高,范围在3.35～3.95,J′范围在0.82～0.97,种类多样性非常丰富。     

红树林区大型底栖动物研究进展

综述了近年来国内外红树林区大型底栖动物的研究进展。目前,红树林区大型底栖动物研究主要集中在物种多样性、影响因子、与其他生物的关系、次级生产力和污染生态学等方面。同时提出今后还应该更深入地进行红树林区大型底栖动物的多样性、红树林恢复过程中大型底栖动物的群落特征,并应用大型底栖动物对红树林生态系统进行监测和评价。     

象山港底栖硅藻群落结构特征

于2005年5月(春季)和11月(秋季)对浙江省象山港海域底栖硅藻进行采样调查,分析底栖硅藻的种类组成、丰度、优势种、多样性及群落结构的季节变化和平面分布特征,并讨论底栖硅藻与水温、盐度等环境因子之间的关系。共鉴定硅藻46属179种,硅藻种类数在春季共有46属164种,秋季减少到22属52种。种类组成以广温种为主,其次是暖水种和温水种。主要优势种有柱状小环藻(Cyclotella stylorum)、琼氏圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus jonesianus)等。细胞丰度范围在(0.007~6.851)×103个/g之间,平均值为1.522×103个/g。春季硅藻丰度较高,平均值为2.974×103个/g,秋季为0.071×103个/g。不同站位间硅藻的分布也表现出显著的差异,硅藻细胞丰度最高值位于港顶部鱼排密集区9号站位,春季细胞丰度值为6.851×103个/g,秋季细胞丰度值为0.143×103个/g。硅藻丰度较高的有位于鱼排区的3号、4号、5号、7号站位,其余较低。硅藻群落多样性指数和均匀度春季较高,秋季降低。底栖硅藻数量分布随季节变化明显,与盐度关系不大。     

西沙监控区浮游植物生态现状

2007年4月对中国西沙群岛的5个生态监控区,即永兴岛、石岛、西沙洲、赵述岛和北岛的浮游生物和水质进行采样调查。结果表明:5个生态监控区浮游植物的种类为50属117种,第1优势种为红海束毛藻(Trichodesmium erythraeum);浮游植物的平均密度为2.08×104ind/m3,范围为4.42×104～0.85×104ind/m3。多样性指数、丰富度指数一般,均匀度指数低。目前西沙生态监控区浮游植物没有受到人为输送含N、P和Si的化合物影响,P是浮游植物的主要限制因子。     

松墨天牛对马尾松林节肢动物群落数量分布的影响

分析了松墨天牛（Monochamus alternatusHope）对马尾松（Pinus massonianaLamb.）林分节肢动物群落的影响。结果表明：随松墨天牛危害程度加重,马尾松林分中节肢动物的物种数和个体数明显下降,其捕食性、植食性功能群种类和个体数及寄生性天敌个体数明显减少;松墨天牛危害对灌木草本层节肢动物种类和数量影响最大,在重度危害林分中,灌木草本层的节肢动物多样性指数H′和优势集中性指数J均显著低于轻度危害林分中的指数;受松墨天牛危害后,林分中稳定性指数S1/S2和N1/N2显著下降,马尾松林分中节肢动物的多样性和稳定性及其天敌对害虫的制约潜能显著降低。     

黄淮麦区小麦新品种(系)的遗传多样性分析

为了解黄淮麦区新育成小麦品种的遗传多样性,选用33对SSR引物对2011/2012年度国家黄淮冬麦区(南片)区试42个小麦品种(系)的遗传差异情况进行了分析。结果显示,(1)33对引物共检测到128个等位变异,每对引物检测到等位变异数2～6个,平均3.88个;每个SSR位点多态性信息指数(PIC)为0.09～0.77,平均为0.53。(2)小麦新品种3个基因组的平均遗传丰富度不同,由高到低排序为A>B>D,平均遗传多样性指数为B>A>D。(3)品种间遗传相似系数(GS)为0.15～0.88,平均为0.52。聚类分析结果表明,42个品种被聚为2大类,4个亚类,其中大部分品种聚集于前两个亚类。本研究表明,黄淮麦区小麦区试品种(系)中少数品种具有较大遗传差异,可为亲本利用提供参考,但参试品种总体遗传多样性水平较低。     

茶树根际固氮微生物群落组成及生态位

根据生态学原理和方法,对茶树根固氮微生物组成及生态位研究表明：茶树根际固氮微生物大致可分为3大类10个种类,个体数量丰富;从时间生态位宽度指数和多样性指数测定到,6,8月分根际固氮微生物种类、个体数量多,生长发育旺盛,固氮作用最大,对土壤氮贡献也最大,从空间生态痊宽度指数B和多样性指数H测定得到,0－20cm土层H′、B值大于20－40cm土层的H′、B;从时间、空间二维生态位宽度测定得到,一年四季茶园根际固氮微生物的优势种为梭状固氮菌、芽孢杆菌、真菌类、杆状固氮菌4种。     

海南儋州地区橡胶林叶面积指数月动态研究

叶面积指数(Leaf Area Index,LAI)是描述植被冠层结构的重要参数,它对分析橡胶光合潜力、预测产量和评估灾害都具有重要意义。本研究利用LAI-2000获得了海南儋州两院地区30个橡胶林连续2年半的LAI月动态。结果表明：(1)橡胶林LAI最小值出现在1～2月的落叶季,最小值为(0.54±0.14)m2/m2;随后的第一篷叶抽叶期(3～4月),LAI快速增长,4月底平均值增至3以上[最大观测值为(4.48±0.82)m2/m2],平均占全年最大LAI的77.75%;之后增长趋于缓慢,至9月底达到年度最大值,最大观测值为(5.27±0.79)m2/m2。(2)LAI年际差异较大,平均LAI相差可达1以上,影响因素主要有年际物候差和台风灾害等;(3)不同年龄的橡胶林之间LAI存在差异,在第一篷叶期间,平均LAI为老龄橡胶林(＞20龄)＞幼龄及初开割林(≤10龄)＞中龄橡胶林(11～20龄),而在之后至落叶前期,平均LAI次序为幼龄及初开割林＞老龄橡胶林＞中龄橡胶林。     

八门湾红树林土壤可培养真菌的多样性分析

以文昌市八门湾红树林海莲林区和海漆林区土壤样品作为研究对象,采用稀释平板分离法对土壤样品中的真菌进行了分离,通过形态学观察和ITS-rDNA序列分析对分离得到的真菌进行鉴定,通过生态学指数统计分析,研究了红树林土壤可培养真菌的优势类群及多样性,共分离到真菌206株,包括21个属和无孢类群.两种生境土壤中真菌的主要优势类群是青霉属(Penicillium)、曲霉属(Apergillus)和木霉属(Trichoderma);Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H’)为1.688～2.281、Pielou均匀度指数(JSW)为0.745～0.864、Margalef丰富度指数(DMA)为1.755～3.415;相似性系数分析结果显示不同土壤样品间真菌种属组成相似性系数(Cs)在0.545～0.737,表明土壤可培养真菌种属组成存在空间上的差异;分离得到的菌株中DF12098和HF12701与Genbank中已经报道的基因序列相似性分别为93％和97％,具有进一步研究的价值,以确定是否是新的微生物菌种资源.     

海南不同降雨量地区桉树人工林与天然林及其他经济林分植被多样性差异研究

为探究降雨量和林分类型差异对植被多样性的影响，选取海南省年降雨量明显差异的3个地区设置植被多样性研究试验。经过2014—2019年连续5 a的调查发现，试验区天然林中现存植物种类共计45科58属61种，桉树人工林中有26科37属39种，芒果人工林、马占相思人工林、橡胶人工林由于频繁的人为经营管理，其植被多样性相对较低；不同降雨量地区天然林的物种多样性指数差异显著(P<0.05)，桉树人工林则差异不显著；天然林和桉树人工林物种丰富度指数(R)随降雨量的增加而增加，天然林乔木层、灌木层的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)、Simpson多样性指数(D)、Pielou均匀度指数(J_sw)随着降雨量增加而减小，草本层则与之相反；桉树人工林灌木层、草本层的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数则随降雨量增加而增加；物种多样性指数的时间动态变化在天然林和桉树人工林灌木层和草本层波动明显，乔木层的变化则较为平稳。通过分析表明，降雨量是造成地区物种多样性差异的主要原因，与天然林相比，桉树人工林乔木层生态位的缺失是造...     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

In vitro reproduction in the annual pasture legumes subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.)

Pasture legumes are important components of both mixed farming rotations and permanent pastures in temperate climates. Breeding of two widely sown pasture legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), is constrained by the long generation cycle, typically enabling only one generation per year. We hypothesized manipulation of culture medium and conditions would enable the development of a laboratory‐based protocol for in vitro reproduction in subterranean clover and French serradella. In vitro flowering and viable seed set was induced from both species. For subterranean clover, the most effective treatment was culturing on modified MS medium with 1 μm kinetin and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and continuous photoperiod. For French serradella, culture on a hormone‐free B5 medium with 5 mm NH₄Cl and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and 20 h photoperiod was optimum. It is expected this technique will have application in accelerating generation turnover within breeding programs, for the study of factors influencing flowering in pasture legumes, and for the propagation of valuable yet enfeebled plants such as embryo‐rescued hybrids.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Estimation of lucerne yield stability for enabling effective cultivar selection under rainfed conditions

Evaluation of crop and forage yield stability is of increasing relevance in the context of current and recent environmental changes but, in contrast to other field crops, there are no published systematic analyses among forage crops in Europe. A study of stability performance was conducted with 13 Czech cultivars of lucerne at four locations over a 2‐year period with the following aims: (a) to evaluate yield stability of varieties across different environments and (b) to calculate measurable benefits of variety selection in relation to the specific environment. The cultivar Vlasta was identified as the highest yielding cultivar (annual yield 16.0 t DM/ha), whereas the lowest yielding cv. Magda, Tereza and Oslava averaged around 14.9 t DM/ha. Effect of genotype × environment interaction (G × E) was two times higher than for genotype alone. Additive main effects and the multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model showed that the highest yielding cultivars may not be stable across environments. This study demonstrated further that significant yield improvement could be detected, even among a relatively homogenous group of domestic cultivars, and this was driven mainly by site productivity: the improvement was +10% in low‐yielding sites, compared with +3% in high‐yielding sites. Results highlight that advanced agronomy should also consider stability parameters such as AMMI stability value or superiority measures for forage crops in response to the challenges associated with climate change.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.