春小麦源库特性及其关系的研究（Ⅰ）——群体源的形成及其特性分析

为了了解春小麦群体源的形成与特性以及群体源在产量形成中的作用,通过试验对不同密度和施肥处理下两个品种的叶片性状变化进行了研究。结果表明,在不同处理下春小麦群体叶面积指数争光合劳均呈单峰由线变化,两个品种间在不同生育阶段的叶面积指数争光合势有差异。随着生育进程的推进,两品种的光合劳与产量相关性增强。在开花期争乳熟期,干物质积累与叶面积指数(LAI)争光合势(LAD)呈显著或极显著正相关,比叶重、叶绿素含量争群体光合速率等叶片性状与群体干物质生产密切相关。因此,在合理的栽培技术措施下,采取适宝的密度与合理的配方施肥技术,建立合理的群体叶面积,将最大叶面积指数控制在适宜的范围内,尽可能长时同地保持绿叶面积,增强叶片光合能力,提高群体生长速率,是扩大干物质(源)生产的主要途径。     

夏大豆荚粒形成及其与气象条件关系研究

夏大豆荚粒形成及其与气象条件关系研究表明:豆荚长、宽度先期同步快速增长,达到恒定值后则趋于稳定;厚度和鲜籽粒体积先增后降;顶部开花29 d左右最大;干籽粒体积随生育进程延续直线增长;籽粒含水量变化为平抛物体运动曲线;豆荚、籽粒和百粒干物质积累可拟合Logistic曲线;鼓粒速率呈抛物线变化趋势。温差大、日照时间长有利于夏大豆籽粒干物质积累。     

春小麦源库特性及其关系的研究（Ⅱ）——群体库源比及其与产量的关系

为了给春小麦高产栽培提供理论依据,通过试验对两个春小麦品种在不同密度、施肥量处理下群体库源比值(粒叶比)在产量形成中的作用和相互关系进行了系统的研究。结果表明,在不同处理条件下,春小麦的经济系数均随密度和施P量的增加而降低;随施N量的增加,永良4号经济系数表现出降低的趋势,但内麦19呈增加趋势．经济系数高,经济产量均相对较高。粒叶比随密度、施N量、施P量的增加而降低,但在叶面积相近的情况下,粒叶比高的产量高。因此,在合理的栽培技术措施下,实现源、库的协调是小麦获得高产的生理基础。叶片单位面积负荷量(粒数／叶)与叶片单位面积有效生产量(粒重／叶)呈极显著正相关。在适宜的群体叶面积指数范围内,采取优化栽培措施,争取形成较多的结实粒数(库容),并提高粒重(库的充实度),是实现高产的有效途径。     

春小麦磷素吸收、积累与分配规律的研究

为了探索春小麦磷素吸收、积累与分配规律，在不同密度、不同施肥条件下，对春小麦磷素的吸收积累分配和转移动态进行了系统的研究。结果表明，春小麦全生育期植株体内磷含量在分蘖末期最高，为1％左右，此后随生育进程的推进逐渐下降，到完熟期降至一生中最低值，为O．3％左右。春小麦一生中磷素吸收呈单峰曲线变化，峰值在拔节盛期至孕穗期，且因不同密度、施肥处理表现出一定差异；高密度及高施磷处理下吸收磷素较多，不施肥处理吸收最少。春小麦一生中，磷素的积累与生育进程间符合Logistic方程。磷素在各器官中的分配，在孕穗之前主要分配在叶片和茎鞘中，此后逐步向穗和籽粒中转移，到完热时，籽粒中磷素含量占全株的60％～78％。     

油菜的源库关系研究Ⅰ.角果大小对油菜后期源库的调节

试验于2001-2002年度在扬州大学实验农场进行.不同油菜品种后期的源库大小测定结果表明:(1)角果皮面积占油菜后期总光合面积的比例随角果的增大而直线增加,茎枝表面积所占的比例则随角果的增大而直线下降,果柄表面积所占的比例变化不大.(2)每角粒数随角果的增大呈先增后减的趋势,而单个籽粒的体积和每角籽粒总体积则随角果增大逐渐增大.(3)单位角果皮面积承担的籽粒数(SNPA)和单位角果皮面积承担的籽粒体积(SVPA)随角果增大而呈指数曲线下降.     

旱作春小麦籽粒形成与灌浆特性

为了给旱地春小麦高产栽培提供依据,对内蒙古赤峰林东旱作地区春小麦籽粒建成及灌浆特性进行了观察和分析。结果表明,籽粒体积和含水量呈单峰曲线变化,籽粒干物质积累量符合“S”型曲线变化。开花后13-27d是小麦籽粒灌浆直线增长阶段,籽粒含水量相对平稳,籽粒重量直线增长,此期干物质积累量的占粒重的78%,为小麦产量形成的关键时期;不同农艺栽培措施对籽粒形成具有显著影响,只有密度适宜,氯、磷、钾三要素适量配施,才能提高灌浆强度,促进籽粒体积增大,增加粒重,获得高产。     

载人航天环境下开花前后光照强度对小麦生长发育及生产效率的影响

为了提高受控生态生保系统(CELSS)的能量利用效率,研究了在受控环境下开花前后光照强度对春小麦生长发育及生产效率的影响。结果表明,提高开花前光照强度(IBF)可显著缩短春小麦生育期;开花后光照强度(IAF)对小麦生育进程影响不显著。IBF的增强有利于春小麦营养体的构建,小麦籽粒产量有所提高,但小麦收获指数、粒叶比和能效比显著降低。IAF增强使小麦叶片光合速率、籽粒产量、收获指数、粒叶比和能效比均显著提高。高IBF下小麦籽粒产量的增加主要是因为提高了每株穗数和穗粒数,而高IAF下小麦籽粒产量的增加主要是因为提高了粒重。IBF和IAF提高均使得春小麦籽粒淀粉含量增加,蛋白质含量减少。高IBF对小麦产量的促进作用有限,而低IBF+高IAF的光照策略可以显著提高小麦的源库协调性和能量利用效率,可作为载人航天CELSS小麦培养的光照方案。     

油菜的源库关系研究 Ⅱ 种植密度对油菜籽粒充实期源库的调节

通过田间试验，分析不同种植密度条件下油菜后期的源库大小，结果表明：（1）群体中角果皮面积占总光合面积的比例随密度的增加而逐渐下降，茎杆和分枝的面积比例逐渐增加，但其变化幅度较小；（2）每角粒数随密度的增加呈下降的趋势，密度较小时下降的幅度小，密度较高时下降的幅度大；（3）单个籽粒体积、每角籽粒总体积、单位角果皮面积承担的籽粒数（SNPA）和单位角果皮面积承担的籽粒体积（SVPA）随密度的增加呈先增后减的趋势。     

不同生态类型春小麦品种籽粒灌浆特性及库源关系的探讨

经对４种生态类型即抗旱类型，耐温类型，喜肥水类型和埋肥类型春小麦品种的籽粒灌浆特性及库，源与结实性关系的研究，结果表明，秕数的数量是影响春小麦结实率的主要因素，旱肥类型品种与其它类型品种比较，在灌浆前期启动灌浆的籽粒多，粒重增加快。４种生态类型春小麦品种均有２个灌浆高峰期。第２个高峰期出现的时间相同，第１个高峰期只有喜肥水类型品种出现的早。不同生态类型的春小麦品种的库源矛盾及其结对生育后期功能叶片     

春小麦氮素吸收、积累与分配规律的研究

为了给小麦高产栽培合理施肥提供理论依据，本试验采用五因素二次通用回归旋转组合设计方法，系统地研究了春小麦在不同密度、施肥处理下氮素的吸收、积累、分配和转移规律。结果表明，春小麦一生中植株体内氮素含量在苗期至分蘖末期最高，为3．10％左右，此后随生育进程的推进逐渐下降，到完熟期下降至一生中最低值。春小麦全生育期中氮素吸收高峰在拔节至孕穗期，且在不同密度和施肥处理下，高密和高氮处理氮素吸收高于其他处理。春小麦一生中，氮素积累量与生育进程间符合S型曲线变化。各器官氮素的分配，生育前期主要以营养器官叶、茎鞘为主，生育后期则主要分配在籽粒中。叶片氮素的转移发生在孕穗之后，茎鞘氮素转移时期因不同处理而异，而穗部氮素转移发生在开花后。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Cytoplasmic substitution inSolanum. II. Tuber characteristics of reciprocal backcross progeny

Summary Recurrent backcrosses (BC) were used to introduce nuclear factors ofS. tuberosum L. ssp.tuberosum into the cytoplasm of Andean potatoesS. tuberosum ssp.andigena (Juz. and Buk.) Hawkes andS. phureja Juz. and Buk. Each generation BC was produced in reciprocal directions to test the effect of cytoplasmic substitution on yield. This report analyses tuber number, tuber weight, and tuber length of BC₂ and BC₃ substitution into ssp.andigena cytoplasm and BC₂ and BC₂ substitutions intoS. phureja cytoplasm. Direction of cross had no consistent significant effect on yield components of ssp.andigena substitution lines. InS. phureja reciprocal progenies direction of cross was responsible for significant differences of some reciprocal sets. When there were significant differences the higher yield usually occurred when ssp.tuberosum was the pistillate parent, but in some progenies when ssp.tuberosum was the pistillate parent the yield was significantly lower than in the reciprocals. It is suggested that differences between reciprocals resulted from chromosomally encoded gene action, resulting from maternal and/or paternal effects, rather than cytoplasmic factors. Authorized for publication as paper No. 7494 in the Journal Series of The Pennsylvania Agriculture Experiment Station.