紫外线B辐射增强对大豆生长及光合作用相关指标的影响

明确UV-B辐射增强对植物生长发育,生物量以及光合作用相关指标的影响,有助于阐明UV-B辐射对植物影响的生理机制在人工气候室内采用平方波模型,在大豆植株上方悬挂紫外灯,照射强度为15 μW·cm-2,每天照射8h 研究在剂量下大豆植株在干物质积累、色素含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、PSⅡ反应中心最大光能转换效率以及光合速率的变化.结果表明:UV-B辐射增强对大豆生长具抑制作用.与对照相比,播种后20 d、40 d和60 d的UV-B处理的大豆植株株高分别降低4.9%、13.8%和10.6%;鲜重及干重分别减少17.8%、10.7%、25.5%及22.3%、20.9%、25.6%;叶绿索含量分别降低3.2%、13.2%和29.4%;PSⅡ反应中心最大光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)分别降低3.4%、1.3%和3.2%;叶片可溶性蛋白质含量分别降低25.3%、45.2%和19.5%;叶面积分别减小15.2%、20.4%、和41.6%;光合速率分别降低10%、25%和16%,作为一种保护性适应,UV-B处理增加了花青素及类胡萝卜素的含量.uV-B辐射对生长和生物量的抑制作用可能主要是由于光合速率下降及有效光合面积减少所致.     

UV-B胁迫对大豆幼苗光呼吸的影响

紫外辐射对农作物的生态效应是影响农业生产的重要问题.为研究紫外辐射对农作物光呼吸的影响,在温室模拟增强紫外辐射UV-B(280～320 nm)环境下,以大豆(Glycine max)为材料,用溶液培养试验法研究UV-B胁迫对大豆幼苗光呼吸速率(Pr),光合速率(Pn),乙醇酸氧化酶(GO)和谷胺酰胺合成酶(GS)的影响.结果表明:在UV-B胁迫下,光呼吸关键酶GO和GS活性显著提高,大豆幼苗的Pr显著提高,Pn显著降低,光呼吸关键酶GO和GS活性的显著提高导致了Pr的显著提高.T1和T2组Pr与Pn的动态变化表明,UV-B辐射与Pr、Pn间存在明显的剂量效应.因此,UV-B胁迫可以通过对光呼吸关键酶的影响调控光呼吸速率的变化.     

增强UV-B辐射对2个烤烟品种生理代谢指标的影响

在大田栽培和自然条件下,研究人工模拟2种UV-B辐射(308 nm,1.83 k J/m2,1.06 k J/m2)对烤烟红花大金元品种和云烟87品种叶片光合色素、酶活性及4种代谢产物积累的影响。结果表明:增强UV-B辐射可减少红花大金元叶片光合色素含量,降低过氧化物酶(POD)的活性,增强过氧化氢酶(CAT)和硝酸还原酶(NR)的活性,促进可溶性蛋白质(SP)和丙二醛(MDA)的积累;UV-B强度较低时可增强其超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性,促进紫外吸收物质的积累。对于云烟87来说,增强UV-B辐射可增加其光合色素含量,增强3种抗氧化酶和NR酶的活性,促进SP的积累,降低紫外吸收物质的含量;低强度的UV-B辐射可增强PPO的活性,显著提高MDA和SP的含量。     

冬小麦幼苗生长和抗氧化特性对UV-B辐射的响应及外源ABA的调节作用

为揭示冬小麦对UV-B辐射的耐性机制,以幼苗生长对一定强度UV-B辐射耐性不同的两个冬小麦品系农大6081和9305031-2为材料,在人工气候室内,出苗后每天15μW·cm-2的UV-B照射6h,分析比较两个品系幼苗的生长、光合作用、膜透性、H2O2积累和清除能力对UV-B辐射的响应差异,以及施加0.5μmol·L-1外源ABA的调节作用。结果表明,UV-B辐射后,农大6081的株高、干重、根长、Pn、叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量、SOD和CAT活性等性状被促进,而9305031-2的活性氧积累增多,膜透性增大,株高、干重、根长、Pn、叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量及PSII活性受到抑制,但UV-B处理并未诱导9305031-2的SOD和CAT活性提高。UV-B辐射下,施加ABA提高了9305031-2的SOD和CAT活性,降低了H2O2含量,有效缓解了UV-B胁迫对其PSII活性以及膜系统完整性、株高和干重的不利作用,但未缓解UV-B辐射对根长的抑制作用。施加ABA也对农大6081的上述指标有所改善。由此可见,冬小麦品系农大6081与9305031-2在应答UV-B胁迫中存在的差异,具体表现在光合系统的功能、活性氧的产生与清除能力等方面,ABA参与了小麦对UV-B的应答机制调控,施加外源ABA有助于缓解UV-B辐射胁迫。     

增强UV-B辐射对芒果株产和果实品质及光合作用的影响

为了解增强UV-B辐射对芒果成年树株产、果实品质和光合作用的影响，以金煌芒果成年树为试验材料，在田间以40 W为梯度设置40~200 W的增强UV-B辐射处理，以自然光照为对照(CK)，观测了芒果树单株产量、果实主要营养风味品质以及叶片光合色素含量、气孔导度(Gs)、净光合速率(Pn)和蒸腾速率(Tr)在果实生长发育期间的动态变化。结果表明，80 W以上辐射强度的增强UV-B辐射显著地引起芒果减产和果实营养风味品质变劣；在增强UV-B辐射的一定强度范围内，随UV-B 辐射强度增强，叶片叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量、气孔导度、净光合速率和蒸腾速率等均表现为下降趋势。可见，增强UV-B辐射对金煌芒果成年树株产、果实品质、叶片光合作用和蒸腾作用等产生了不利影响，且其呈现出剂量效应和累积效应。     

UV-B辐射增强对3种湿地植物叶片紫外吸收物质含量的影响

以香蒲、芦苇、鸢尾3种湿地植物为材料,采用模拟人工湿地的方法,研究植物叶片紫外吸收物质含量对3个UV-B辐射强度的响应。结果表明:3种植物叶片类黄酮含量变化趋势为高辐射处理下先增加后降低,低辐射处理条件下持续增加,高辐射处理显著大于低辐射处理、低辐射处理显著大于对照,增强UV-B处理下叶片类黄酮含量平均增幅为鸢尾(21.88%)>芦苇(14.23%)>香蒲(6.16%)。增强UV-B辐射条件下,香蒲和鸢尾叶片类胡萝卜素(Car)含量显著(p<0.05)低于对照,且高辐射处理低于低辐射处理;芦苇叶片Car含量则表现为低辐射处理大于对照、对照大于高辐射处理,两个辐射剂量之间差异显著(p<0.05)。增强UV-B处理下叶片Car含量平均降幅为香蒲(51.00%)>芦苇(26.63%)>鸢尾(17.95%)。说明3种湿地植物对增强UV-B辐射的防御能力为:鸢尾>芦苇>香蒲。     

大气CO2浓度倍增及UV-B辐射对冬小麦幼苗生长发育及抗氧化特性的影响

为给未来气候环境下小麦育种和栽培提供依据,以鲁麦14为材料,在人工模拟条件下研究了大气CO2浓度倍增和UV-B辐射对冬小麦幼苗生长发育和抗氧化特性的影响.结果显示,大气CO2浓度倍增可增加冬小麦株高,比叶重、地上部干重和分蘖数,显著提高抗氧化酶活性和类黄酮含量,降低了细胞膜透性;而高剂量的UV-B处理效应与此相反.在高CO2浓度和UV-B复合处理下,CO2倍增通过提高抗氧化酶活性,增加类黄酮含量,修复膜过氧化损害,明显减缓由高剂量UV-B辐射对冬小麦的不利影响,有利于小麦幼苗生长发育.说明高浓度CO2可以缓解UV-B辐射对冬小麦幼苗生长产生的负效应.     

不同冬小麦品系对UV B的生理响应

为了解不同小麦基因型对UV-B增强响应的生理差异,以植株生长对UV-B呈正响应的冬小麦品系农大6081和呈负响应的冬小麦品系9305031-2为材料,在人工气候室内于出苗后每天用强度为15 μW·cm-2的UV-B照射6h,比较了两个品系生长、光合、UV吸收物质、膜透性、H2O2积累量与清除能力等指标的差异.结果表明,UV-B辐射处理后,农大6081株高、干重、PSⅡ活性、SOD和CAT活性,以及叶片可溶性蛋白、类胡萝卜素和类黄酮等UV吸收物质的含量增加,叶片H2O2含量降低,膜系统的电解质渗漏有所缓解,活性氧的生成得到有效控制;而9305031-2的SOD、CAT活性没有提高,类胡萝卜素含量、叶绿素含量、株高、叶面积、干重、PSⅡ活性下降.说明农大6081与9305031-2生长对UV-B辐射的响应差异可能与活性氧生成和清除能力不同有关.     

140个冬小麦品种(系)对UV-B辐射的响应

为深入了解不同小麦基因型对UV-B辐射响应的差异,以中国黄淮地区140个冬小麦育成品种(系)为材料,在苗期施加4.3kJ·m~(-2)·d~(-1)的UV-B辐射,培养15d后,测定相关的生物量(株高、鲜重、干重)、色素相对含量(花青素、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素)及光化学植被指数(PRI)等指标,计算UV-B辐射下的响应指数,并根据冬小麦幼苗干重响应指数对140个品种(系)进行了UV-B耐性分类。结果表明,140个冬小麦幼苗的7个被检测指标对UV-B辐射的响应不尽相同。对7个被测指标响应指数的相关性分析发现,反映植物生物量指标的响应指数与色素指标的响应指数之间没有显著相关性。有39个品种(系)的幼苗对UV-B辐射敏感,其中,9305031-2的干重降低幅度最大(34.8%);抗UV-B辐射的品种(系)有36个,其中,京10531干重增加幅度最大(71.0%);其他65个品种(系)对UV-B辐射不敏感。     

UV-B增强下AMF对冬小麦灌浆期光合特性及根系生物量的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究UV-B辐射增强下接种丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)对冬小麦灌浆期光合和蒸腾生理及根系生物量的影响。UV-B辐射设2个水平,即自然光[对照,1.5 k J/(m~2·h)]和UV-B增强[增强20%,1.8k J/(m~2·h)],AMF设2个水平,即+AMF(接种)和-AMF(不接种)。结果表明,UV-B辐射增强下,接种AMF对冬小麦灌浆期旗叶净光合速率下降趋势有延缓作用,但对根系生物量影响不明显;同时,冬小麦灌浆期旗叶气孔导度和胞间CO_2浓度显著升高,接种AMF对其有抑制作用。     

Effects of enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation on crop structure,growth and yield components of spring wheat under field conditions

Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) was grown in the field for two consecutive seasons under ambient and supplemental levels of ultraviolet-B (UV-B, 280–315 nm) radiation to determine the potential for alterations in community structure, developmental stages, growth and yield components. The supplemental UV-B radiation simulated depletions of 12, 20, or 25% stratospheric ozone. Spring wheat is a potentially UV-B sensitive species, showing the greatest sensitivity to UV-B radiation at 5.31 kJ m⁻². Delays in development and decrease in plant height were observed at early tillering stage under UV-B treatment, and slowly exacerbated during further development. UV-B radiation changed crop structure, by decreasing the total number of tillers produced and increasing dead shoot number, resulted in fewer head-bearing shoots at ripening stage, and decreased biomass and yield. UV-B radiation decreased the area of the last leaf and leaf area index, but increased specific leaf weight. UV-B radiation inhibited biomass accumulation and altered the patterns of biomass partitioning; these effects might be correlated with yield. Decreases in yield were the result of significant reductions in spike number, grain number per spike and thousand grain weight under UV-B. Generally, the effects of UV-B radiation on developmental stages and crop structure were the most important, they might change the other characteristics of spring wheat crop. The responses of spring wheat crop to enhanced UV-B radiation were assessed, decreases in some crop characteristics caused by a 10 or 20% global ozone depletion were predicted. Ozone depletion had the greatest decrease in yield and the least reduction in plant height.     

Intraspecific responses in crop growth and yield of 20 soybean cultivars to enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation under field conditions

Field studies were conducted to determine the potential for intraspecific responses in crop growth and grain yield of 20 soybean cultivars to enhanced ultraviolet-B (UV-B, 280–315 nm) radiation. The supplemental UV-B radiation was 5.00 kJ m⁻², simulating a depletion of 20% stratospheric ozone at Kunming (25°N, 1950 m). Out of the 20 soybean cultivars tested, 17 and 15 showed significant change in plant height at 80 DAP (days after planting) and ripening stages, respectively. Sensitivity in plant height was greater at 80 DAP than at ripening. The plant height of 3 cultivars increased, and that of 17 cultivars decreased. Under UV-B radiation, LAI (leaf area index), biomass and grain yield decreased, respectively. The greatest percent decrease was 95.7, 93.9 and 92.8, respectively. RI (response index) was the sum of percent change in plant height at ripening, LAI, biomass and grain yield. The results showed that all 20 soybean cultivars had a negative RI, indicating inhibition by UV-B radiation on soybean growth. The RI of 6 tolerant cultivars was higher than −163.1 and 5 out of 6 originated from south China (low latitude). The RI of the most tolerant cultivars, Yunnan 97801, was −72.4. Meanwhile, the RI of 5 sensitive cultivars was lower than −256.9 and 4 out of the 5 originated from north China (high latitude). The RI of the most sensitive cultivar, Huanxianhuangdou, was −295.7. These UV-B tolerant cultivars identified in this study might be useful in breeding programs.     

Grain yield,starch, protein,and nutritional element concentrations of winter wheat exposed to enhanced UV-B during different growth stages

In order to alleviate the damage of UV-B on plants, it is important to determine at which growth stages are plants more sensitive to enhanced UV-B. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of UV-B on wheat yield and quality during different growth stages. Enhanced UV-B during heading, flowering and the whole growth stages (UCK, from seedling to grain filling) decreased yield by 6.6, 4.4 and 9.6%, respectively. Protein content in grain was decreased by enhanced UV-B during flowering and UCK over the control. Amylose, amylopectin and total starch content were not affected by UV-B treatments. UCK treatment resulted in a decrease of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe) concentrations, while zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) concentrations increased. Enhanced UV-B during tillering, heading and flowering stages reduced Fe concentration, but increased Mn, copper (Cu) and Zn (except for flowering) concentrations. The results indicated that the changes in wheat yield and quality induced by enhanced UV-B during the whole growth stage were probably from the effects of UV-B radiation during heading and flowering stages. Therefore, to better defend the damage of UV-B to wheat, some methods should be undertaken during heading and flowering stages.     

UV-B辐射增加对小麦产量及其构成因素的影响

为了研究UV-B辐射对小麦产量及其构成因素的影响,通过增加UV-B,对小麦品种宁麦2号的有关性状的变化进行了调查分析。结果表明,UV-B增加能显著降低小麦产量,产量下降的主要原因是每穗粒数币口单位面积穗数下降,粒重的变化未达到显著水平。比较小麦同一花位的粒重,UV-B增加导致小麦粒重显著下降,同时导致粒重较低的高花位籽粒数减少。由于UV-B增加显著降低小麦粒重的效应被高花位籽粒教减少所抵消,所以最终平均粒重的变化未达到显著水平。     

Impact of UV-B radiation on aspects of germination and epidemiological components of three major physiological races of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici

Global climate change is increasingly being recognized as an uncertainty of plant diseases. In particular, the increased solar UV-B (280–315 nm) radiation reaching the earth's surface has stimulated considerable studies on plant diseases in recent decades. The effects of UV-B radiation on the urediospore germination of three physiological races of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), namely, CYR31, CYR32 and CYR33, and on epidemiological components of wheat stripe rust caused by Pst were investigated in this study. In the germination experiments, seven UV-B intensity treatments including 0 (control), 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 μw/cm², were set. Under each UV-B intensity, Pst urediospores were irradiated for 15, 30, 45 and 60 min. The results showed that the germinability of Pst urediospores was reduced with an enhancement of the radiation intensity and an increase in the radiation time and that CYR31 was more sensitive to UV-B radiation than CYR32 and CYR33. To investigate the effects of UV-B on the epidemiological components of wheat stripe rust, three treatments with different UV-B radiation doses were set. The results indicated that an enhancement in UV-B radiation could reduce the infection efficiency, lesion expansion rate, sporulation quantity and AUDPC and could prolong the incubation period. The results demonstrated that CYR33 was the most stable and exhibited the strongest tolerance and that CYR31 was the most vulnerable under different UV-B radiation levels. This finding indicated that CYR33 may have more advantages to survive under enhanced UV-B radiation.     

La对UV - B辐射下大豆幼苗 NRA和可溶性蛋白的影响

在温室模拟增强紫外辐射UV - B (280～320nm)环境下,研究镧(La)对UV - B胁迫下大豆幼苗叶片硝 酸还原酶活性(Nitrate reductase activity,NRA) 、可溶性蛋白、淀粉和可溶性糖含量的影响。结果显示,高低两个紫 外强度剂量下,叶片NRA较对照组都有显著下降,处理5d后降幅分别达到40. 9%和42. 0%;而经过适宜浓度 LaCl3 (20mg/L)预处理后,降幅较UV - B单独处理组均有明显升高,分别为39. 2%和38. 9%。蛋白质、淀粉和可溶 性糖含量变化与NRA相似,但是紫外辐射处理组蛋白含量变化较对照组呈现先升高后下降趋势。结果表明适宜 浓度的La3 +能够促进NRA以及UV - B胁迫下NRA活性的提高,缓解UV - B胁迫对植物的伤害。     

紫外线强度增加对小麦节间大维管束条数及穗部性状的影响

为了研究紫外线辐射对作物生长发育的影响，采用人工增加紫外线辐射的方法，研究了紫外线强度(UV-B)增加对小麦节间大维管束条数及穗部性状的影响，并分析了UV-B增加条件下，小麦节间大维管束条数与穗部性状的相关关系。结果表明：UV—B增加则每穗粒数显著减少，主要是由于每穗小穗数和每小穗小花数减少，而结实率无显著变化，同时UV-B增加小麦穗颈节间大雄管束条数也显著减少．穗下第二节间与穗颈节间大维管束条数百分率显著下降．在UV-B增加条件下，每穗小穗数和每穗粒教与穗颈节的节间大维管束条数呈极显著正相关．因此我们认为UV-B增加导致小麦节间大维管束条数的减少是每穗粒数下降的重要原因之一。     

UV-B辐射和干旱胁迫对烟草逆境生理指标的影响

以2个烤烟品种(红花大金元和K326)为供试作物,研究增强UV-B辐射、干旱及交叉胁迫对烟草活性氧水平、膜质过氧化、膜稳定性、抗氧化酶活性等逆境生理指标的影响,旨在揭示植物对紫外和干旱交叉胁迫的适应机制。结果表明:UV-B辐射和干旱胁迫可导致烟草H2O2含量上升,膜稳定性相应下降。当2种胁迫同时发生时,烟草氧化损伤程度低于单因子胁迫或处于2种单因子胁迫之间。产生这种交叉适应性的原因可能是UV-B辐射诱导的抗氧化酶活性增强和干旱诱导的渗透调节物含量增加产生叠加作用,增强了植株的抗氧化能力,从而缓解了彼此对植物体造成的氧化损伤。红大品种获得交叉适应性的能力高于K326。