节水灌溉对寒地水稻群体生长特性的影响

试验研究了浅湿干灌溉、间歇灌溉、好气灌溉等3种大田节水灌溉方式对水稻群体生长特性的影响。结果表明,节水灌溉延迟了水稻分蘖进程,分蘖数较常规灌溉不同程度增加,增幅为27~54茎/m2;水稻成穗率较常规灌溉有所提高,增幅分别为3.2%、13.9%和12.8%;水稻根干质量和根冠比均高于常规灌溉。     

宁夏稻作区水分胁迫对水稻分蘖动态及产量的影响

研究了不同灌溉方式对水稻分蘖能力及产量的影响。结果表明,灌溉条件越好,水稻分蘖能力越强,收获穗数越多,产量越高;全生育期间歇灌溉和胁迫灌溉对水稻分蘖能力以及产量均有较大影响。在宁夏水资源紧缺的条件下,应通过调整种植业结构、增加轮作面积、延长轮作周期等措施压减控制水稻种植面积,保证有限的水资源能够充分灌溉一定面积的水稻,并通过完善改进水利设施,达到减少渗漏浪费、提高水资源利用效率的目的。     

麦秆还田下水氮耦合对水稻氮素吸收利用及产量的影响

【目的】研究麦秆还田下不同水氮耦合对麦茬杂交籼稻氮素吸收利用及产量的影响。【方法】以杂交稻F优498为材料,设置不同水分处理方式(干湿交替灌溉、淹水灌溉)、氮肥运筹 [总氮150 kg/hm²,基肥∶蘖肥∶穗肥分别为3∶3∶4(N1)、7∶3∶0(N2)、不施氮(N0)]和秸秆还田(秸秆全量翻埋还田、秸秆不还田),测定还田秸秆氮素腐解率、水稻籽粒产量及主要生育时期各器官氮素吸收利用特征。【结果】干湿交替灌溉促进了秸秆氮素释放,使水稻在拔节期后的地上部氮素积累量提高4.85%~33.92%,提高成熟期茎鞘氮素转运能力,穗部氮素吸收量提高了10.73%~16.42%,最终提高有效穗数并增产2.51%~3.77%。秸秆还田释放氮素营养,提高拔节期后的水稻地上部氮素积累量5.15%~53.21%和成熟期叶片氮素转运能力,提高穗部氮素吸收量4.93%~ 43.91%,最终增产9.62%~18.33%。施氮促进了秸秆养分释放,提高了水稻植株氮素吸收与转运能力,增加了有效穗数并显著增产16.21%~28.31%。对比干湿交替灌溉耦合优化施氮(N1)模式与淹水灌溉耦合传统施氮(N2)模式,前者促进了各时期的秸秆养分释放,提高了地上部氮素积累能力和茎鞘及叶片的氮素转运能力,并显著提高了氮肥回收利用率7.27%~26.06%。【结论】麦秆全量翻埋还田条件下,干湿交替灌溉耦合优化施氮的水氮耦合模式可促进秸秆氮素释放,有效提高水稻氮素积累及利用能力,提高氮肥回收利用率与水分利用率,为本研究中最适水肥耦合模式。     

不同灌溉方式对水稻产量及产量构成因子的影响

通过多年不同灌溉试验,研究了不同灌溉方式对水稻产量及产量构成因子的影响。结果表明,常规淹水灌溉栽培使水稻分蘖高峰期提前,分蘖增多,株高增高;节水灌溉栽培、极度节水灌溉栽培使水稻分蘖高峰期后移,分蘖减少,株高降低,生育期推迟。在常规淹水灌溉、节水灌溉、极度节水灌溉三种灌溉栽培下平均穗长递减。常规淹水灌溉栽培、节水灌溉栽培对水稻单位面积收获穗数和平均每穗实粒数影响不大;极度节水灌溉栽培对水稻单位收获穗数和平均每穗实粒数影响较大。节水灌溉栽培、极度节水灌溉栽培使水稻平均千粒重和平均结实率较高;常规淹水灌溉栽培反而使水稻千粒重和结实率降低。常规淹水灌溉栽培、节水灌溉栽培条件下水稻平均产量接近,说明水稻在栽培过程中适度的节水,对产量没有影响;极度节水灌溉栽培条件下水稻平均产量较低,说明节水过度对水稻的产量影响很大,降低了水分利用效率,反而成为低效用水。     

灌溉模式与施氮量互作对水稻茎蘖产量形成的影响

【目的】明确灌溉模式与施氮量及其互作对水稻根系形态、茎蘖产量形成的影响,以期为水稻绿色生产及水肥高效利用提供理论依据。【方法】采用大田试验的方法,以两优287为材料,设置浸润式灌溉(W1)、常规灌溉(W2)和淹水灌溉(W3)三种灌水模式,不施氮(N0,0 kg/hm²)、常规施氮(N1,165.0 kg/hm²)和高氮(N2,247.5 kg /hm²)三个氮肥用量共9个处理。在水稻关键生育期取样,测定根系形态和活力、茎蘖动态、生物量和养分含量,研究灌溉模式与施氮量及其互作对水稻生长发育、产量、氮肥利用率和品质的影响。【结果】与W2处理相比,尽管W1处理水稻成穗率平均减少9.2%,但主茎、一次分蘖和二次分蘖的产量分别增加32.7%、18.1%和33.4%,总体产量平均增加18.5%;W3处理水稻成穗率平均减少5.0%,主茎、一次分蘖和二次分蘖的产量分别平均增加9.3%、2.0%和46.4%,总体产量无显著差异。与N0处理相比,各施氮处理的水稻成穗率平均增加6.1%,主茎和一次分蘖的产量分别平均增加8.1%和92.6%,二次分蘖产量平均增加0.57 t/hm²(N0处理无二次分蘖),总体产量平均增加88.0%。方差分析结果显示,灌溉模式与施氮量对茎蘖产量、总体产量及每穗粒数存在显著交互作用。此外,灌溉模式与施氮量对根系形态、根系活力、氮素吸收以及氮素干物质生产效率均产生了显著影响。方差分析结果显示,灌溉模式与施氮量对总根长、根体积、根尖数、根系伤流速度以及根、茎、叶、穗各器官生物量、群体生长速率等均存在显著交互作用。【结论】灌溉模式和施氮量显著影响水稻根系形态、分蘖形成及产量,且存在明显的交互作用。本试验条件下,浸润式灌溉模式下施用适量氮肥(165.0 kg/hm²)可在获得较高产量的同时提高水分和氮肥利用效率并改善稻米品质。     

不同灌溉模式对杂交水稻生育后规根系生理特性和剑叶光合特性的影响

对杂交水稻组合红莲优6和两优1193在淹水灌溉和湿润灌溉两种灌溉模式下生育后期的根系和光合生理特性进行了比较分析。结果显示，湿润灌溉增大了水稻根系密度，提高了根系活力，相关分析显示根系密度与根系活力呈正相关（r1=0.66,r2=0.68)。齐穗期剑叶叶绿素含量处理间差异不显著，但成熟期湿润灌溉显著高于淹水灌溉，推测浸润灌溉有利于剑叶功能期的延长和光合速率的提高，湿润灌溉条件下，群体生长率和相对生长率均显著高于淹水灌溉，表明湿润灌溉有利于水稻生殖生长期的干物质积累，上述结果可能是湿灌处理条件下水稻单位面积的产量极显著高于淹灌处理的主要原因。     

干湿交替灌溉对抗旱性不同水稻品种产量的影响及其生理原因分析

【目的】旨在阐明全生育期干湿交替灌溉对抗旱性不同水稻品种产量的影响。【方法】以抗旱性差异显著的4个水稻品种(籼稻扬稻6号和两优培九,粳稻旱优8号和镇稻88)为材料,以常规水层灌溉(CI)为对照,在盆栽条件下研究了轻干湿交替灌溉(WMD)和重干湿交替灌溉(WSD)对水稻产量、根系、叶片及籽粒部分生理特性的影响。【结果】与CI相比,WMD处理下抗旱性较强品种扬稻6号和旱优8号产量分别提高6.90%和7.45%,抗旱性较弱品种两优培九和镇稻88产量分别降低7.28%和8.10%。WSD处理下,4个水稻品种的产量均显著下降,抗旱性较弱的品种产量降幅远高于抗旱性较强的水稻品种。WMD处理下,扬稻6号和旱优8号复水后根系氧化力、根系与叶片细胞分裂素(玉米素+玉米素核苷)含量、叶片光合速率和籽粒中蔗糖-淀粉代谢途径关键酶的活性均较CI有不同程度提高,而两优培九和镇稻88上述指标则与CI持平或有不同程度降低。WSD处理下,4个品种上述指标均较CI不同程度降低。【结论】轻干湿交替灌溉条件下,根系活性强、叶片细胞分裂素含量和光合速率高、籽粒中蔗糖-淀粉代谢途径关键酶活性强是抗旱性较强水稻品种的基本生理特征。     

流水灌溉减轻晚稻秧苗高温伤害的研究

以天优华占、五优308、甬优538、嘉58为材料,研究了高温下不同灌溉方式对机插晚稻秧苗生长的影响,以期为减轻晚稻秧苗高温伤害提供技术参考。结果表明,相对于浅水灌溉,循环流水灌溉能够显著降低高温伤害。在空气温度为40℃的条件下,与浅水灌溉相比,循环流水灌溉提升了晚稻的秧苗素质。与浅水灌溉相比,5d的流水灌溉处理秧苗干物质量平均提高28.33%,SPAD值平均提高3.73%,全展叶黄叶数平均下降41.66%。流水灌溉减轻秧苗高温伤害的主要原因是降低了土温和水温,土温比浅水灌溉低1℃~2℃,而日间水温比浅水灌溉的田块低22.86%~25.71%。试验结果表明,晚稻机插秧时,如遇极端高温天气,可以利用循环流水灌溉的方式来降低秧苗伤害,加快水稻返青。     

灌溉模式与施氮量交互作用对水稻产量以及水、氮利用效率的影响

【目的】研究不同水、氮管理模式对水稻产量以及水、氮利用效率的影响,以期为水稻高产与水、氮高效利用提供理论依据和技术参考。【方法】大田试验于2015-2016年在浙江富阳进行,供试品种为三系籼型杂交稻天优华占。设置常规灌溉(CI)和干湿交替灌溉(AWD)两种灌溉模式,同时设置低氮(LN,80 kg/hm~2)、中氮(MN,160kg/hm~2)和高氮(HN,240 kg/hm~2)3种施氮水平。【结果】灌溉模式与施氮量对水稻产量以及水、氮利用效率有显著互作效应。与CI相比,AWD抑制无效分蘖,分蘖成穗率提高8.1%~10.7%;提高抽穗期至成熟期的光合势(LAD)与群体生长率(CGR);促进根系下扎,10~20 cm根层根系生物量增加了24.4%~32.3%,同时提高了结实期根系活性;促使茎鞘中非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)向籽粒中运转;且AWD在160 kg/hm~2(中氮)施氮水平下可显著提高产量与水、氮利用效率,为本研究最佳的水、氮运筹模式。【结论】通过适宜的水、氮运筹可充分发挥其互作效应,提高水稻产量与水、氮利用效率。     

稻田水分管理方式对水稻光合速率和水分利用效率的影响

以超级杂交稻两优培九和中优6号为材料, 设3个不同水分管理措施,在穗分化期、开花期和花后20 d分别测定叶片光合速率和水分利用率。结果表明:不同水分管理方式影响水稻地上部干物重、叶面积指数、光合速率、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率。水分好气灌溉管理地上部干物重和水分利用效率明显增加;水分低水位管理蒸腾速率、地上部干物重和叶片水分利用效率下降。淹水灌溉地上部干物重、叶面积指数、叶片光合速率和水分利用率较低。因此,水稻好气灌溉有利于光合物质积累,显著增产和提高水分利用效率。试验还表明这3种水分管理对稻米蛋白质含量的影响不显著。     

【Short Report】Grain Yield and Leaf Area Growth of Direct-Seeded Rice on Flooded and Aerobic Soils in Japan

Abstract

Direct-seeding has been proposed as a water- and labor-saving method to grow irrigated rice. Our objective was to compare the effects of flooded and aerobic conditions on the yield stability of direct-seeded rice. We set up four trials in the field: aerobic, near-saturated and flooded soils with direct seeding, and flooded soil with transplanting. Grain yield of direct-seeded rice was comparable to that of transplanted under flooded conditions. However, the yield of direct-seeded rice under aerobic conditions was up to 21% lower than that under flooded conditions. This poor performance was associated with reduced leaf growth during the vegetative stage. Our results indicate that the yield stability of direct-seeded rice could be lowered by the water-saving irrigation, compared with the conventional flooded culture. In order to save irrigation water, physiological research on direct-seeded rice should target the vulnerability of rice to aerobic soils or to soil moisture fluctuations.     

减氮和增氧灌溉对水稻产量和氮素利用的影响

【目的】明确减氮和增氧灌溉对水稻生长、产量和氮肥利用的影响。【方法】以3个品种水稻中旱221(旱稻)、中浙优8号(水稻)和IR45765-3B(深水稻)为材料，并设常规施氮量(195.0 kg/hm²)、减施氮量(157.5kg/hm²)2种氮水平和常规淹水灌溉(ConventionalFloodIrrigation,WL)、微纳米气泡水增氧灌溉(Micro-nanoBubbleWater OxygenationIrrigation,MBWI)2个灌溉模式，对比分析了3个品种水稻的茎蘖动态、叶片叶绿素含量、叶面积、干物质量、产量和水稻的氮素吸收利用特征。【结果】研究结果表明，MBWI处理显著增加了水稻产量，中旱221、中浙优8号和IR45765-3B的2年平均产量MBWI处理分别比WL处理增加12.4%、7.5%和6.7%，这可能与水稻有效穗数、每穗粒数密切相关。微纳米气泡水增氧灌溉和增施氮肥用量显著增加水稻叶片叶绿素含量和叶面积，并增加水稻干物质积累量。氮肥和增氧灌溉均影响水稻各氮素利用率指标，与淹水灌溉相比，微纳米气泡水增氧灌溉均可以显著...     

不同灌溉模式对杂交水稻生育后期根系生理特性和剑叶光合特性的影响

对杂交水稻组合红莲优6和两优1193在淹水灌溉和湿润灌溉两种灌溉模式下生育后期的根系和光合生理特性进行了比较分析。结果显示,湿润灌溉增大了水稻根系密度,提高了根系活力,相关分析显示根系密度与根系活力呈正相关(r1=0.66, r2=0.68)。齐穗期剑叶叶绿素含量处理间差异不显著,但成熟期湿润灌溉显著高于淹水灌溉,推测湿润灌溉有利于剑叶功能期的延长和光合速率的提高。湿润灌溉条件下,群体生长率和相对生长率均显著高于淹水灌溉,表明湿润灌溉有利于水稻生殖生长期的干物质积累。上述结果可能是湿灌处理条件下水稻单位面积的产量极显著高于淹灌处理的主要原因。     

免耕玉米秸秆覆盖水稻的生育特性

2002~2003年在大田条件下研究了玉米茬移栽稻不同耕作方式对杂交稻的产量和生长特性的影响。结果表明,玉米茬晚稻以免耕畦作玉米秸秆覆盖处理产量最高,免耕玉米秸秆不覆盖处理次之,分别比传统翻耕移栽增产121%~20.5%和7.5%~7.7%。主要表现在白根比例高,根系伤流量大,分蘖早生快发,干物质量高。玉米茬晚稻免耕畦作玉米秸秆覆盖处理各主要生育期叶面积指数大,叶绿素含量和叶片光合速率高,氮素的积累和吸收量大。免耕玉米秸秆不覆盖处理开花前生长较旺,但后期存在早衰现象。     

Effects of water management and organic fertilization with SRI crop practices on hybrid rice performance and rhizosphere dynamics

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of intermittent versus continuous irrigation, together with different degrees of organic fertilization, on the growth and yield of hybrid rice, looking also at the functioning of the rhizosphere as this is a key element affecting crop performance. The crop management practices employed generally followed the recommendations of the System of Rice Intensification (SRI). The aim of the research was to learn how water management and organic fertilization together would affect crop outcomes. Under intermittent water application as recommended with SRI management (aerobic irrigation, AI), grain yield increased by 10.5–11.3%, compared to standard irrigation practice (continuous flooding, CF). The factor that contributed most to higher yield was increased number of grains per panicle. It was seen that under the range of organic fertilization treatments evaluated, intermittent irrigation compared with CF promoted greater dry matter production and higher leaf area index (LAI) during the main growth stages. Also, the combination of intermittent irrigation and organic material applications significantly increased soil redox potential (Eh), compared with CF, and also the numbers of actinomycetes in the rhizosphere soil. Actinomycetes were evaluated in this study as an indicator of aerobic soil biota. It was seen that with intermittent irrigation, the application of organic material improved the functioning of the rhizosphere and increased yield. However, these results based on 2 years of study reflect relatively short-term effects. The effects of longer-term water management and soil fertilization regimes should be also examined, to know whether these effects continue and, if they do, whether they become greater or less.     

增氧模式对水稻光合特性及产量的影响

【目的】研究不同增氧模式对水稻光合特性和物质生产的影响,并探讨适宜不同生态型水稻品种生长以及提高其产量的增氧模式,进一步明确稻田根部增氧对水稻生长的作用,为水稻好氧栽培提供参考和理论依据。【方法】以中浙优1号(水稻)、IR45765-3B(深水稻)和中旱221(旱稻)3种不同生态型水稻品种为材料,设置增施过氧化钙(T_1)、微纳气泡水灌溉(T_2)和表土湿润灌溉(T_3)等不同增氧模式以及淹水对照(CK),分别测定水稻叶片光合特性、干物质积累量和产量等指标。【结果】增施过氧化钙和微纳气泡水灌溉处理增加了3个水稻品种主要生育期的叶片SPAD值、叶面积指数、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和干物质量,水稻有效穗数和结实率显著高于对照;表土湿润灌溉处理下,3个品种的叶片SPAD值、叶面积指数、光合参数和干物质量下降,结实率显著低于对照,但提高了叶片水分利用率。完熟期,增施过氧化钙处理下,中浙优1号、IR45765-3B和中旱221稻谷产量分别较对照增加了22.38%、18.27%和18.17%;微纳气泡水灌溉处理下,3个品种稻谷产量分别较对照增加了13.89%、10.67%和8.85%;表土湿润灌溉处理下,产量分别比对照减少5.86%、8.19%和6.16%。【结论】增施过氧化钙和微纳气泡水灌溉有助于提高水稻叶片叶绿素含量、叶面积指数和光合作用能力,并显著增加水稻干物质积累和产量;而表土湿润灌溉处理下,水稻水分供应不足,叶片光合作用及产量均有所下降。     

Application of system dynamics approach for time varying water balance in aerobic paddy fields

Increasing water scarcity has necessitated the development of irrigated rice systems that require less water than the traditional flooded rice. The cultivation of aerobic rice is an effort to save water in response to growing worldwide water scarcity with the pressure to reduce water use and increase water productivity. An accurate estimation of different water balance components at the aerobic rice fields is essential to achieve effective use of limited water supplies. Some field water balance components, such as percolation, capillary rise and evapotranspiration, can not be easily measured; therefore a soil water balance model is required to develop and to test water management strategies. This paper presents results of a study to quantify time varying water balance under a critical soil water tension based irrigation criteria for the cultivation of non-ponded “aerobic rice” fields along the lower parts of the Yellow River. Based on the analysis and integration of existing field information on the hydrologic processes in an aerobic rice field, this paper outlines the general components of the water balance using a conceptual model approach. The time varying water balance is then analyzed using the feedback relations among the hydrologic processes in a commercial dynamic modeling environment, Vensim. The model simulates various water balance components such as actual evapotranspiration, deep percolation, surface runoff, and capillary rise in the aerobic rice field on a daily basis. The model parameters are validated with the observed experimental field data from the Huibei Irrigation Experiment Station, Kaifeng, China. The validated model is used to analyze irrigation application soil water tension trigger under wet, dry and average climate conditions using daily time steps. The scenario analysis show that to conserve scarce water resources during the average climate years the irrigation scheduling criteria can be set as −30 kPa average root zone soil water tension; whereas it can be set at −70 kPa during the dry years, however, the associated yields may reduce. Compared with the flooded lowland rice and other upland crops, with these two alternatives irrigation event triggers, aerobic rice cultivation can lead to significant water savings.     

东北水稻生长发育和产量对夜间升温的响应

 采用两套开放式增温系统,在吉林公主岭开展了4年的水稻全生育期夜间增温试验。结果表明,全生育期冠层夜间温度平均升高0.7℃~1.0℃,水稻始花期提前2~3 d,但灌浆时间延长1~2 d。夜间增温对水稻净光合速率无显著影响,但显著提高剑叶面积、花后总绿叶面积和叶面积指数,其中吉粳81和吉粳83叶面积指数提高了40.0%和45.5%。夜间增温下,水稻地上部生物量和籽粒产量呈现递增趋势,增幅皆为10%左右;有效穗数和每穗粒数分别提高7.0%和5.7%。夜间温度升高主要通过缓解低温对水稻生长的影响,其对东北寒地水稻的直接效应将以增产为主。     

叶龄调控下水肥耦合对寒地水稻生物学特征及水肥利用效率的影响

【目的】旨在通过优化水稻生育进程的水肥供给来促进水稻的生长发育。【方法】大田试验于2016—2017年在黑龙江省八五二农场进行,以垦稻24 (主茎叶片数为12) 为材料,采用2种灌溉模式和2种施肥模式的正交试验设计：叶龄灌溉模式 (LI) 与常规灌溉模式 (RI),叶龄调控侧深施肥模式 (SF) 与常规施肥模式 (RF)。【结果】LI+SF模式对水稻形态特征、光合特性、水肥利用效率及产量具有显著影响(P<0.05)。与RI+RF相比,LI+SF模式使叶面积指数、单株不定根数、总根长、总根表面积及总体积显著提高了21.2%、22.7%、20.8%、45.2%和17.8%,灌浆期水稻光合速率、净光合速率、叶绿素含量及气孔导度显著提高了17.4%、18.4%、26.8%和40.1%,水稻结实率、千粒重和理论产量显著提高了6.3%、2.4%和28.2%,实收产量平均增加5.2%,纯收入增加13.2%,氮肥农学利用率、籽粒吸氮量、产谷利用效率、氮肥偏生产力及氮收获指数被显著提高了11.1%、6.9%、5.8%、13.6%和8.0%。LI模式可以节约灌溉水用量1 000 t/hm²。RI+SF对水稻植株形态、光合特性、生物学产量和水肥利用率具有一定的促进作用,实收产量平均增加2.3%,没有充分发挥水肥耦合作用。【结论】LI+SF模式为本研究最佳的精准灌溉施肥模式,也是适合在我国北方推广的寒地水稻节水、节肥、丰产技术模式。