面团吹泡特性的小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基评分系统研究

为了研究高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)与面团流变学特性的关系,选用100个春小麦品种,测定了其HMW-GS以及面团张力、延展性、充气指数和变形功等4项面团吹泡特性,并通过数量化理论及统计学鉴评方法,研究了HMW-GS与面团吹泡特性的关系.建立了针对不同面团吹泡特性的HMW-GS评分系统,亚基1、2*、nall、7、7 8、17 18、22、2 10、2 11、2 12、5 10和10关于面团吹泡特性的亚基总评分分别为7.21、4.43、3.59、8.07、6.02、5.49、0.70、2.15、4.58、4.50、10.00和4.14.在面团吹泡特性与HMW-GS之间得到了4个多元回归方程,决定系数均在0.96以上,能准确预测4个面团吹泡特性.总体来看,1亚基、7亚基、7 8亚基、17 18亚基和5 10亚基排序较前,对面团吹泡特性有积极意义,属于优质亚基.其中,5 10亚基对所有面团吹泡特性的亚基评分最高,17 18亚基对提高面团延展性有特殊的作用,因此,面条专用小麦中应有17 18亚基.而2 10和22亚基对面团吹泡特性的贡献普遍较差,为劣质亚基.     

手工拉面评分指标与面团稠度特性的关系

选用9个正在甘肃河西大面积推广种植的优质小麦品种以及21个新近育成的品系为试验材料,测定其面团最大压力、面团形成时间、面团稳定时间、250 s跌落值、450 s跌落值等面团稠度特性以及手工拉面各项评分指标,并通过相关分析、通径分析及多元线性回归分析,对拉面各评分指标与面团稠度特性间的关系进行了研究。结果表明,面团稠度特性在样品间差异较大,对拉面评分均具有直接或间接作用。面团最大压力和面团稳定时间对拉面评分指标的作用一般表现为正向效应;而面团250 s跌落值和450 s跌落值对拉面评分指标的作用一般表现为负向效应;面团形成时间对拉面评分指标的直接作用多表现负向效应,但由于其通过其它面团稠度特性对拉面评分指标有正向间接作用,致使其对拉面评分指标的总影响表现为正向效应。所得8个回归方程的可靠程度较高,模型合理,实用性强,可用于直接预测拉面各评分指标及总评分。     

手工拉面评分指标与面筋数量和质量的关系

手工拉面是一种特殊的面条加工形式。本研究选用目前正在甘肃河西大面积推广种植的9个小麦品种及21个新近育成的品系，测定其干、温面筋含量、面筋指数以及手工拉面各项评分指标，并通过相关分析、通径分析及多无线性回归分析，对拉面面条各项评分指标与面筋数量、质量间的关系进行了研究。结果表明，面筋数量和质量对面条各评分指标都具有直接或间接作用，这些作用的结果，使得面筋数量和质量对面条总评分的影响达到了极显著的水平。所得8个回归方程的可靠程度较高，模型合理，实用性强，可用于直接预测拉面各评分指标及总评分，是评价拉面品质的一种简单有效的方法。     

新疆市售小麦面粉制作新疆拉面的加工品质特性及其专用粉品质评价指标的研究

为给新疆拉面专用品种选育提供理论依据,2006年对29份来自新疆北部和东部10个主要城市市场销售的面粉样品进行了品质测定和新疆拉面加工品质特性的研究.结果表明,降落数值、灰分含量、面团流变学特性、淀粉粘度特性以及面粉色泽等22个主要品质性状对新疆拉面感官评价总分有显著效应,但作用大小和方向各有不同,其中拉伸阻力与延展度的比例、面团强度、延展性等性状的作用较大.相关分析显示,拉面手感与延伸性呈显著正相关,与配置比、反弹值呈显著负相关,拉面色泽与灰分含量、稳定时间、拉伸阻力、拉伸比例和筋力呈显著负相关,拉面质地(韧性、适口性、光滑性)主要与面团流变学特性参数密切相关,新疆拉面感观评价总分与延伸性呈显著正相关,与配置比和反弹值呈显著负相关.有10个样品能够制做出优质新疆拉面,占34.5%,对其品质性状研究后认为新疆拉面专用面粉的品质指标为:降落数值≥250 s,灰分含量≤0.55%,蛋白质含量11.6%～12.8%,湿面筋含量28.9%～32.3%,Zeleny沉淀值≥30 mL,稳定时间4.1～7.9 min,延展性140～168 mm,拉伸阻力166～250 BU,最大拉伸阻力200～400 BU,拉伸面积50～82cm2,淀粉峰值粘度248～289 RUV,反弹值98～116 RUV,亮度(L*)89～91,黄度(b*)≤6.吹泡仪品质参数中的面团延伸性(L)和面团配置比(P/L)与新疆拉面感官评价总分关系密切,也可以用于新疆拉面专用面粉的品质评价,其品质指标为面团弹性(P)66.0～133.0 mm,面团延伸性(L)58.0～121.0 mm,面团配置比(P/L)0.6～2.3,面团膨胀指数(G)16.9～24.5 mL,面团筋力(W)155.0～290.0 MJ,面团弹性指数(I.e.)40.7～53.1.     

兰州拉面品质与面粉品质及面团特性的关系

为了给兰州拉面专用粉评价指标的筛选和专用小麦品种的培育提供理论依据,以甘肃河西地区曾主栽推广的15个春小麦品种（品系）和10个市场拉面专用粉为材料,研究了面粉主要品质性状和面团特性间及其与拉面品质之间的关系。结果表明,蛋白质含量、干面筋含量分别与面团筋力、面团弹性、弹性指数、面团形成时间和面团稳定时间呈显著或极显著相关;面筋指数、沉淀值除了分别与面团弹性和面团配置比相关不显著外,与其它面团特性均呈显著或极显著相关;面团跌落值与其它因子均呈显著或极显著负相关;面粉品质和面团品质特性均与拉面品质密切相关。影响拉面品质总评分的直接作用因素是面粉灰分和面团配置比,间接作用因素是面团跌落值、面团筋力、面团稳定时间和沉淀值。建立了兰州拉面品质评价回归模型,建议用面团筋力和弹性指数为主的面团品质特性评价拉面专用粉适应性和选育专用小麦。     

新疆冬小麦地方品种主要品质性状及其与拉面品质的关系

为了解新疆冬小麦地方品种对新疆拉面品质的影响,以30份新疆冬小麦地方品种为供试材料,测定其面粉品质、面团流变学特性及粉色等主要品质性状,并制作新疆拉面,对新疆冬小麦地方品种主要品质性状与新疆拉面加工品质特性的关系进行了研究。结果表明,湿面筋含量、干面筋含量、面团延伸性、配置比、弹性指数、稳定时间及弱化度等7个面粉品质指标与新疆拉面感官评价总分显著相关,其中干面筋含量和配置比的作用最大;逐步回归分析表明,新疆拉面加工品质主要受到干面筋含量、湿面筋含量、面粉红度(a*)的影响。新疆冬小麦地方品种具有较好的拉面加工品质,可为新疆拉面专用小麦品种选育提供种质资源。     

春小麦品种高分子量谷蛋白亚基与品质的关系

选用甘肃省河西地区种植的57个春小麦品种。在已经分析HMW—GS组成的基础上。测定了这些品种的理化特性和面团流变学特性。对这些品种的HMW—GS和品质性状的变异情况、HMW—GS与品质性状之间的关系、具有不同HMW—GS的品种间品质的差异和同-HMW—GS品种间的品质差异进行了研究。结果表明，Glu-Ⅰ位点的亚基总评分与面筋指数、沉淀值、面团变形功、面团形成时间及稳定时间呈显著或极显著正相关；HMW—GS数目的多少与其品质优劣有关，亚基数目越多，面粉筋力越好；采用不同品质指标评价小麦HMW—GS对品质的贡献，结果表明以变形功的评价排序的意义更明确。     

CIMMYT小麦沉淀值测定及面团特性评价方法

本文介绍了ＣＩＭＭＹＴ测定小麦沉淀值的方法及其步骤，并提出了在小麦品质改良过程中，利用和面仪和吹泡示功仪评价面团流变学特性的方法及其具体指标，以满足小麦品质育种的需要，为国内品质研究规范化提供依据。     

CIMMYT小麦沉淀值测定及面团特性评价方法

本文介绍了ＣＩＭＭＹＴ测定小麦沉淀值的方法及其步骤，并提出了在小麦品质改良过程中，利用和面仪和吹泡示功仪评价面团流变学特性的方法及其具体指标，以满足小麦品质育种的需要?为国内品质研究规范化提供依据。     

新疆春小麦品种主要品质性状及其与新疆拉面加工品质的关系

为了给培育优质新疆拉面专用新品种提供理论依据,选用36个新疆和宁夏春小麦品种,研究其主要品质性状、新疆拉面加工品质特性以及两者之间的关系.结果表明,新疆春小麦品种籽粒容重和蛋白质含量、面粉蛋白质含量和降落数值较高,籽粒硬度、出粉率以及湿面筋含量、沉淀值中等,面粉灰分含量、吸水率偏低,面团流变学特性多属强筋类型.由于品质性状的不平衡,仅有2个品种完全达到强筋小麦标准,而多数品种属中筋小麦类型,其中有29个品种(占试验品种总数的80.6%)能够制作出优质新疆拉面.新疆拉面感官评价指标中拉面手感、表面状况和色泽是制约新疆拉面加工品质的关键因素.相关分析表明,新疆拉面感官评价指标是春小麦品种籽粒特性、面粉品质、面团流变学特性、淀粉糊化特性以及面粉色泽等品质性状共同作用的结果,如籽粒蛋白含量、面粉蛋白含量、沉淀值、形成时间、稳定时间、评价值、拉伸面积、抗延阻力、最大抗延阻力、拉伸比例、最大拉伸比例、峰值粘度、低谷粘度、稀懈值、亮度、红度和黄度等与新疆拉面感官评价指标显著相关.回归分析进一步表明,灰分、湿面筋含量、形成时间、最大拉伸比例、峰值粘度和红度是影响新疆拉面品质的关键品质性状,可以在育种时用于品质性状的辅助选择.本研究建议制作优质新疆拉面春小麦品种的品质指标为:降落数值≥250 s,灰分(14%MB,下同)≤0.6%,籽粒硬度≥60,籽粒蛋白质含量11.4%～14.0%,湿面筋含量28.0%～32.0%,沉淀值≥35.0 mL,稳定时间3.5～14.3 min,延展性150～210 mm,最大抗延阻力183～455 BU,拉伸面积50～100 cm2,峰值粘度≥248 RUV,稀懈值≥122 RUV,L* ≥90,a*≤-0.8,b*≤7.0.     

利用响应面法研究改良剂对宁麦15面条品质的影响

为了研究不同改良剂对宁麦15面条品质的影响,以宁麦15面粉为基础粉,采用响应面法中心组合试验设计,研究了谷朊粉、瓜尔豆胶和羟丙基淀粉含量对面条感官得分的影响,并建立了面条感官得分与因素变量的二次回归模型方程,该模型回归显著。响应面分析结果表明,最佳配粉工艺条件为:谷朊粉含量1.2%、瓜尔豆胶含量1.5%、羟丙基淀粉含量2.5%。在此工艺条件下面条感官得分预测值为80.9分,验证值为80.2分,与预测值的相对误差为0.87%。因素之间的交互作用显著影响面条感官得分,与不使用改良剂的感官评分70分相比提高了14.6%。     

中麦175馒头和面条品质稳定性分析

为给优质小麦育种和生产提供参考依据,以优质小麦新品种中麦175于2010-2011年度在河北和北京14个地点的样品为材料,分析了磨粉品质、面粉和面片颜色、面团流变学和淀粉糊化特性、馒头和面条加工品质。结果表明,中麦175为馒头和面条兼用型优质品种,特点是软质、中偏弱的面筋强度、面粉颜色白,多数品质性状较稳定,籽粒硬度、PPO活性、面片a*值、稳定时间、拉伸面积、延展性和最大抗延阻力的变异系数较大,馒头加工品质地点间变异大于面条。磨粉品质和面团流变学参数对馒头加工品质有显著影响,籽粒硬度和出粉率对馒头表面颜色有显著负向影响,相关系数分别为-0.82(P<0.01)和-0.58(P<0.05);面粉L*值高,馒头加工品质好,二者相关系数为0.72(P<0.01);吸水率与馒头总分呈显著负相关(r=-0.84,P<0.01),稳定时间、拉伸面积、延展性和最大抗延阻力与馒头总分呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.85(P<0.01)、0.77(P<0.01)、0.62(P<0.05)和0.70(P<0.01)。降低PPO活性和吸水率,提高蛋白质含量、出粉率和黄色素含量可以改善面粉和面片颜色的亮白度,增加部分黄度,形成消费者可接受的奶白色。淀粉糊化特性对馒头和面条加工品质无显著影响。上述信息对改良小麦品质的稳定性有重要意义。     

The relationship between selected mixogram parameters and rheological and baking characteristics in hard red bread wheat grown in South Africa

Potential commercial wheat cultivars usually have to adhere to strict criteria regarding primary rheological and baking properties such as mixogram peak time, alveogram dough strength and configuration ratio, farinogram water-absorption and loaf volume. Excluding the mixogram, all these tests require large quantities of flour, which is only available during the advanced breeding phases. The aim of this study was to determine if additional selected mixogram parameters, other than the peak time, can be used as indicators of acceptable rheological and baking characteristics. Thirteen mixogram parameters were used to determine correlations with primary rheological and baking characteristics. Highly significant correlations between mixogram and rheological and baking characteristics were observed. Multiple stepwise regressions indicated variable contributions made by the selected mixogram characteristics to variation in the measured characteristics. Specific mixogram parameters were identified which can be used as indicators of the most important baking and rheological characteristics.     

Rheological properties and baking quality of wheat varieties from various geographical regions

Eight wheat varieties, originating from various geographical regions were examined for their rheological properties during large uniaxial and biaxial extensions and for their baking quality. Extensibility during uniaxial extension as well as biaxial extensional viscosity proved to be significant properties in predicting loaf volume. Multiple regression analysis indicated uniaxial extensibility and biaxial extensional viscosity as best predictors for loaf volume. The varieties with the highest strain hardening index were those of high loaf volume and also fine and soft crumb, whereas varieties of low strain hardening index were of poor baking quality. However, baking behaviour was not completely explained by considering only the strain hardening index. Crumb fineness was also investigated and it was taken into consideration when evaluating the varieties for their baking quality. 3D scatter plots of loaf volume, cell volume, and number of cells in the slice, divided the wheat samples in groups depending on their baking quality and common rheological characteristics were observed for these groups. The samples were also examined for their proofing capacity. Maximum dough height from the rheofermentometer correlated with loaf volume and was affected by rheological properties of the samples.     

Effects of long-term tillage,crop rotation and nitrogen fertilization on bread-making quality of hard red spring wheat

The effect of tillage system, crop rotation and nitrogen (N) fertilization rates on the quality of hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was studied over a 6-year period under rainfed Mediterranean conditions. Grain yield, test weight, protein content and alveogram parameters (W: alveogram index; P: dough tenacity; L: dough extensibility; P/L: tenacity–extensibility ratio; G: swelling index) were analyzed. Tillage treatments included no tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT). Crop rotations were wheat–sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) (WS), wheat–chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) (WCP), wheat–faba bean (Vicia faba L.) (WFB), wheat–fallow (WF) and continuous wheat (CW). Nitrogen fertilizer rates were 50, 100 and 150 kg N ha⁻¹ on a Vertisol (Typic Haploxerert). A split–split plot design with four replications was used. Weather conditions over the study years strongly influenced wheat yield and quality. Test weights rose considerably with yield and increased rainfall during the filling period, and fell slightly as N rates increased. Grain protein content increased with rainfall in the month of May (when grain protein accumulation occurs) up to a maximum of 80 mm. Grain protein content peaked at average mean temperatures of around 26–27°C. Protein content and alveogram parameter also improved under CT, following a prior legume crop and with rising N fertilizer rates. Alveogram parameters rose with protein content, although the P/L ratio showed greater imbalance. N fertilizer proved to be a key factor in determining bread-making quality, and the best strategy available to the farmer for optimizing wheat quality. However, the influence of weather conditions and soil residual N should be borne in mind when deciding on the additional fertilizer N to be used as a top dressing with a view to increasing yield and, particularly, enhancing wheat protein content and bread-making quality.     

Effects of potato/wheat flours ratio on mixing properties of dough and quality of noodles

The effects of potato flour/wheat flour (PF/WF) ratio on the mixing properties of dough and the quality of noodles were investigated. Substitution of wheat flour with potato flour caused the increases in the water absorption and the protein weakening value (C1-C2) of formulated flours, as well as the decrease in the corresponding dough mixing parameters including dough development time (DDT), dough stable time (DST), initial mixing time (C2), maximum torque during heating (C3), minimum torque of hot paste (C4) and the amount of retrogradation (C5-C4), indicating that the addition of PF weakened dough strength but improved degradation resistance. The textural, cooking, sensory characteristics and microstructure of noodle samples were evaluated. The results indicate that adhesiveness, springiness, broken ratio and cooking lose increased progressively with increasing PF content while the score of sensory evaluation continued to decrease. However, hardness, cooking yield and optimum cooked time for the samples of PF content range from 10% to 20% showed a distinctive variation. Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) confirmed changes in noodle microstructure as PF addition affected gluten network development. In general, noodles with PF content below 40% were acceptable.     

面粉质量与手工挂面品质关系的研究

为了探讨面粉质量与手工挂面品质的关系，测试了陕西关中地区15种小麦面粉的主要品质特性，及用这些面粉制作的手工挂面的食用指标，对面粉品质与手工挂面品质的关系进行了较为全面的研究。结果表明，面粉的拉伸长度与手工挂面吸水率呈显著正相关；白度与手工挂面的色泽、表现状态、食味呈显著正相关，是影响感官评价的主要因素；沉淀值、5min拉伸阻力和拉伸能量与手工挂面品质呈显著或极显著相关，是面粉品质检测、质量控制以及预测手工挂面品质的重要指标。     

小麦蛋白质与面条品质关系的研究进展

为促进我国面条工业生产并为面条专用小麦良种的选育提供科学依据,对近年来小麦蛋白质与面条品质关系的研究进行了综述。总体来看,蛋白质含量和质量从各个方面影响面条品质。蛋白质含量与面条白度、表观状态呈负相关,与面条质构特性,尤其是煮熟面条的硬度、弹性呈正相关。较高的麦谷蛋白含量可以提高面条的硬度、咀嚼性、粘合性和抗拉伸能力。在一定范围内,蛋白质质量（面筋含量和质量、沉降值、流变学特性）的提高有助于面条蒸煮品质的改善和感官评分的提高,但蛋白质质量过高（湿面筋含量〉35%,沉降值〉60mL,稳定时间〉16min）会导致面条外观品质变劣,评分下降;高分子量谷蛋白亚基5＋10可能与较好的面条品质有关。一般认为,优质面条小麦的蛋白质品质指标为：蛋白质含量12%～14%;湿面筋含量28%～34%,沉淀值40～45mL,稳定时间5～15min。