不同含水量条件下玉米种子包膜对自身吸水过程及幼苗生长发育的影响

在不同水分条件下种子包膜能有效地延迟种子吸水,且不影响出苗和幼苗生长。在盆栽逆境水分条件下,包膜种子能明显提高出苗率,与对照相比能有效地提高幼苗鲜重和干物重,增加叶面积、根系数量、茎基周长以及矮化幼苗以促进苗壮。     

苦参种子形态特征及萌发规律研究

采用称重、测量、解剖等方法,研究苦参种子的形态结构及吸水特性,TTC染色法测定种子生活力,选取来源于岷县和成县的苦参种子,经过沙擦处理和未处理研究其萌发过程和特性。结果表明,苦参种子的硬实率高达90%以上,经测定种子生活力为78%,种子存在吸水困难。未经处理的种子萌发速度缓慢,置23℃恒温条件下的种子吸水膨胀后第5天才有胚根露出种皮,15d完成萌发过程,且萌发率低。经过沙擦处理的种子,其吸水速度加快,种子的发芽率显著高于未处理的种子,说明坚硬的种皮是阻止种子吸水和萌发的主要因素之一。     

浸种水温和时间对杂交籼稻种子吸水的影响

研究浸种对杂交籼稻种子吸水的影响,为杂交籼稻生产浸种催芽提供参考。采用3个杂交籼稻组合的干种子、超干种子,设置10,20和30 3℃个浸种水温及6,12,18和24 h 4个浸种时间进行处理,然后测定计算浸种后的种子水分、吸水率、吸水速率。结果表明,浸种水温和时间与浸种后的种子水分、吸水率、吸水速率密切相关,其中吸水速率与浸种时间呈极显著负相关,水分、吸水率与浸种水温和时间之间呈显著或极显著正相关。3个杂交籼稻组合都是浸种前期即浸种6 h前吸水快,浸种6 h后相同杂交组合的超干种子、干种子的种子水分差异不显著。3个杂交籼稻组合的干种子、超干种子都在水温10℃浸种18~24 h、水温20℃浸种12~18 h、水温30℃浸种6~12 h后种子水分达到25.2%~32.7%,可满足种子发芽对水分的需要。     

圭亚那柱花草种子活力的非破坏性测定方法

通过发芽试验,筛选出宜于业经长时间恒温贮存的圭亚那柱花草[Stylosanthesguianensis(Aublet)Swartz]种子的重复吸水－回干处理方案,并依据此方案,测定了种子浸泡液的pH值、电导率、可溶性糖含量和紫外光密度。结果表明：浸泡8h/次×3次的重复吸水－回干处理可提高柱花草种子的活力,而其他处理方法均使种子活力呈下降趋势;种子活力与8h/次×第3次种子浸泡液的电导率尧紫外光密度密切相关,与pH值和可溶性糖含量相关性不大。因此,测定8h/次×第3次种子浸泡液的电导率、紫外光密度,可作为圭亚那柱花草种子活力的非破坏性检测方法。     

盐胁迫对不同粒型花生品种种子吸水特性的影响

选用不同粒型花生品种并设置0%、0.15%、0.30%、0.45%(m/V)不同盐胁迫浓度的盆栽试验,以探究盐胁迫下花生种子吸水速率变化情况及其与种子粒型间的关系。结果显示,供试各品种种子粒型大小HY36>HY25>JH13>HY20,以HY36的种子粒型较为整齐。各品种种子吸水速率均随吸水时间的延长而减慢,并随盐胁迫浓度的增加显著降低,各盐胁迫浓度下以HY20种子吸水率最小。种子粒型与吸水率和吸水速率间相关性分析表明,无论盐胁迫与否,大粒型品种种子质量与吸水率间均呈负相关关系;各盐胁迫浓度处理下,中粒型和小粒型品种种子质量越大其吸水速率越大。综合来看,0%和0.15%低盐浓度处理下,大粒型品种中质量较大的种子和小粒型品种较为浑圆饱满的种子吸水率相对较小;0.45%高盐浓度处理下,种子越细长其吸水率越大。非盐或低盐地区选用吸水率较小的种子便于节水,高盐环境下选用吸水率较大的相对细长的种子利于萌发。本试验结果为盐碱地花生选种和完善高产栽培技术等提供参考依据。     

不同杂种优势群玉米自交系种子吸水特性研究

用重量法测定63份玉米自交系种子的吸水速率,对不同杂种优势群种子平均吸水速率进行方差分析,并筛选各个类群中种子吸水速率较快的自交系。试验共筛选出吸水处理后48 h种子吸水速率大于0.6 mg/h的自交系36个,试验材料自交系分成P群、旅大红骨、瑞德、兰卡斯特和塘四平头5个杂种优势群,吸水后48 h种子平均吸水速率,兰卡斯特群0.73 mg/h,旅大红骨群0.71 mg/h,瑞德群0.62 mg/h,P群0.57mg/h,塘四平头群0.56 mg/h。结果表明,种子吸水速率在不同类群间不存在显著差异,在吸水时间之间存在显著差异。     

紫外线照射促进冬小麦种子萌发的研究

为了解紫外线照射对种子萌发的影响,以冬小麦品系聊大2号为材料,采用不同波长的紫外线分别照射休眠的干种子及吸水萌动（浸种3 h）的种子,然后在自然光和黑暗条件下进行发芽实验,比较了不同时间段种子萌发的动态变化及萌发过程中α-淀粉酶活力的变化。结果表明,不同剂量的紫外线照射（UVB85μW.cm-2照射3 h;UVC 420μW.cm-2照射1 h;UVC处理1 h附加照射6 h UVA或1 h UVB）对干种子和吸水萌动种子萌发均有促进作用,发芽较自然光下（CK）及黑暗下快,相关时段发芽率均高于CK,但不影响最终发芽率,只是缩短了种子萌发的时间。UV处理（UVB 85μW.cm-2照射3 h;UVC 420μW.cm-2照射1 h）的干种子及吸水萌动种子的α-淀粉酶活力在萌发前随时间的推移呈快速增加的趋势,与对照相比可提高2.5%~68.7%,发芽后α-淀粉酶活力下降,但仍高于CK,且UVB与UVC处理种子的α-淀粉酶活力变化趋势相同。说明不同波段的紫外线照射对种子具有相同的生物学效应。     

引发剂结合固体基质引发对三倍体西瓜种子发芽性能的影响

种子发芽出苗率低是制约三倍体无籽西瓜生产的主要原因。试验以红小玉为材料,用0.1%H2O2,0.1%CuSO4+2%KNO3+KH2PO4混合液和20 m g/kg的GA3丙酮溶液作引发剂,在固体基质中吸湿32 h后回干,通过砂床发芽试验,测定种子萌发率和幼苗素质。结果表明,种子萌发率提高了44.6~62.4个百分点,并显著提高了发芽势、幼苗鲜重和根系活力。其中,GA引发处理的种子发芽率达88.23%,与破壳处理(CK 1)接近,比未处理(CK 2)提高了62.47个百分点;3种处理的苗鲜重均显著高于CK 1和CK 2,处理间差异不显著;3种处理均显著提高了幼苗根系活力,以0.1%H2O2处理效果最佳。3种引发剂结合固体基质引发处理,均可有效提高三倍体西瓜种子萌发率,并为培育壮苗奠定了基础。在固体基质处理过程中,西瓜种子吸水缓慢,给细胞膜的修复提供了时间,是种子可以达到引发促萌的原因之一。     

花生种子萌发早期事件与活力的关系

花生种子萌民早期,不同活力胚轴的呼吸模式与吸水模式对应一致。吸胀初始活力低的种子吸水快,呼吸强度也高,停滞期后则活力高的种子吸水迅速,呼吸强度亦高。预吸胀处理减轻种子的渗漏,浸泡液的电导率和紫外吸收物质的数值下降,细胞的修复效率与种子活力有关。胚轴的膜脂不饱和度与种子活力亦呈正相关。Ca~(2+)与PAs处理可改善膜透性,减     

种子吸水速率对玉米种子活力测定的影响

以农大108、先玉335、郑单958和中农大4号为材料,采用划伤种皮及改变发芽时种胚的摆放位置两种处理,测定吸水速率和活力,研究吸水速率对种子活力检测的影响。结果表明,不同玉米品种吸水速率和活力水平不同,两者之间没有明显的相关性。对于同一品种,划伤种皮及种胚朝下处理,吸水速率加快,可显著提高种子的活力指数、幼苗长度等检测值。中农大4号划伤种皮后活力指数提高0.229,苗长增加0.7 cm;郑单958种胚朝下处理,活力指数提高3.563,苗长增加2.95 cm。在进行种子活力检测时,应充分考虑到种皮透性对检测结果的影响,玉米种子采用纸上发芽时,应统一使种子的胚接触发芽纸,检测到的种子活力才更加准确可靠。     

低温干燥贮藏包衣和非包衣玉米种子活力及生理差异性研究

以玉米品种NK618和济单7号的包衣和非包衣种子为试验材料,低温干燥贮藏16个月、28个月和40个月,分别测定种子的发芽、活力指标,测定幼苗的SOD、POD、CAT、MDA、脯氨酸等含量,探讨低温干燥贮藏条件下玉米种子的可种用时间,比较包衣和非包衣玉米种子间的贮藏差异性及生理变化。结果表明,低温干燥条件下玉米种子贮藏16个月,包衣种子的各项发芽及活力指标比新种子显著降低,非包衣则无显著性变化;贮藏28个月,NK618和济单7号非包衣种子的发芽率分别是91%和87%,均可作种用,包衣种子已无种用价值;贮藏40个月时包衣和非包衣种子均不可作种用。包衣种子比非包衣种子更易老化,幼苗的SOD、POD、CAT含量均随贮藏时间延长而降低,贮藏28个月两个品种包衣和非包衣3种酶含量均比对照新种子含量降低,但差异显著性不同;MDA和脯氨酸含量随贮藏时间延长而增加,贮藏40个月时两个品种的包衣和非包衣种子萌发幼苗MDA含量均达最大值。     

Water Uptake by Seeds in Yellow-seeded Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Cultivars with Contrasting Imbibition Behaviors

Abstract

The rate of water uptake by seeds is assumed to be an important factor affecting the susceptibility of seeds to flooding injury, but the traits which could contribute to restricting rapid imbibition by seeds remain undetermined in yellow-seeded soybeans. This study was conducted to determine the possible factors controlling the rate of imbibition in soybeans with yellow seed coats. The imbibition behavior of two yellow-seeded cultivars, Tamahomare and Tachinagaha, with different flooding susceptibilities was examined in relation to initial seed moisture content, the hydration location of the seed surface during imbibition, and the state of the seed coat. Low seed moisture increased the water uptake by Tamahomare intact seeds and even allowed substantially faster imbibition than occurred in its embryos, while in Tachinagaha seed moisture content had little influence on seed imbibition. This rapid imbibition by low-moisture Tamahomare seeds was not due to alterations in the permeability of the seed coat nor in water uptake by the embryo, but rather to increased movement of water along the abaxial sides of the cotyledons. The seed coat of Tamahomare loosened readily upon submergence whilst that of Tachinagaha rather tightly adhered to the embryo, suggesting that the seed coat of Tamahomare adheres very loosely to the embryo and may aid in conducting water laterally between the seed coat and embryo. The degree of adherence of the coat to the embryo and/or the ease with which the coat can be loosened upon hydration appear to play a crucial role in determining the rate of water uptake in yellow-seeded soybeans.     

Comparative evaluation of seed coat dormancy breaking treatments in Stylosanthes seabrana

The efficiency of microwave treatment in breaking the hard seed coat dormancy in Stylosanthes seabrana was compared with three other conventional methods including mechanical scarification, hot water treatment (100°C for 1 min) and acid scarification (5 min). The microwave treatment was as efficient in breaking hard seed coat dormancy as the hot water treatment. The ranking of treatments followed the order microwave ≥ hot water ≥ acid > mechanical scarification > control. The electrical conductivity of microwave‐treated seeds, although less than that of hot water, was greater than untreated control seeds, indicating increased permeability of the seed coat for water uptake. Seedling vigour, based on seedling length, was also similar for these treatments. Respiration was found to be higher in microwave‐treated seeds. Although levels of food reserves were not measured, future studies could hypothesize that increased imbibition of water in microwave‐treated seeds could cause a faster breakdown of food‐reserve material that is supplied to the germinating seed, resulting in increased evolution of CO₂ through respiration. Scanning electron micrographs indicated the appearance of cracks and blisters on the seed surface of microwave‐treated seeds. These are most likely the sites of water entry during imbibition.     

烯唑醇超微粉体玉米种衣剂应用技术研究

通过盆栽试验、田间小区试验和区域试验熏研究烯唑醇种衣剂使用剂量、处理方法对玉米丝黑穗病的防治效果及对玉米生长发育的影响。试验结果表明,用烯唑醇微粉种衣剂1∶200～300包衣,可有效防治玉米丝黑穗病。在接种条件下,田间小区防效为51.5%,区域试验平均防效为85.2%,增产11.4%。不同种子处理方法对玉米的安全性依次为干包>催包>浸包。     

Indoor assessment of dust drift effect from different types of pneumatic seed drills

The air stream generated by the fan of pneumatic seeders – necessary to create a depression in the sowing element of the machine and to guarantee correct seed deposition – can blow away solid particles that have become detached from the seeds including the pesticide seed coating used for seed dressings. In this study, experimental tests were carried out to evaluate the performance of technical solutions by seeder manufacturers to limit dust drift. A specific test methodology was developed to assess seeder performance. The tested technologies that convey the air to the soil, independent of their design, reduced particle drift from seeds by more than 60% compared to a conventional machine with the fan outlet oriented upwards. Particle drift was reduced by more than 70% if only an area between 5 and 20 m downwind of the machine border was considered. This study has shown that the use of an appropriate design can reduce the dispersion of toxic seed coating dust in the atmosphere during seeding and that the methodology developed to carry out the trials could be used for seeder dust dispersion classification.     

Imazapyr seed dressings for Striga control on acetolactate synthase target-site resistant maize

High herbicide levels can be localized on or near seed of acetolactate synthase (ALS) resistant maize (Zea mays). The magnesium salt of imazapyr was optimal for seed dressings (drenching, priming, and coating), for preventing field damage from parasitic Striga hermonthica (witchweed) in three seasons. Striga emerged on untreated maize from 6 to 12 weeks after planting. There was almost no Striga emergence for 3 months on imazapyr-dressed homozygous ALS-R 3245IR maize seeds. Occasional Striga that emerged and flowered formed no seed by harvest. Dust or polyvinylpyrrolidone adhesive coatings were safer in maize and as effective in Striga control as priming. Seed dressing coupled with pulling Striga escapes reduces infestation and can be used to deplete the Striga seed bank until genetic crop resistance becomes available.     

种衣剂和微肥对玉米茎腐病发生危害的影响

选用8个玉米种衣剂和硫酸锌、氯化钾等两种微肥对玉米茎腐病发生危害的影响进行相关研究。选用适宜的玉米种衣剂品种包衣处理玉米种子，可对玉米茎腐病的发生危害起到一定的抑制作用，茎腐病发病率最高可降低52.83%；合理增施锌、钾等适宜微肥可有效改善玉米植株自身对病害的抵抗能力，玉米茎腐病的发病率呈明显下降趋势，最高可降低56.06%；种衣剂与微肥协同处理对玉米茎腐病的抑制作用总体呈现出效果叠加作用，发病率可减轻63.57%。推荐应用4.23%甲霜·种菌唑微乳剂、450 g/L种菌唑悬浮剂、400 g/L萎锈·福美双悬浮剂等对玉米茎腐病发生危害抑制效果较理想的种衣剂品种。     

A liquid bioplastic formulation for film coating of agronomic seeds

Interest in industrial and domestic applications of biodegradable plastics from renewable sources is increasing, but their use in agriculture is still limited (e.g., mulching films, plant pots, and plant clips). However, a sprayable liquid bioplastic formulation was recently evaluated for application of microbial biocontrol agents to agricultural and horticultural crops. In this study bioplastic formulation has been evaluated for use in film-coating seeds of two agronomic species, corn and canola. Bioplastic seed coating was achieved using procedures and equipment designed for commercial polymer film-coating of tablets. Germination of both species was unaffected by the thin bioplastic coating. Bioplastic coatings containing spores of the plant-growth promoting fungus, Trichoderma harzianum, significantly stimulated the growth of corn and canola seeds. In corn seedlings, shoot and root lengths were 29% and 44% longer, respectively, in seeds coated with T. harzianum-containing bioplastic than in uncoated seeds. Similarly, in canola seedlings shoot and root lengths were 19% and 20% longer, respectively, in seeds coated with T. harzianum-containing bioplastic than in uncoated seeds. In a paper-roll assay, including T. harzianum spores prevented reduced germination caused by a mixture of the insecticide imidacloprid and the fungicide metalaxyl-M in bioplastic seed coatings. The adhesive and plastic properties of bioplastic reduced dust-off from bioplastic-coated seeds by 96% in corn and 99% in canola compared to seeds coated with a commercial polymer.