国际水稻研究所概况考察

为了了解国际水稻研究所最新研究动向，我们对其进行了为期一周的考察，在此期间，对其有了更深入的了解。该所机构精简，目的明确，既是研究机构，又是教育培训机构。主要项目包括四大领域，即水稻与生物健康相结合；增加遗传多样性，发掘新基因；稳定社会发展，进行项目培训；加强信息管理，建立并更新数据库。最新研究发展动态体现在以下几个方面，即加强水稻功能基因组研究，加强水稻远缘杂交育种研究，加强稻谷品质研究，加强抗旱机制研究，应用分子标记辅助育种，加强转基因研究，加强杂交稻育种研究，加强新株型育种和超级稻育种研究。其明确的科研目的、高效率的工作及密切合作的团队精神，对我们具有一定的启示意义。     

辽宁省水稻育种研究现状及发展思路

概述了辽宁省水稻生产现状,并介绍了从1949年到现在辽宁省品种演进过程及水稻品种演进的启示。对辽宁省水稻育种科研条件和水稻育种方法及技术手段进行了简要介绍。针对辽宁省水稻育种工作中存在的品种资源研究方法简单、手段单一、不够深入,应用基础研究较少、研究经费相对不足,品种遗传基础单一,育种手段和技术相对落后,杂交粳稻发展缓慢等问题,提出加强科研队伍建设,建立大课题攻关网络,设立品种资源研究专项资金,加强应用基础研究工作,改进传统育种方法,加强杂交稻不育系细胞质新质源的研究和利用,加强杂交稻新组合和水稻新品种的选育等工作思路及建议。     

花药培养育种在水稻育种上的应用

概括地介绍了花药培养育种技术的特点,总结了近年来花药培养育种在水稻育种上取得的成就。以籼稻和粳稻为例,分别阐述了一些学者从取材,处理材料,优化培养基成分等方面进行的试验研究。其共同的目的都是为了提高水稻花药培养诱导率,花粉植株成活率,辅助水稻常规育种工作,为实现水稻事业的新突破贡献力量。     

寒地生态条件下水稻育种方向分析

通过对寒地水稻育种现状及主要生态环境情况介绍,探讨今后水稻育种方向:明确育种目标,科学运用育种途径和方法,创新和有效利用优异种质资源,做好新品种展示推广,为水稻育种者提供有价值的参考。     

美国阿肯色大学大豆育种介绍

美国大豆遗传育种整体水平居世界领先行列,阿肯色州是美国南方大豆主产区,阿肯色大学大豆遗传育种居美国公立大豆育种机构领先行列。文中首先对阿肯色州大豆生产作简要介绍,而后系统介绍阿肯色大学大豆育种项目试验站设置、杂交组合配置、低世代推进、单株选拔、株行选拔、产量比较试验、区域试验、种子纯化、扩繁和生产的详细情况;并介绍了阿肯色大学大豆育种信息化、规范化的管理操作特征;最后总结出阿肯色大学大豆育种目标明确、多地点大规模育种模式对我国大豆育种的启示。为国内同行了解美国公立机构大豆育种情况提供信息与借鉴。     

山东省水稻抗条纹叶枯病育种现状与展望

对近年来山东省水稻条纹叶枯病爆发的原因进行了分析,并概述了山东省水稻条纹叶枯病抗性育种的研究现状,指出山东省应进一步加强水稻抗条纹叶枯病育种研究的力度,常规育种与分子育种技术相结合,加快育种进程,以不断满足生产需求和提高对突发病虫害的抗灾应变能力。     

国家重点研发计划水稻育种专项“水稻杂种优势利用技术与强优势杂交种创制”工作会议在海南陵水召开

正近日,科技部中国农村技术开发中心(简称"农村中心")在海南陵水举办"十三五"国家重点研发计划"七大农作物育种"重点专项水稻育种项目群交流会暨新品种展示观摩会。来自农村中心、海南省科技厅以及全国各稻区超过300名水稻育种工作者参加了会议。海南省科技厅刘作凯副厅长出席会议并致辞,农村中心陈成副主任和总体专家组组长万建民院士发表讲话,育种专项管理团队作项目综合绩效评价培训。水稻育种项目交流了研究进展、经验和推广应用情况,     

浙江省杂交水稻育种研究专项的成就与展望

水稻是浙江省最重要的粮食作物,为加强浙江省杂交水稻育种研究,1988年12月,浙江省设立水稻育种研究重大科技专项,定名为"8812"计划,组织全省水稻育种研究优势单位共同攻关。经过20年的攻关,浙江省杂交稻育种技术和方法不断创新,品种大批育成,单产水平显著提高,品质明显改善,同时,突破了连作杂交晚稻和籼粳杂交稻育种的瓶颈。目前,育成的杂交稻组合年种植面积占浙江省年推广杂交稻面积的75%以上,对推进浙江省的水稻科技创新和保障粮食安全具有重大的意义。本文简要地阐述该项目实施以来取得的主要进展。     

汕优63重组自交系评价

近年来．我国在水稻基础研究和水稻品种培育方面都取得了突破性进展．基于水稻基础研究和育种技术的全面提升．Peleman等提出了水稻“设计育种”（Breeding by designl的育种理念，即通过各种技术的整合与集成，对水稻生物体从基因（分子）到整体（系统）不同层次进行设计和操作．以达到育种目标．最大化满足人类对水稻品种的需求。     

新株型育种进展

译者注:2011年5月31日,国际水稻研究所(IRRI)育种家弗克博士(Dr.Pamunder Virk)应邀到国家杂交水稻-f程技术研究中心作学术报告,题日是"新株型育种进展".为了让更多的研究人员了解水稻超高产育种在国际上的最新进展情况,兹根据其报告幻灯片内容(因未提供报告的文章)摘译如下.     

An in planta, Agrobacterium-mediated transient gene expression method for inducing gene silencing in rice (Oryza sativa L.) leaves

Background

Although the genetic structure of rice germplasm has been characterized worldwide, few studies investigated germplasm from Thailand, the world’s largest exporter of rice. Thailand and the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) have diverse collections of rice germplasm, which could be used to develop breeding lines with desirable traits. This study aimed to investigate the level of genetic diversity and structures of Thai and selected IRRI germplasm. Understanding the genetic structure and relationships among these germplasm will be useful for parent selection used in rice breeding programs.

Results

From the 98 InDel markers tested for single copy and polymorphism, 19 markers were used to evaluate 43 Thai and 57 IRRI germplasm, including improved cultivars, breeding lines, landraces, and 5 other Oryza species. The Thai accessions were selected from all rice ecologies such as irrigated, deep water, upland, and rainfed lowland ecosystems. The IRRI accessions were groups of germplasm having agronomic desirable traits, including temperature-sensitive genetic male sterility (TGMS), new plant type, early flowering, and biotic and abiotic stress resistances. Most of the InDel markers were genes with diverse functions. These markers produced the total of 127 alleles for all loci, with a mean of 6.68 alleles per locus, and a mean Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) of 0.440. Genetic diversity of Thai rice were 0.3665, 0.4479 and 0.3972 for improved cultivars, breeding lines, and landraces, respectively, while genetic diversity of IRRI improved and breeding lines were 0.3272 and 0.2970, respectively. Cluster, structure, and differentiation analyses showed six distinct groups: japonica, TGMS, deep-water, IRRI germplasm, Thai landraces and breeding lines, and other Oryza species.

Conclusions

Thai and IRRI germplasm were significantly different. Thus, they can be used to broaden the genetic base and trait improvements. Cluster, structure, and differentiation analyses showed concordant results having six distinct groups, in agreement with their development, and ecologies.     

Revisiting rice breeding methods – evaluating the use of rapid generation advance (RGA) for routine rice breeding

Rice production needs to increase in the future in order to meet increasing demands. The development of new improved and higher yielding varieties more quickly will be needed to meet this demand. However, most rice breeding programmes in the world have not changed in several decades. In this article, we revisit the evidence in favour of using rapid generation advance (RGA) as a routine breeding method. We describe preliminary activities at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) to re-establish RGA on a large scale as the main breeding method for irrigated rice breeding. We also describe experiences from the early adoption at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute. Evaluation of RGA breeding lines at IRRI for yield, flowering time and plant height indicated transgressive segregation for all traits. Some RGA lines were also higher yielding than the check varieties. The cost advantages of using RGA compared to the pedigree method were also empirically determined by performing an economic analysis. This indicated that RGA is several times more cost effective and advantages will be realized after 1 year even if facilities need to be built. Based on our experience, and previous independent research empirically testing the RGA method in rice, we recommend that this method should be implemented for routine rice breeding in order to improve breeding efficiency.     

功能稻米研究现状与展望

介绍了稻米的结构和营养成分特征、功能稻米的概念、研究历史和时代属性,重点阐述了功能稻米活性物质的种类和调控机制,总结了国内外利用常规育种、诱变育种、基因工程技术等手段在功能稻米方面的研究进展,结合当前功能稻米及其制品的社会需求,对功能稻米研究中存在的问题及未来发展方向进行了展望。     

Four Decades of Breeding for Varietal Improvement of Irrigated Lowland Rice in the International Rice Research Institute

Abstract

Since the establishment of the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in 1960, IRRI’s breeding effort in varietal improvement for irrigated lowland has passed four decades. Breeding of semi-dwarf rice varieties such as IR8 at IRRI during first decade from 1960 to 1969 resulted in quantum leaps in yield potential, which marked the green revolution in Asia. During the second decade from 1970 to 1979, the primary emphasis of rice improvement has been directed towards incorporation of multiple disease and insect resistance and shortening of growth duration. Grain quality was the main target of crop improvement at IRRI during the third decade from 1980 to 1989. The fourth decade from 1990 to 1999 and beyond was focused again on the improvement of yield potential by developing hybrid rice and new plant type. Up to 1999, 46 indica inbred varieties and 2 indica/indica hybrid rice varieties were developed by IRRI and released in the Philippines for the irrigated lowland rice systems. Large-scale adoption of these improved varieties under modern crop management practices has resulted in a dramatic increase in rice production in major rice-growing countries. The hybrid varieties between indicas increased yield potential by 9% under the tropical conditions. New plant type (NPT) breeding has not yet resulted in an increase in yield potential. The second generation NPT developed by crossing tropical japonica with indica has demonstrated some promising results in terms of improvements in yield potential, disease and insect resistance, and grain quality.     

后期功能型超级杂交稻的概念及生物学意义

 在借鉴国际水稻研究所新株型育种经验基础上，我国于1996年开始实施中国超级稻育种计划，采取的技术路线是理想株型塑造与籼粳亚种间杂种优势利用相结合，至2005年的目标产量是在百亩（6.67 hm2）规模下单季稻达到12 t/hm2（800 kg/667 m2）。介绍了国外水稻超高产育种和国内超级稻育种的基本情况，着重介绍了由中国水稻研究所育成的超级杂交稻组合“协优9308”。该组合表现出高产与优良株型的完美结合，生育后期青秆黄熟，结实率高，籽粒饱满。2000年在浙江新昌验收百亩片平均产量达到11 837 kg/hm2，最高产田块产量达到12 282 kg/hm2。以“协优9308”为例，提出了“后期功能型”超级杂交稻的概念和生理特征，并对今后的超级杂交稻育种策略进行了讨论。     

Progress in ideotype breeding to increase rice yield potential

The ideotype approach has been used in breeding programs at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and in China to improve rice yield potential. First-generation new plant type (NPT) lines developed from tropical japonica at IRRI did not yield well because of limited biomass production and poor grain filling. Progress has been made in second-generation NPT lines developed by crossing elite indica with improved tropical japonica. Several second-generation NPT lines outyielded the first-generation NPT lines and indica check varieties. China's “super” rice breeding project has developed many F₁ hybrid varieties using a combination of the ideotype approach and intersubspecific heterosis. These hybrid varieties produced grain yield of 12 t ha⁻¹ in on-farm demonstration fields, 8–15% higher than the hybrid check varieties. The success of China's “super” hybrid rice was partially the result of assembling the good components of IRRI's NPT design in addition to the use of intersubspecific heterosis. For example, both designs focused on large panicle size, reduced tillering capacity, and improved lodging resistance. More importantly, improvement in plant type design was achieved in China's “super” hybrid rice by emphasizing the top three leaves and panicle position within a canopy in order to meet the demand of heavy panicles for a large source supply. The success of “super” hybrid rice breeding in China and progress in NPT breeding at IRRI suggest that the ideotype approach is effective for breaking the yield ceiling of an irrigated rice crop.     

杂交水稻育种材料和方法研究的现状及发展趋势

概要总结了近年来国内外在杂交水稻育种材料和方法研究方面的进展,分析了存在的主要问题和讨论了今后的发展趋势。内容包括现有不育系的改良,新不育质源的发掘,高配合力恢复系的选育和杂种优势形成机理及超高产育种探索等。指出以生物技术与常规育种技术相结合创制新的育种材料和探索新的育种方法是21世纪杂交水稻发展的方向。     

转基因水稻后代中外源基因的遗传表达及其对非目标性状的影响

转基因技术是进行水稻品种遗传改良的一种新的技术手段。综述了近年来国内外转基因水稻后代目标性状的遗传表达及其影响因素、外源基因导入对水稻受体非目标性状的影响及其产生变异的原因、转基因水稻杂交配组应用等方面的研究进展。     

我国杂交稻育种研究的亮点及难点

 我国杂交稻经过40年的发展,取得了三系杂交、两系杂交及杂交稻种子生产技术体系等一系列研究成果。概述了我国杂交稻育种研究的四大亮点,同时分析了面临的四个难点,并阐述了我国杂交稻育种加强基础理论研究以及培养高级育种人才的重要意义。