小麦叶鞘和节间生长过程的模拟研究

以5个不同株型小麦品种为供试材料,通过对冬小麦品种叶鞘和节间生长过程的连续观测和定量分析,构建了小麦叶鞘和节间生长过程的动态模拟模型。模型采用Logistic方程描述了叶鞘和节间的伸长动态;利用叶鞘与对应节间长度的比例关系模拟了不同节间的长度;利用节间粗与对应节间长的比例关系定量描述了不同节间的粗度。模型检验结果显示,不同叶鞘长、节间长和节间粗预测值的平均RMSE值分别为1.34、1.71和0.06 cm,表明本模型具有较好的预测性和可靠性。     

冬小麦麦穗生长过程的模拟研究

为了实现小麦麦穗生长过程的可视化表达，以不同氮肥处理条件下不同类型小麦品种的两年田间试验为基础，通过连续观测并记载不同处理条件下的小麦主茎和分蘖麦穗形态指标（包括穗长、穗宽和穗厚），综合分析了小麦麦穗形态指标随生育进程和环境条件的变化规律，并利用系统分析方法和动态建模技术，构建了冬小麦麦穗生长过程的动态模拟模型。结果表明，麦穗的伸长过程符合S型曲线，而不同蘖位麦穗的最终长度符合二次曲线，且在不同氮肥处理之间均差异明显；采用Logistic方程描述了麦穗长度的动态变化过程，用二次曲线和线性方程定量描述了穗形的动态变化过程，同时采用旗叶的SPAD值量化了氮素对麦穗生长特征的影响；并利用不同小麦品种的田间试验资料对所建模型进行了测试和检验。结果显示，不同时期麦穗穗长、穗宽和穗厚预测值的平均RMSE分别为0．28、0．05和0．04cm。表明模型具有较强的动态预测性和可靠性，从而为进一步建立虚拟小麦生长系统奠定了基础。     

小麦地上部器官几何造型与可视化研究

为了精确重构小麦三维空间形态,增强几何模型与品种特性及作物模型间的衔接,通过对小麦植株拓扑结构和形态结构的观测分析,对叶片、穗、茎秆等地上部器官几何造型算法进行了研究.结果表明,小麦叶脉曲线可用比叶重、叶倾角和叶长3个参数确定,进一步与叶形和叶片边缘几何造型模型整合,能够对小麦叶片生长、卷曲以及扭曲等进行精确描述.在麦穗几何造型中,使用偏圆柱体重构穗轴节片,以二次曲面代表颖片、稃片,可以实现麦穗的参数化建模.通过定量化小麦植株拓扑结构和器官的形态特征参数,采用结构化建模途径,在VC++6.0集成开发环境和OpenGL图形平台上驱动器官几何模型,可以快速精确重构出不同生育时期的小麦三维形态,并实现可视化显示,重构出的小麦植株具有较强的真实感.因此,基于形态特征参数的小麦地上部器官几何造型算法能够较好地实现器官及植株的精确重构,且易于交互、可控性强.     

超级杂交稻茎秆形态结构及其与抗倒性的关系研究

以6个超级杂交稻组合为材料,研究了其茎秆形态和解剖结构及其与抗倒性的关系。结果表明:抗倒伏能力较强的杂交稻品种具有基部伸长节间较短、茎秆基部较粗的形态特征;超级杂交稻倒伏指数与茎秆基部第1,2,3伸长节间长度呈极显著正相关,与茎秆基部壁厚以及基部第2伸长节间小维管束数目和面积、大维管束面积和维管束总面积均呈显著负相关,而与株高和茎秆基部长、短轴直径相关不显著。说明缩短基部节间长度、增加茎秆基部壁厚和基部伸长节间维管束面积和数目,能增强超级杂交稻茎秆抗倒伏能力。     

大麦植株干物质分配模型

为给建立大麦产量品质形成预测模型奠定基础,通过定量分析不同品种和氮肥处理大麦干物质分配和转移的变化过程,建立大麦植株干物质分配动态模型.模型采用Richards方程描述大麦干物质分配指数的动态变化,引入叶片潜在分配指数、茎鞘潜在分配指数、籽粒潜在分配指数3个品种遗传参数反映不同品种在器官间的干物质分配差异;采用两段Richards方程来描述大麦茎鞘在灌浆期前后的干物质分配动态,较好地解决了两段方程的衔接问题;运用氮素影响因子来校正不同氮素水平对大麦干物质分配的影响,引入潜在临界含氮量和潜在最小含氮量2个品种遗传参数来表达氮素对不同品种干物质分配影响的差异.利用不同品种、氮肥、播期和种植地域试验数据检验模型.结果表明,大麦干物质在叶片、茎鞘、穗和籽粒间分配模拟值与观测值的绝对预测误差为0.001～0.252 kg·m-4,RMSE为0.007～0.186 kg·m-2,精度良好.模型体现出较好的可靠性.     

小麦群体养分指标动态的知识模型

为了给不同环境条件下小麦栽培管理过程中的苗情诊断提供定量化的适宜养分指标动态体系,在分析小麦养分积累与养分管理研究资料的基础上,以小麦产量和品质为目标,通过定量描述小麦群唪地上部养分积累和养分浓度与品种类型、生态环境及生产技术水平之间的动态关系,以基于生理发育时间的动态生长度日为主线,建立了系统化和广适性的小麦群体适宜养分(氮、磷、钾)指标动态的知识模型。利用南京和济南2个不同生态点的常年逐日气象资料以及不同品种类型、不同产量目标资料对所建知识模型进行了实例分析和检验,结果表明,模型设计的群体氮积累量与实际观测值之间的平均RMSE为8．13kg／hm^2,模型设计的群体养分含量与实际观测值之间的平均RMSE为0．20％．故模型对不同条件下的小麦群体养分积累及群体养分含量指标适宜动态具有较好的预测性和指导性。     

中高秆弯曲穗型杂交粳稻抗倒伏能力分析

对中高秆弯曲穗型杂交粳稻组合辽优5218、屉优418、辽优2005、辽优2006、辽优2016在较高肥力条件下的抗倒伏能力进行了分析。结果表明,这些中高秆弯曲穗型杂交粳稻组合具有抗倒伏能力较强的理想茎秆物理性状：地上部第1,2伸长节间长度短,穗颈节间和稻穗较长,基部茎秆截面椭圆长轴、短轴较长,面积较大,茎壁较厚,茎壁截面积大,植株表现抗倒伏能力强;在育种和栽培实践中,通过减少第1,2伸长节间长度,增强茎秆基部物理强度,降低穗位,增加穗长和穗颈节间长度等,可以提高中高秆弯曲穗型杂交粳稻植株的抗倒性,使倒伏与株高和生物产量的矛盾在更高产水平上得到统一。     

不同产量水平小麦最适总茎数动态模型研究

为给小麦田间管理提供科学依据,以2000～2002年田间试验为基础,结合相关文献资料,借鉴R/WCSODS思路,建立了不同产量水平小麦最适总茎数动态模拟模型,利用济南与南京地区常年气象资料及相应品种参数等进行了检验.结果表明,在7 500 kg·ha-1产量时济麦19号和济麦20号在济南的最适总茎数动态模拟值与实测值的相关系数为0.9649～0.9690,差值标准误为154.2万～155.2万·ha-1,平均绝对误差为14.25万～127.5万·ha-1;在6 000 kg·ha-1产量时扬麦5号在南京的最适总茎数动态模拟值与实测值相关系数为0.9987,差值标准误为81.56万·ha-1,平均绝对误差为1.38万·ha-1.模拟值与实测值的相关系数均达显著或极显著水平.     

不同蛋白质含量类型小麦的茎型指标分析

为给优质高产小麦的育种和栽培建立茎型指标体系,2002～2003年度和2003～2004年度分别以不同蛋白质含量类型的小麦品种(系)71个和94个为供试材料,测定了株高、各节间长度、籽粒蛋白质含量和产量,研究了不同蛋白质含量类型小麦的株高和各节间长度等茎部性状的差异及其与产量的关系.结果表明,高蛋白质含量类品种的株高、倒2节间长和倒3节间长显著大于低蛋白质含量类型品种;高蛋白高产类型小麦的适宜株高、穗下节间长、倒2节间长和倒3节间长分别为85～107 cm、27 cm 以上、23 cm左右和14 cm左右,在适宜范围内以各项值稍大较为理想;低蛋白质含量、高产类型的品种则分别为85 cm以下、30 cm 以下、18.5 cm左右和12 cm左右,在适宜范围内各项值以稍小较为理想.     

棉花营养液漂浮育苗条件下棉幼苗根系生长动态

以金农棉1号F1为材料,在营养液漂浮育苗条件下,研究了不同播种深度(1,2,3,4 cm)棉苗根系的生长动态.结果表明:种子破胸播种后16h主根开始伸长,24 h后伸长可达3～5mm,第3天后主根上有一级侧根原基突起,第4天突起明显,部分突起伸长,出现3～5条一级侧根,第9天在一级侧根上长出二级侧根;不同播种深度之问根系生长有一定的差异,以播种深度为1,2 cm的处理根系生长较好,主根长度和一级侧根数均呈S型曲线增长;播种深度为3,4 cm的处理,根系生长发育不正常,特别是播种深度为4 cm的处理,播种后21d根系全部腐烂,棉苗死亡.     

In vitro reproduction in the annual pasture legumes subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.)

Pasture legumes are important components of both mixed farming rotations and permanent pastures in temperate climates. Breeding of two widely sown pasture legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), is constrained by the long generation cycle, typically enabling only one generation per year. We hypothesized manipulation of culture medium and conditions would enable the development of a laboratory‐based protocol for in vitro reproduction in subterranean clover and French serradella. In vitro flowering and viable seed set was induced from both species. For subterranean clover, the most effective treatment was culturing on modified MS medium with 1 μm kinetin and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and continuous photoperiod. For French serradella, culture on a hormone‐free B5 medium with 5 mm NH₄Cl and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and 20 h photoperiod was optimum. It is expected this technique will have application in accelerating generation turnover within breeding programs, for the study of factors influencing flowering in pasture legumes, and for the propagation of valuable yet enfeebled plants such as embryo‐rescued hybrids.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Estimation of lucerne yield stability for enabling effective cultivar selection under rainfed conditions

Evaluation of crop and forage yield stability is of increasing relevance in the context of current and recent environmental changes but, in contrast to other field crops, there are no published systematic analyses among forage crops in Europe. A study of stability performance was conducted with 13 Czech cultivars of lucerne at four locations over a 2‐year period with the following aims: (a) to evaluate yield stability of varieties across different environments and (b) to calculate measurable benefits of variety selection in relation to the specific environment. The cultivar Vlasta was identified as the highest yielding cultivar (annual yield 16.0 t DM/ha), whereas the lowest yielding cv. Magda, Tereza and Oslava averaged around 14.9 t DM/ha. Effect of genotype × environment interaction (G × E) was two times higher than for genotype alone. Additive main effects and the multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model showed that the highest yielding cultivars may not be stable across environments. This study demonstrated further that significant yield improvement could be detected, even among a relatively homogenous group of domestic cultivars, and this was driven mainly by site productivity: the improvement was +10% in low‐yielding sites, compared with +3% in high‐yielding sites. Results highlight that advanced agronomy should also consider stability parameters such as AMMI stability value or superiority measures for forage crops in response to the challenges associated with climate change.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

稻文化的再思考3:稻与社稷——印度、泰国等东南亚、南亚主要国家

东南亚、南亚地区是世界上重要的稻米产区,稻米在民众饮食生活和国家社会政治中占有重要地位,民众生活中也保存了非常悠久和丰富的稻作文化习俗及稻谷起源神话传说。本文分析了水稻在东南亚、南亚主要国家印度、印度尼西亚、泰国、越南、菲律宾、孟加拉国、缅甸的作用、地位、生产、消费、文化等情况,并指出了印度、印度尼西亚稻文化的主要标志。     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Model of wheat yield response to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum)

A general model of crop yield response to herbicide application is proposed. The model includes three components: the effect of herbicide dosage on weed density, the effect of surviving weed density on crop yield and the effect of herbicide directly on the crop. The model is used to estimate the response of wheat yield to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in Australia. It is found that the competitiveness of ryegrass plants surviving treatment is reduced by the treatment and that the proportion of yield loss at a given ryegrass density is not independent of the absolute weed-free yield. The response function is used to calculate economic thresholds and optimal herbicide dosages.