Fusarium mangiferae对芒果糖代谢及相关酶活性的影响

为探讨芒果感染畸形病过程中顶芽内糖含量及其相关酶的变化规律,以凯特芒为试验材料,测定了接种病菌（Fusarium mangiferae）后顶芽内光合色素、糖类和纤维素含量及蔗糖代谢相关酶的变化趋势,并对糖含量变化与病害发生的关系进行了分析。结果表明：接种病菌后,芒果顶芽内光合色素含量、可溶性总糖、还原性糖、蔗糖和葡萄糖的含量均先上升后下降,而淀粉和纤维素含量随着接种时间的延长而不断降低;接种病菌对芒果顶芽内酸性转化酶活性无明显影响;中性转化酶和蔗糖合成酶（分解方向）随着处理时间的延长活性不断上升。蔗糖合成酶（合成方向）呈现先上升后下降的趋势。蔗糖磷酸合成酶的活性在接种病菌30 d后不断下降。由此推断,F. mangiferae的侵染对芒果体内糖代谢具有明显的影响,糖代谢失衡可能是芒果对病菌侵染的直接反应。     

Fusarium mangiferae侵染对凯特杧内源激素含量的影响

为探讨杧果感染畸形病过程中顶芽内源激素含量的变化规律,以凯特杧为试验材料,测定了接种病菌（Fusarium mangiferae）后顶芽内生长素（IAA）、赤霉素（GA3）和脱落酸（ABA）含量的变化情况。结果表明：接种病菌后,杧果顶芽内赤霉素和生长素含量急速上升,且在整个试验阶段明显高于健康处理,脱落酸含量在试验后期不断升高;分析发现,F. mangiferae侵染能够显著影响杧果顶芽内源激素的含量,改变IAA/ABA和GA3/ABA的平衡,致使杧果的生长发育受到影响,进而引发畸形病的产生。     

采后脱落酸处理促进甘薯块根愈伤木栓组织的形成

本研究以‘北京1号’甘薯为试验材料,人工模拟机械损伤后采用不同浓度（25、50、100、200 mg/L）脱落酸（ABA）进行愈伤处理,研究采后ABA处理对甘薯块根的愈伤作用。结果表明:采后ABA处理能有效促进甘薯伤口处愈伤木栓组织的形成,其中以100 mg/L ABA愈伤3 d效果最佳。采后ABA处理能有效提高甘薯愈伤组织苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、过氧化物酶（POD）和多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性,提升总酚、类黄酮含量,减少甘薯重量损失。相关性分析表明,ABA处理甘薯木质素含量与总酚、类黄酮含量之间呈极显著相关（P<0.01）,PAL酶活力与POD和PPO酶活力呈极显著相关（P<0.01）。综上所述,采后ABA处理可通过激发甘薯损伤部位组织的苯丙烷代谢、提高愈伤防御酶活性及次生代谢产物的合成,达到促进甘薯块根愈伤形成的目的。     

内生解淀粉芽孢杆菌TB2菌株活性物质诱导辣椒果抗疫病的生化机理

利用内生解淀粉芽孢杆菌TB2菌株的活性物质喷施辣椒果后0、24、48、72 h接种辣椒疫霉病菌进行防治辣椒疫病试验,结果表明,TB2菌株的活性物质对辣椒果疫病的发生有一定控制作用,活性物质处理间隔24 h后再接种病菌,其防病效果得到显著提高。生化机制研究表明,TB2的活性物质处理可使辣椒果的可溶性蛋白含量、丙二(MDA)含量、超氧阴离子自由基(O.-2)产生速率及过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性发生显著变化。病菌处理的辣椒果,可溶性蛋白含量、MDA含量和O.-2产生速率及POD、SOD、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、苯丙氨酸氨解酶(PAL)活性均会显著升高,且其最大值高于活性物质处理果的相应最大值。活性物质和病菌共同处理的辣椒果,POD和PAL的活性可上升到高于病菌单独处理的峰值,但MDA含量和O.-2产生速率及SOD和CAT活性均较低,与对照的接近,表现出相对稳定状态。由此推断,TB2的活性物质诱导辣椒果抗疫病与POD、PAL等酶的活性相关。     

人参黑斑病菌对人参生理指标的影响

本文主要研究人参在接种人参黑斑病菌后,体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性变化。结果表明:两种植株体4种酶值变化趋势均随时间的延长而上升,酶活性均为长芦人参高于马牙人参。     

纸片型1-MCP对杨桃果实采后病害的抑制与抗病相关酶的诱导

研究纸片型1-MCP(1-甲基环丙烯)处理对采后‘香蜜’甜杨桃果实病害指数、抗病相关酶活性和总酚含量的影响。采后杨桃果实用0(对照)和0.6μL/L的纸片型1-MCP处理12 h后,在(15±1)℃下贮藏。贮藏期间定期测定果实病害指数、果实抗病相关酶如几丁质酶(CHI)、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶(GLU)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性及总酚含量的变化。结果显示:与对照果实相比,纸片型1-MCP处理能有效降低杨桃果实病害指数,提高CHI、GLU、PAL、PPO和POD的活性,保持较高的总酚含量。表明纸片型1-MCP对抑制杨桃果实采后病害的发生与抗病相关酶活性的升高及酚类物质的合成有关。     

蚜虫侵害对不同基因型大豆酶活性及次生代谢物含量的影响

对大豆抗蚜品系P746和感蚜品系交大02-89蚜虫侵害后的过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化物酶(PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)3种酶活性及相关次生代谢物质含量变化与抗蚜性进行相关性分析.结果表明:蚜虫侵害后不同品系之间POD、PPO活性均有升高,与蚜虫的诱导存在相关性,但与抗性基因型不存在显著关联.PAL活性蚜虫侵害前抗虫的P746具有高水平表达,并与感蚜品系存在显著差异;蚜虫侵害诱导后PAL酶活性均有上升,抗蚜品系表现稳定,表明PAL酶活性与大豆的抗蚜性存在明显的相关性.HPLC分析表明蚜虫侵害前后大豆叶片组织内氨基酸、黄酮类物质、生物碱类、酚类等次生代谢产物的含量都发生了明显变化,并且在不同蚜虫侵害时间和抗性基因型之间存在明显差异,表明这类物质与大豆抗蚜性有很大关联.     

大豆蚜胁迫对不同抗蚜性大豆材料生理指标的影响

为探究不同大豆材料的抗蚜机理,初步研究了蚜虫胁迫后不同抗蚜性大豆材料叶片内MDA含量及各种保护酶活性的变化.结果表明:在接种大豆蚜24 h后,不同抗蚜性大豆材料MDA含量及SOD、POD、PPO和PAL活性均呈现上升的趋势,表现为抗蚜性越强,MDA含量变化越小,SOD、POD、PPO和PAL活性提高越明显.由此可见,在蚜虫危害胁迫下,感抗品种间SOD、POD、PAL和PPO活性的变化程度与大豆的抗蚜性机理密切相关.     

花生种子受黄曲霉菌侵染后若干生化成份的变化及其与抗性的关系

花生种子人工接种黄曲霉菌（Aspergillus flavus Link)侵染的生化测试结果表明，接种前后花生种子的过氧化物酶（POX），多酚氧化酶（PPO）和苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）活性以及木质素含量等均发生显著变化。接种前POX活性与侵染率呈极显著负相关，接种后POX活性随感染天数增加而增加，感病品种比抗病品种POX活性增幅大。接种后1－3d抗病品种PPO和PAL活性达峰值，而感病品种3－6d达峰值，接种后第7d木质素含量与感染率呈显著负相关（r=-0.7406），木质素含量的变化与POX活性变化呈显著正相关。     

花生网斑病菌侵染对寄主防御酶活性的影响

本文采用光密度法对花生受网斑病菌侵染后,寄主体内相关防御酶系活性的变化进行了研究,目的是进一步认识PAL（苯丙氨酸解氨酶）、PPO（多酚氧化酶）和POD（过氧化物酶）等酶与花生网斑病抗性的关系及特性。结果表明,接种网斑病菌后花生体内的防御酶活性普遍升高,本试验研究测定酶系在24～72h内均有最大值出现。但抗病品种一般比感病品种防御酶活性升高快,到达活性高峰早。     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Marine Drugs Regulating Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL)

Marine biomass diversity is a tremendous source of potential anticancer compounds. Several natural marine products have been described to restore tumor cell sensitivity to TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. TRAIL is involved during tumor immune surveillance. Its selectivity for cancer cells has attracted much attention in oncology. This review aims at discussing the main mechanisms by which TRAIL signaling is regulated and presenting how marine bioactive compounds have been found, so far, to overcome TRAIL resistance in tumor cells.     

Biochemical and morphological characterization of potato clones differing in their resistance to late blight

Summary Morphological and biochemical parameters that could be involved in resistance to late blight were studied in non-infected and in infected potato hybrids resulting from a cross betweenSolanum phureja, resistant toPhytophthora infestans, and a susceptibleSolanum tuberosum. Some morphological differences between resistant and susceptible hybrids, indicating a positive correlation between stem diameter and phloem thickness in the stem and resistance toP. infestans, were observed. The lignin content in the leaves of the resistant hybrid rose upon infection byP. infestans. In the leaves of the susceptible hybrid, a diminution of the lignin content could be observed upon infection byP. infestans. In the same context, peroxidasic activity raised upon infection byP. infestans in both resistant and susceptible hybrids. Further characterization of the hybrid clones based on the polymorphism of peroxidases was attempted using isoelectric focusing.     

Applied Biotechnology to Combat Late Blight in Potato Caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora Infestans</Emphasis>

Potato is an important crop, grown worldwide. It suffers from many pests and diseases among which late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is the worst. The disease is still causing major damage in many potato production areas and control is only possible by applying fungicides frequently. The knowledge on the molecular biology and genetics of the interaction between the plant and the oomycete is developing rapidly. These are relevant fields of study, currently dominated by the discovery of many resistance genes and numerous effector proteins and the analysis of their specific mode of action. These studies may yield essential information needed for the development of durable resistance. The long-term and worldwide effort to breed for resistance so far has had little effect. A novel breeding approach may change this. It is based on cisgenic modification (CM) consisting of marker-free pyramiding of several resistance genes and their spatial and temporal deployment yielding dynamic varieties that contain potato genes only. It is envisioned that this CM approach with potato’s own genes will not only prove societally acceptable but may also result in simplifications in the legislation on use of the CM approach. Various parties in the potato research arena intend to cooperate in this novel approach in a number of developing countries where potato substantially contributes to food security. The use of resources such as land, water and energy improves when the effect of late blight is markedly reduced.     

Resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Potato virus Y</Emphasis> in a Multitrait Potato Breeding Scheme without Direct Selection in Each Generation

In an experimental breeding scheme to improve late blight (Phytophthora infestans) and white potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) resistance of tetraploid potato over three generations of crossing and selection, 15 clones survived the final selection, and these were derived from 15 great-grandparents. There was no direct selection for resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), but 14 out of the 15 great-grandparents were resistant to PVY and three had extreme resistance. Thirteen of the 15 descendants had PVY resistance and one extreme resistance. This was within the range expected for a random (unselected) sample from the genotypes of the great-grandparents. Hence, we found no evidence for any positive or negative association between PVY resistance and the attributes selected. The conclusion is that laborious selection is not required in every generation when many parents have PVY resistance, including some with more than one copy of a PVY resistance gene or resistance at more than one locus. However, in the future, determining the major virus resistance genes present in potential parents in each generation using diagnostic molecular markers would prevent susceptible × susceptible crosses being made and maximise the number of resistant × resistant ones.